Integrating social media, body shame and psychological distress within the Elaborated Sociocultural Model.

The Elaborated Sociocultural Model proposes exposure to sociocultural appearance pressures increases women's internalisation of the thin ideal, their engagement in social comparison and body surveillance, and subsequent body dissatisfaction and disturbances in eating (Fitzsimmons-Craft et al., 2011). Although this model has received some empirical support, it is limited in that it does not currently account for social media as a contemporary source of appearance pressure, nor include additional known outcomes of thin ideal internalisation (i.e., body shame, psychological distress). The current study tested the integration of these variables within the Elaborated Sociocultural Model. Using structural equation modelling with latent variables, the extended model provided acceptable to good fit to the data in a sample of 271 female participants. A latent variable representing sociocultural appearance pressures originating from social media, traditional media, family and peers was found to significantly predict thin ideal internalisation and body image concerns. Furthermore, both social comparison and body surveillance emerged as indirect mediators of the relationship between thin ideal internalisation and body image concerns, which in turn, increased report of restrained eating and psychological distress. Aligning with previous research, this extended model offers a useful and comprehensive framework for investigating women's body image.

Motivational processes contributing to disturbances in women's body image and eating.

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) provides a neurobiological personality framework for understanding approach and avoidance behavioural patterns. Recent research suggests an association between RST personality traits (reward interest and behavioural inhibition system [BIS]) and women's body image and eating behaviours. The current study aimed to extend this research by testing for indirect relationships between reward interest and BIS and eating disorder symptoms, as mediated through thin ideal internalisation. Adult female participants (N = 354, M = 22.06 years of age, SD = 6.78) completed self-report measures of reward interest, BIS, thin ideal internalisation, and eating disorder symptoms (i.e., restraint, eating concerns, weight and shape concerns). Indirect relationships were tested using bootstrapped mediation analyses. Results showed thin ideal internalisation mediated the pathways between the BIS and restraint, eating concern, and weight and shape concerns. Reward interest was not associated with thin ideal internalisation, or with eating disorder symptoms. Although the application of RST to women's body image is an emerging research area, these novel findings suggest BIS trait sensitivity may increase women's risk of body image concerns and restricted eating, via increased levels of thin ideal internalisation. Overall, these findings provide preliminary support for inclusion of individual differences in BIS sensitivity in risk factor models of body image and eating disturbances. Future research should aim to replicate these findings in more diverse samples, using longitudinal designs.

Co-designing a digital mental health platform, "Momentum", with young people aged 7-17: A qualitative study.

Introduction: Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) offer a promising alternative or adjunct treatment method to face-to-face treatment, overcoming barriers associated with stigma, access, and cost. This project is embedded in user experience and co-design to enhance the potential acceptability, usability and integration of digital platforms into youth mental health services. Objective: To co-design a digital mental health platform that provides self-directed, tailored, and modularised treatment for young people aged 7-17 years experiencing anxiety, depression and other related problems. Methods: Sixty-eight participants, aged 7-17 years, engaged in one of 20 co-design workshops. Eight workshops involved children (n = 26, m = 9.42 years, sd = 1.27) and 12 involved adolescents (n = 42, m = 14.57 years, sd = 1.89). Participants engaged in a variety of co-design activities (e.g., designing a website home page and rating self-report assessment features). Workshop transcripts and artefacts (e.g., participants' drawings) were thematically analysed using Gale et al.'s Framework Method in NVivo. Results: Six themes were identified: Interactive; Relatable; Customisable; Intuitive; Inclusive; and Personalised, transparent and trustworthy content. The analysis revealed differences between children's and adolescents' designs and ideas, supporting the need for two different versions of the platform, with age-appropriate activities, features, terminology, and content. Conclusions: This research showcased co-design as a powerful tool to facilitate collaboration with young people in designing DMHIs. Two sets of recommendations were produced: 1) recommendations for the design, functionality, and content of youth DMHIs, supported by child- and adolescent-designed strategies; and 2) recommendations for clinicians and researchers planning to conduct co-design and intervention development research with children and adolescents.

Thin Ideal Internalization Assessment (THIINA): Development and Psychometric Validation of a New Measure of Female Body Image.

Thin ideal internalization is widely implicated in women's body image and eating disturbances. A recently proposed multidimensional operationalization of internalization suggests the brevity and construct validity of existing questionnaires may limit the assessment of thin ideal internalization. Therefore, this research aimed to develop a new questionnaire (i.e., Thin Ideal Internalization Assessment; THIINA) to comprehensively assess thin ideal internalization. In Study 1, 301 female participants were administered the THIINA. Exploratory factor analyses revealed the 17-item THIINA had a stable 3-factor structure reflecting thin idealization, thin overvaluation, and thin behavioral drive. In Study 2, 337 female participants were administered the THIINA and validation measures. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed stability of the 3-factor structure and findings supported convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the THIINA. Support for temporal stability was found within a sub-sample of participants (n = 132). The THIINA demonstrated strong psychometric properties, a stable three-factor structure representing theoretically-driven domains, and support for the creation of a composite score representing overall thin ideal internalization. These findings suggest the multidimensional operationalization and measurement of thin ideal internalization could improve theoretical and clinical understanding of the impact of thin ideal internalization on women's body image and eating.

Strong is the New Skinny, but is it Ideal?: A Test of the Tripartite Influence Model using a new Measure of Fit-Ideal Internalisation.

Although the thin body ideal has been the epitome of western female beauty for decades, the more recent fit body ideal is becoming arguably more popular. This study aimed to test two versions of the tripartite influence model (TIM; Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999): one that included thin-ideal internalisation, and one that included fit-ideal internalisation, using path analysis. Participants were 558 Australian women aged 16-50 years (M = 22.06, SD = 7.41). All of the hypothesised paths were significant for both the thin- and fit-ideal internalisation models. The final models for both thin- and fit-ideal internalisation included extra, non-hypothesised paths from media to body dissatisfaction, and from social comparison to dieting, bulimic symptoms, and compulsive exercise. The two models differed in that the final model for thin-ideal internalisation included direct paths from thin-ideal internalisation to dieting and bulimic symptoms. The final model for fit-ideal internalisation, however, included a direct path from fit-ideal internalisation to compulsive exercise. It was concluded that, in contrast to the widely held perception that the fit ideal is a 'healthier' alternative to the thin ideal, fit ideal internalisation may be detrimental to female body satisfaction, disordered eating, and compulsive exercise.

Beyond the thin ideal: Development and validation of the Fit Ideal Internalization Test (FIIT) for women.

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 32(2) of Psychological Assessment (see record 2020-04120-001). In the article, there are two errors in the Method section for Study 2. First, in the "Body dissatisfaction" subsection, the range of total scores for the Body-Image Ideals Questionnaire was incorrectly listed as being "between 0 and 99." The correct range is from - 3 to 9. Second, in the "Dieting and bulimia" subsection, the reference for the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was incorrectly cited as "Garner et al., 1983." Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982). The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12, 871-878. http://dx.doi .org/10.1017/s0033291700049163.] Females are at risk for body image and eating disturbance when they internalize societally prescribed standards of Western beauty. With respect to messages to be thin or muscular, numerous scales are available that measure internalization. However, many women are now receiving messages about the desirability of being both thin and toned, yet no self-report measure of internalization of a fit female body ideal exists. Our aim was to develop a multidimensional tool (i.e., the Fit Ideal Internalization Test; FIIT) useful for assessing women's internalization of the fit ideal (i.e., a lean and toned body ideal). Three studies were conducted, recruiting independent groups of women attending university to complete surveys. In Study 1 (N = 300, age 16-51), women completed the FIIT items, and a 3-factor structure of fit idealization (8 items), fit overvaluation (8 items), and fit behavioral drive (4 items) was established through exploratory factor analysis. Also, items loading highly on each of the factors had good interitem correlations. In Study 2 (N = 354, age 16-63), women completed the 20-item FIIT and validation measures. The 3-factor structure of the FIIT was confirmed, and findings supported convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the FIIT subscale scores (and a total score). In Study 3 (N = 67, age 17-50), the 2-week test-retest reliability of the FIIT scores was high. Overall, the 3 FIIT subscales are related but also distinct domains of fit ideal internalization that conform to theory and may be used as individual subscales or potentially as a composite score. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The fit beauty ideal: A healthy alternative to thinness or a wolf in sheep's clothing?

Anecdotal testimony suggests the 'fit' female body ideal is 'healthier' than the thin ideal, because it simultaneously focuses on muscularity. However, statistical investigation into the outcomes associated with fit ideal internalisation is absent. Moderation analyses were used to investigate whether concurrent muscular internalisation mitigated the relationship between thin internalisation and; negative affect, body dissatisfaction, bulimic symptoms, and dieting. Further analyses were used to investigate whether concurrent thin internalisation amplified the relationship between muscular internalisation, compulsive exercise, and supplement use. No significant interaction was found on any of the outcome variables. Thus, the results suggest that incorporating muscularity into an ideal of thinness does not mitigate the detrimental eating and affective outcomes commonly associated with pursuing thinness. Equally, incorporating an ideal of thinness into one of muscularity does not appear to alter the detrimental behavioural outcomes commonly associated with pursuing muscularity. Such findings do not suggest fit internalisation is healthy for women.