Early coronary angioplasty fails to lower all-cause mortality in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is defined as the loss of functional mechanical activity of the heart in association with an absence of systemic circulation, occurring outside of a hospital. Immediate coronary angiography (CAG) with percutaneous coronary intervention is recommended for OHCA with ST-elevation. We aimed to evaluate the effect of early CAG on mortality and neurological outcomes in OHCA patients without ST-elevation. Methods: This meta-analysis and systemic review was conducted as per principles of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) group. A protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, Ref No. = CRD42022327833). A total of 674 studies were retrieved after scanning several databases (PubMed Central, EMBASE, Medline, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials). Results: A total of 18 studies were selected for the final analysis, including 6 randomized control trials and 12 observational studies. Statistically, there was no significant difference in primary outcome, i.e., mortality, between early and delayed CAG. In terms of the grade of neurological recovery as a secondary outcome, early and delayed CAG groups also showed no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Early CAG has no survival benefits in patients with no ST elevations on ECG after OHCA.

Site Variability in Cerebral Embolic Protection for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation and Association With Outcomes.

Background: The effectiveness of cerebral embolic protection devices (CEPD) in mitigating stroke after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains uncertain, and therefore CEPD may be utilized differently across US hospitals. This study aims to characterize the hospital-level pattern of CEPD use during TAVI in the US and its association with outcomes. Methods: Patients treated with nontransapical TAVI in the 2019 Nationwide Readmissions Database were included. Hospitals were categorized as CEPD non-users and CEPD users. The following outcomes were compared: the composite of in-hospital stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), in-hospital ischemic stroke, death, and cost of hospitalization. Logistic regression models were used for risk adjustment of clinical outcomes. Results: Of 41,822 TAVI encounters, CEPD was used in 10.6% (n = 4422). Out of 392 hospitals, 65.8% were CEPD non-user hospitals and 34.2% were CEPD users. No difference was observed between CEPD non-users and CEPD users in the risk of in-hospital stroke or TIA (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.99 [0.86-1.15]), ischemic stroke (adjusted OR = 1.00 [0.85-1.18]), or in-hospital death (adjusted OR = 0.86 [0.71-1.03]). The cost of hospitalization was lower in CEPD non-users. Conclusions: Two-thirds of hospitals in the US do not use CEPD for TAVI, and no significant difference was observed in neurologic outcomes among patients treated at CEPD non-user and CEPD user hospitals.

An interesting case of pulmonary hypertension in nephrotic syndrome due to amphetamine use for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was first associated with stimulants use in the 1960s during an outbreak of amphetamine-like appetite suppressants (anorexigens). To date, various drugs and toxins have been correlated with PAH. Diagnosing PAH in nephrotic syndrome has always remained a challenge due to the overlap of signs and symptoms in clinical presentation between the two entities. Case presentation: In this report, the authors present an interesting case of a 43-year-old male, diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome secondary to minimal change disease, as well as currently presenting with PAH secondary to amphetamine. Clinical discussion and conclusion: Patients with nephrotic syndrome and end-stage renal disease should be regularly followed up and evaluated for comorbidities, complications, as well as adverse events from pharmacological intervention. In patients with end-stage renal disease hypertension control is key, stimulant use can precipitate poor blood pressure control especially in pulmonary arteries resulting in PAH. PAH can result in right ventricular dysfunction and heart failure that can further exacerbate renal dysfunction and vice-versa in a vicious cycle, deteriorating patient condition and quality of life.

An Analysis of Telehealth in the Outpatient Management of Atrial Fibrillation During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated adaption of a telehealth care model. We studied the impact of telehealth on the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) by electrophysiology providers in a large, multisite clinic. Clinical outcomes, quality metrics, and indicators of clinical activity for patients with AF during the 10-week period of March 22, 2020 to May 30, 2020 were compared with those from the 10-week period of March 24, 2019 to June 1, 2019. There were 1946 unique patient visits for AF (1,040 in 2020 and 906 in 2019). During 120 days after each encounter, there was no difference in hospital admissions (11.7% vs 13.5%, p = 0.25) or emergency department visits (10.4% vs 12.5%, p = 0.15) in 2020 compared with 2019. There was a total of 31 deaths within 120 days, with similar rates in 2020 and 2019 (1.8% vs 1.3%, p = 0.38). There was no significant difference in quality metrics. The following clinical activities occurred less frequently in 2020 than in 2019: offering escalation of rhythm control (16.3% vs 23.3%, p <0.001), ambulatory monitoring (29.7% vs 51.7%, p <0.001), and electrocardiogram review for patients on antiarrhythmic drug therapy (22.1% vs 90.2%, p <0.001). Discussions about risk factor modification were more frequent in 2020 compared with 2019 (87.9% vs 74.8%, p <0.001). In conclusion, the use of telehealth in the outpatient management of AF was associated with similar clinical outcomes and quality metrics but differences in clinical activity compared with traditional ambulatory encounters. Longer-term outcomes warrant further investigation.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Diseases: Sad Realities and Untold Truths regarding Care of Patients in 2022.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common and serious sleep-related breathing disorders with a high prevalence among patients with cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Despite its widespread presence, OSA remains severely undiagnosed and untreated. CV mortality and morbidity are significantly increased in the presence of OSA as it is associated with an increased risk of resistant hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias, and coronary artery disease. Evaluation and treatment of OSA should focus on recognizing patients at risk of developing OSA. The use of screening questionnaires should be routine, but a formal polysomnography sleep study is fundamental in establishing and classifying OSA. Recognition of OSA patients will allow for the institution of appropriate therapy that should alleviate OSA-related symptoms with the intent of decreasing adverse CV risk. In this review, we focus on the impact OSA has on CV disease and evaluate contemporary OSA treatments. Our goal is to heighten awareness among CV practitioners.

In-hospital outcomes of TAVR patients with a bundle branch block: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample 2011-2018.

INTRODUCTION: Data on the outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in patients with a bundle branch block (BBB) remains limited. METHODS: We studied the outcomes of TAVR patients with a BBB from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database between 2011 and 2018 using ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2018, 194,237 patients underwent TAVR, where 1.7% (n = 3,232) had a right BBB (RBBB) and 13.7% (n = 26,689) had a left BBB (LBBB). Patients with a RBBB and LBBB had a higher rate of new permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation (31.5% - RBBB, 15.7% LBBB vs. 10.2% - no BBB). RBBB was associated with a significantly longer median length of stay (5 days) and total hospitalization cost ($53,669) compared with LBBB (3 days and $47,552) and no BBB (3 days and $47,171). Trend analysis revealed lower rates of PPM implantation and reduced lengths of stay and costs across all comparison groups. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, patients undergoing TAVR with a BBB are associated with higher new rates of PPM implantation. RBBB is the strongest independent predictor for new PPM implantation following TAVR. Rates of new PPM implantation in TAVR patients with and without a BBB have improved over time including reductions in length of stay and hospital costs. Further study is needed to reduce the risks of PPM implantation in TAVR patients.

Comparison of the Safety of Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion in Patients Aged <75 Versus Those Aged ≥75 Years (from a Nationwide Cohort Sample).

The mean age in clinical trials of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) has been <75 years. We aimed to better understand the safety of LAAO in older patients. National Inpatient Sample and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes were used to identify patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent LAAO during the years 2016-2018. Patients were grouped by age <75 and ≥75 years. Baseline characteristics; length of stay; cost; hospital mortality; and other adverse events, including hematoma, vascular complications, perforation/tamponade, and stroke/ transient ischemic attack, were compared for the 2 groups. A total of 6,877 patients were identified, of whom 4,160 (60.4%) were aged ≥75 years. Length of stay and hospitalization costs were similar for the 2 groups. There were 10 deaths in patients aged ≥75 years and 1 death in patients aged <75 years (p = 0.059). The incidence of perforation/tamponade was 1.3% in patients aged ≥75 years versus 0.6% for those <75 years (p = 0.008). This difference persisted on multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] 1.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 3.07). The risk of perforation/tamponade was also higher in female patients (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.63 to 4.59). There was a trend toward higher combined procedure-related adverse events (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.15) in patients ≥75 years. There was no difference in the individual components of hematoma, vascular complication, and stroke/transient ischemic attack between both groups. In conclusion, percutaneous LAAO was associated with a higher risk of perforation and tamponade in older patients, particularly women.

Gender Differences in Age-Stratified Inhospital Outcomes After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (from the National Inpatient Sample 2012 to 2018).

Contemporary data on gender differences in outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), after stratification by age, remain limited. We studied age-stratified (60 to 70, 71 to 80, and 81 to 90 years) inhospital outcomes by gender after TAVI from the National Inpatient Sample database between 2012 and 2018. We analyzed National Inpatient Sample data using the International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification, Ninth Revision, and Tenth Revision claims codes. Between the years 2012 and 2018, a total of 188,325 weighted hospitalizations for TAVI were included in the analysis. A total of 21,957 patients were included in the 60 to 70 age group (44% females), 60,770 (45% females) in the 71 to 80 age group, and 105,580 (50% females) in the 81 to 90 age groups, respectively. Propensity-matched inhospital mortality rates were significantly higher for females than males for the age group of 81 to 90 years (3.0% vs 2.1%, p <0.01). Vascular complications and a need for blood transfusions remained significantly higher for females on propensity-matched analysis across all categories of ages. Conversely, acute kidney injury and the need for pacemaker implantation remained significantly higher for males across all age groups. In conclusion, we report that mortality is higher in female patients who underwent TAVI between the ages of 81 to 90. Moreover, the female gender was associated with higher vascular complications and bleeding requiring transfusions. Conversely, the male gender was associated with higher rates of pacemaker implantation and acute kidney injury.

Trends and Outcomes of Ischemic Stroke after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation, A US National Propensity Matched Analysis.

Contemporary data on stroke predictors and outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains limited. We analyzed National Inpatient Sample data from the year 2011 to 2018. A total of 215,938 patients underwent TAVI. Of the patients who underwent TAVI, 4579 (2.2%) suffered from stroke and 211359 (97.8%) did not have a stroke. Adjusted mortality was higher in patients who had a stroke (10.9%) as compared to patients who did not have a stroke (3.1%). Lower percentage of patients were discharged home who developed a stroke compared to patients without a stroke (10.2% vs 52.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that at baseline, age, female sex, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease and peripheral vascular disease were significant predictors of stroke. Median Cost of care ($63367 vs $48070) and length of stay (8 vs 4 days) were considerably higher for patients with stroke when compared to the comparison group (P < 0.01 for all). In conclusion we report that stroke is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization in patients undergoing TAVI. Baseline characteristics like age, gender, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease and peripheral vascular disease are significant predictors of this adverse event.

Trends, predictors, and outcomes of major bleeding after transcatheter aortic valve implantation, from national inpatient sample (2011-2018).

INTRODUCTION: Major bleeding remains one of the most frequent complications seen in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes, trends, and predictors of major bleeding in patients undergoing TAVI. METHODS: We utilized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from the year 2011 to 2018. Baseline characteristics were compared using a Pearsonχ2 test for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U-Test for continuous variables. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to evaluate predictors of major bleeding. Propensity Matching was done for adjusted analysis to compare outcomes in TAVI with and without major bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 215,938 weighted hospitalizations for TAVI were included in the analysis. Of the patient undergoing the procedure, 20,102 (9.3%) had major bleeding and 195,836 (90.7%) patients did not have in-hospital bleeding events. Patients in the major bleeding cohort were older and had greater female gender representation. At baseline patients with thrombocytopenia (Odds Ratio [OR], 1.47[confidence interval (CI), 1.36-1.59]), colon cancer (OR, 1.70[CI, 1.27-2.28]), coagulopathy (OR, 1.17[CI, 1.08-1.27]), liver disease (OR, 1.31[CI, 1.21-1.41]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.29[CI, 1.25-1.33]), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.12[CI, 1.08-1.16]), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (OR, 1.47[CI, 1.38-1.57]) had higher adjusted rates of major bleeding. The percentage of adjusted in-hospital mortality (14.4% vs. 4.2%, P < 0.01) was significantly higher in the major bleeding group Patients with major bleeding had higher median cost of stay ($235,274 vs. $177,920) and length of stay (7 vs 3 days). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we report that mortality is higher in patients with major bleeding and that baseline comorbidities like ESRD, liver disease, coagulopathy and colonic malignancy are important predictors of this adverse event.

Homocystinuria in a 14-year old girl manifesting as central retinal artery occlusion: A case report.

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is one of the causes of sudden loss of vision. Homocystinuria is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder and is characterized by increased levels of homocysteine in the urine and blood. We present a case of homocyistinuria in a 14-year girl, presenting as CRAO with a family history of vascular thrombotic events. The patient did not have any local predisposing factors or prior history of thromboembolic episodes. Left eye fundus examination revealed a pale retina with sparing of cilioretinal artery. On examination Visual acuity of the right eye was 6/6 and left eye was completely blind with no perception of light. Homocysteine level on admission was 34.60umol/l. Patient was started on Rivaroxaban 10mg, Vitamin B6 , Vitamin B12 and folic acid. On follow up examination after 2 months the visual acuity in the left eye was 6/9. The dramatic improvement in the visual acuity can be attributed to the sparing of the cilioretinal artery. Followup Homocysteine levels after two months of treatment was 12umol/l. Ophthalmologist should be aware of this rare manifestation of homocystinuria as CRAO as they can play an important role of diagnosing the underlying medical illness.

Congenital Hypofibrinogenemia; An Unexpected Culprit Of Blindness In An Infant.

Congenital hypofibrinogenemia is a rare haematological disorder in which the production of functional fibrinogen is impaired because of the inherited mutation. Hypofibrinogenemia affects the coagulation cascade leading to bleeding diathesis and one of its manifestations can be recurrent Vitreous haemorrhages, sometimes leading to irreversible loss of vision. Therefore, Hypofibrinogenemia must be included in the differential diagnosis of Vitreous haemorrhage, particularly in young children. We report a case of a four months old female infant who was brought by her mother to the unit since she was afraid that the child might be unable to see since she was not following things for the last one month. Her ophthalmologic examination revealed bilateral vitreous haemorrhages. Further workup for the cause of the bleeding confirmed the diagnosis of hypofibrinogenemia which was then managed accordingly.