Superficial small cerebellar infarcts in cerebral amyloid angiopathy on 3 T MRI: A preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Strictly superficial cerebellar microbleeds and cerebellar superficial siderosis have been considered markers of advanced cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), but there are few studies on cerebellar ischemic lesions in CAA. We investigated the presence of superficial small cerebellar infarct (SCI) ≤15 mm and its relation to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers in patients with probable CAA. METHODS: Eighty patients with probable CAA were retrospectively evaluated. The presence of superficial SCIs was examined, along with cerebellar microbleeds and cerebellar superficial siderosis, using 3-T MRI. Lobar cerebral microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), enlargement of the perivascular space in the centrum semiovale, and white matter hyperintensity were assessed and the total CAA-small vessel disease (SVD) score was calculated. RESULTS: Nine of the 80 patients (11.3%) had a total of 16 superficial SCIs. By tentatively defining SCI <4 mm as cerebellar microinfarcts, 8 out of 16 (50%) superficial SCIs corresponded to cerebellar microinfarcts. The total CAA-SVD score was significantly higher in patients with superficial SCIs (p = 0.01). The prevalence of cSS (p = 0.018), cortical cerebral microinfarct (p = 0.034), and superficial cerebellar microbleeds (p = 0.006) was significantly higher in patients with superficial SCIs. The number of superficial cerebellar microbleeds was also significantly higher in patients with superficial SCIs (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that in patients with CAA, superficial SCIs (including microinfarcts) on MRI may indicate more severe, advanced-stage CAA. These preliminary findings should be verified by larger prospective studies in the future.

Cortical Brush Sign: A Novel Finding on Thin-slice 3T Susceptibility-weighted Imaging in Acute Cerebral Infarct and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis.

We observed a new SWI finding, "cortical brush sign," that represents prominent venous structures in the cortex of patients with acute cerebral infarct with or without moyamoya disease and cerebral venous thrombosis. The cortical brush sign disappeared on follow-up SWI in all cases. Cortical brush sign may help to understand the pathophysiology of venous structures in the cortex at acute phase.

Pulvinar quantitative susceptibility mapping predicts visual hallucinations post-deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: We have reported the relationship between low pulvinar nuclei (PN) intensity in susceptibility-weighted imaging and the appearance of visual hallucinations and cognitive function. The aim of the study was to examine the changes in the quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who underwent deep brain stimulation (DBS) and verify whether the PN susceptibility value (SV) on QSM can predict visual hallucination and cognitive changes after DBS. METHODS: This study examined 24 patients with PD who underwent DBS along with QSM imaging on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All MRIs were performed within 3 months before surgery. The PN SV was further assessed based on the QSM. Then, associations were examined among cognitive changes, hallucination, and PN SV. The cognitive function of the patient was compared immediately before surgery and at 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: Visual hallucinations were observed in seven patients during the follow-up period. The PN SV was ≥0.045 ppm in nine patients with PD, and six of them had visual hallucinations, whereas only one of 15 patients with PD with SV of <0.045 ppm had visual hallucinations (Fisher's exact test, p = .0037). CONCLUSIONS: The SV of >0.045 ppm at the PN in QSM in patients with PD may provide useful information suggesting visual hallucination and cognitive deterioration after DBS treatment.

Advanced multiparametric MRI and FDG-PET/CT in multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor: A pathologically confirmed case.

Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT) is a relatively new disease concept proposed in 2013 and was classified as a separate tumor type in 2021 by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. MVNT can cause seizures but is a benign disease, with no cases of enlargement or postoperative recurrence reported. Recent reports described advanced MRI features in MVNT cases, but the diagnosis of MVNT is usually based on characteristic MRI findings of clusters of nodules. Here, we report advanced multiparametric MRI and FDG-PET/CT findings in a case of MVNT with epileptiform symptoms that was pathologically confirmed by surgery.

Central nervous system involvement of systemic ALK-positive histiocytosis with KIF5B-ALK fusion.

ALK-positive histiocytosis is an emerging histiocytic entity that can involve a single organ or multiple organs. This disease frequently involves the central nervous system, and the importance of immunohistochemical and genetic analyses is emphasized for the accurate diagnosis of this rare entity. However, radiological findings of this disease have not been sufficiently described. Here, we report a case of a 3-year-old boy with ALK-positive histiocytosis with systemic masses that was identified to harbor KIF5B-ALK gene fusion.

Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling: Clinical Applications and Usefulness in Head and Neck Entities.

As functional magnetic resonance imaging, arterial spin labeling (ASL) techniques have been developed to provide quantitative tissue blood flow measurements, which can improve the performance of lesion diagnosis. ASL does not require contrast agents, thus, it can be applied to a variety of patients regardless of renal impairments and contrast agent allergic reactions. The clinical implementation of head and neck lesions is limited, although, in recent years, ASL has been increasingly utilized in brain lesions. Here, we review the development of the ASL techniques, including pseudocontinuous ASL (pCASL). We compare readout methods between three-dimensional (3D) turbo spin-echo and 2D echo planar pCASL for the clinical applications of pCASL to head and neck lesions. We demonstrate the clinical usefulness of 3D pCASL for diagnosing various entities, including inflammatory lesions, hypervascular lesions, and neoplasms; for evaluating squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treatment responses, and for predicting SCC prognosis.

Semiautomated Segmentation and Volume Measurements of Cervical Carotid High-Signal Plaques Using 3D Turbo Spin-Echo T1-Weighted Black-Blood Vessel Wall Imaging: A Preliminary Study.

Unstable carotid plaques are visualized as high-signal plaques (HSPs) on 3D turbo spin-echo T1-weighted black-blood vessel wall imaging (3D TSE T1-BB VWI). The purpose of this study was to compare manual segmentation and semiautomated segmentation for the quantification of carotid HSPs using 3D TSE T1-BB VWI. Twenty cervical carotid plaque lesions in 19 patients with a plaque contrast ratio of > 1.3 compared to adjacent muscle were studied. Using the mean voxel value for the adjacent muscle multiplied by 1.3 as a threshold value, the semiautomated software exclusively segmented and measured the HSP volume. Manual and semiautomated HSP volumes were well correlated (r = 0.965). Regarding reproducibility, the inter-rater ICC was 0.959 (bias: 24.63, 95% limit of agreement: −96.07, 146.35) for the manual method and 0.998 (bias: 15.2, 95% limit of agreement: −17.83, 48.23) for the semiautomated method, indicating improved reproducibility by the semiautomated method compared to the manual method. The time required for semiautomated segmentation was significantly shorter than that of manual segmentation times (81.7 ± 7.8 s versus 189.5 ± 49.6 s; p < 0.01). The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the semiautomated segmentation method allows for reliable assessment of the HSP volume in patients with carotid plaque lesions, with reduced time and effort for the analysis.

Tumor blood flow and apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis for differentiating malignant salivary tumors from pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin's tumors.

We aimed to assess the combined diagnostic value of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and tumor blood flow (TBF) obtained by pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) for differentiating malignant tumors (MTs) in salivary glands from pleomorphic adenomas (PAs) and Warthin's tumors (WTs). We used pCASL imaging and ADC map to evaluate 65 patients, including 16 with MT, 30 with PA, and 19 with WT. We evaluated all tumors by histogram analyses and compared various characteristics by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey post-hoc tests. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. There were significant differences in the mean, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of TBF among the tumor types, in the mean TBFs (mL/100 g/min) between MTs (57.47 ± 35.14) and PAs (29.88 ± 22.53, p = 0.039) and between MTs and WTs (119.31 ± 50.11, p < 0.001), as well as in the mean ADCs (× 10-3 mm2/s) between MTs (1.08 ± 0.28) and PAs (1.60 ± 0.34, p < 0.001), but not in the mean ADCs between MTs and WTs (0.87 ± 0.23, p = 0.117). In the ROC curve analysis, the highest areas under the curves (AUCs) were achieved by the 10th and 25th percentiles of ADC (AUC = 0.885) for differentiating MTs from PAs and the 50th percentile of TBF (AUC = 0.855) for differentiating MTs from WTs. The AUCs of TBF, ADC, and combination of TBF and ADC were 0.850, 0.885, and 0.950 for MTs and PAs differentiation and 0.855, 0.814, and 0.905 for MTs and WTs differentiation, respectively. The combination of TBF and ADC evaluated by histogram analysis may help differentiate salivary gland MTs from PAs and WTs.

Cerebral Microbleeds With Atrial Fibrillation After Ablation Therapy.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) is significantly higher in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) than in those without AF. CMBs in patients with AF have been reported to be primarily of the lobar type, but the exact cause of this remains unknown. We investigated the possibility that hemorrhagic transformation of embolic microinfarction can account for de novo lobar CMBs. METHODS: A total of 101 patients who underwent ablation therapy for AF were prospectively registered, and 72 patients completed the assessment with MRI 6 months after catheter ablation. Brain MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), were examined at 1-3 days (baseline) and 6 months after catheter ablation. We quantitatively evaluated the spatial and temporal distribution of embolic microinfarctions and de novo CMBs. RESULTS: Of the 101 patients, 68 were enrolled in this study. Fifty-nine patients (86.8%) showed embolic microinfarctions on baseline DWI immediately after catheter ablation. There were 137 CMBs in SWI, and 96 CMBs were of the lobar type. Six months later, there were 208 CMBs, including 71 de novo CMBs, and 60 of 71 (84.5%) were of the lobar type. Of the 71 de novo CMBs, 56 (78.9%) corresponded to the location of previous embolic microinfarctions found on baseline DWI. The platelet count was significantly lower and hematocrit/hemoglobin and Fazekas score were higher in the group with de novo CMBs than in the group without de novo CMBs. CONCLUSION: De novo CMBs frequently appeared after catheter ablation therapy. Our results suggest that embolic microinfarction can cause lobar CMBs.

Brain magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive alterations after ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Catheter ablation is an important non-pharmacological intervention for atrial fibrillation (AF), but its effect on the incidence of asymptomatic cerebral emboli and long-term effects on cognitive function remain unknown. We prospectively enrolled 101 patients who underwent AF ablation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (72 patients) and neuropsychological assessments (66 patients) were performed 1-3 days (baseline) and 6 months after ablation. Immediately after ablation, diffusion-weighted MRI and 3-dimensional double inversion recovery (3D-DIR) detected embolic microinfarctions in 63 patients (87.5%) and 62 patients (86.1%), respectively. After 6 months, DIR lesions disappeared in 41 patients. Microbleeds (MBs) increased by 17%, and 65% of the de novo MBs were exactly at the same location as the microinfarctions. Average Mini-Mental State Examination scores improved from 27.9 ± 2.4 to 28.5 ± 1.7 (p = 0.037), and detailed neuropsychological assessment scores showed improvement in memory, constructional, and frontal lobe functions. Ejection fraction, left atrial volume index and brain natriuretic peptide level improved from baseline to 3-6 months after ablation. Despite incidental microemboli, cognitive function was preserved 6 months after ablation.

Neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging in disease differentiation for parkinsonism or neurodegenerative disease affecting the basal ganglia.

INTRODUCTION: Several reports have shown that neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NMI) using 3T magnetic resonance imaging is useful for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and other neurological diseases. However, the number of cases in previous studies has been insufficient. We aimed to determine the relationship between NMI and severity of PD and related disorders, and thereby establish the diagnostic utility of NMI for diagnosing neurological diseases. METHODS: We enrolled 591 patients (531 subjects after removal of duplicates) with parkinsonism who underwent NMI. The contrast ratio of the locus coeruleus (LC-CR) and the area of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) were analyzed in each patient. RESULTS: The patients' clinical diagnoses were as follows: 11 patients in the disease control group (DCG), 244 patients with PD, 49 patients with PSP, and 19 patients with multiple system atrophy with predominant parkinsonism. Additionally, some patients were diagnosed with dementia with Lewy bodies, vascular parkinsonism, and drug-induced parkinsonism. SNc in the patients with PD and PSP was significantly smaller than that in DCG. LC-CR in the patients with PD was lower than that in DCG; furthermore, LC-CR in the patients with PD was significantly lower than that in the patients with PSP. We found that an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, indicating diagnostic efficacy, of 0.85 for LC-CR is a promising biomarker for differentiating PD from PSP. CONCLUSION: NMI effectively contributes to differentiating neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD and PSP.

Evaluation of cortical superficial siderosis in patients with cognitive dysfunction using 3D FLAIR and 3D DIR.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the detectability of cortical superficial siderosis (cSS) by 3D FLAIR and 3D DIR images in comparison with the SWI images in patients with cognitive dysfunction. METHODS: We studied 246 patients with cognitive dysfunction (144 women, 102 men; mean age: 75.5 ± 7.53 years) who visited a memory clinic at our hospital and underwent MR examinations at 3 T. Specifically, 16 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) (n = 11) and AD with cerebrovascular disease (n = 5) manifested cSS based on SWI. Each set of MR images (3D FLAIR and 3D DIR) was reviewed by two reviewers separately for the detection of sulcal hyperintensity that suggested cSS. RESULTS: SWI detected a greater number of cSS sulci than 3D DIR and 3D FLAIR. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of sulcal hyperintensity were the same between 3D FLAIR and 3D DIR (87.5%/100%). However, 3D DIR detected a greater number of cSS sulci than 3D FLAIR (p = .005). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that 3D DIR and 3D FLAIR can detect sulcal hyperintensity related to cSS although they are less sensitive to cSS lesions than SWI. KEY POINTS: • 3D FLAIR and 3D DIR can show sulcal signal abnormalities related to cSS in patients with cognitive dysfunction. • 3D FLAIR and 3D DIR detect sulcal hyperintensity of cSS, although they are less sensitive to cSS than SWI. • Signal alterations due to cSS are more detectable in 3D DIR than in 3D FLAIR.

Hemangioblastoma of the Cerebellopontine Angle Evaluated with Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin Labeling.

Hemangioblastomas of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) that emerge extra-axially from the peripheral nervous system are extremely rare. We report a case of hemangioblastoma of the CPA evaluated by pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL). The high rate of tumor blood flow determined using pCASL provided additional useful information for the differential diagnosis of the CPA tumors in this patient.

Association between cortical microinfarcts and total small vessel disease burden in cerebral amyloid angiopathy on 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cortical microinfarcts (CMIs) are frequently found in the brains of patients with advanced cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) at autopsy. The small vessel disease (SVD) score for CAA (i.e., the CAA-SVD score) has been proposed to evaluate the severity of CAA-associated vasculopathic changes by a combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers. The aim of this study was to examine the association between total CAA-SVD score and features of CMIs on in vivo 3-Tesla MRI. METHODS: Eighty patients with probable CAA were retrospectively analyzed. Lobar cerebral microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis, enlargement of perivascular space in the centrum semiovale and white matter hyperintensity were collectively assessed, and the total CAA-SVD score was calculated. The presence of CMI was also examined. RESULTS: Of the 80 patients, 13 (16.25%) had CMIs. CMIs were detected more frequently in the parietal and occipital lobes. A positive correlation was found between total CAA-SVD score and prevalence of CMI (ρ = 0.943; p = 0.005). Total CAA-SVD score was significantly higher in patients with CMIs than in those without (p = 0.009). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the presence of CMIs was significantly associated with total CAA-SVD score (odds ratio 2.318 [95% confidence interval 1.228-4.376]; p = 0.01, per each additional point). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of CMIs with a high CAA-SVD score could be an indicator of more severe amyloid-associated vasculopathic changes in patients with probable CAA.

Hypertensive Arteriopathy and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in Patients with Cognitive Decline and Mixed Cerebral Microbleeds.

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive arteriopathy (HA) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) may contribute to the development of mixed cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Recently, the total small vessel disease (SVD) scores for HA and CAA were proposed, which are determined by a combination of MRI markers to reflect overall severity of these microangiopathies. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether or not total HA-SVD and CAA-SVD scores could be used to predict overlap of HA and CAA in patients with mixed CMBs. METHODS: Fifty-three subjects with mixed CMBs were retrospectively analyzed. MRI markers (CMBs, lacunes, perivascular space, white matter hyperintensity [WMH] and cortical superficial siderosis [cSS]) were assessed. The HA-SVD score and CAA-SVD score were obtained for each subject. Anterior or posterior WMH was also assessed using the age-related white matter changes scale. RESULTS: The two scores were positively correlated (ρ= 0.449, p < 0.001). The prevalence of lobar dominant CMB distribution (p < 0.001) and lacunes in the centrum semiovale (p < 0.001) and the severity of WMH in the parieto-occipital lobes (p = 0.004) were significantly higher in the high CAA-SVD score group. cSS was found in four patients with high CAA-SVD score who showed lobar-dominant CMB distribution and severe posterior WMH. CONCLUSION: Mixed CMBs are mainly due to HA. Assessing both two scores may predict the overlap of HA and CAA in individuals with mixed CMBs. Patients with a high CAA-SVD score may have some degree of advanced CAA, especially when lobar predominant CMBs, severe posterior WMH, lobar lacunes, or cSS are observed.

A Case of Suspected Metallic Embolism after Carotid Artery Stenting.

A case in which metallic embolism was suspected after carotid artery stenting (CAS) is described. A 79-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of a severe stenosis of the left cervical internal carotid artery (ICA). Carotid ultrasound revealed that the plaque was fibrous and was accompanied with partial calcification. The carotid stenosis was treated by CAS. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) taken in the following day of the CAS demonstrated that a new abnormal spot at the left frontal lobe. The spot appeared as a signal void on T1, T2, diffusion, susceptibility-weighted image (SWI), and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) image, and was surrounded by a high-signal halo on T2 and diffusion-weighted images (DWIs). The spot also demonstrated "blooming" appearance on SWIs. Despite the lesion she was asymptomatic all through the postoperative course, and she left our hospital on postoperative day 6. Follow-up MRI obtained 27 months after the CAS demonstrated that the lesion remained at the left frontal lobe without any signal changes. The patient remained asymptomatic at the last follow-up. Considering the location of the new abnormal spot (in the vascular territory of the catheterized vessel), these imaging characteristics and asymptomatic clinical course, the spot likely suggested metallic embolism. This is the first case in which the metallic embolism was suspected after CAS.

Evaluation of Intradural Ecchordosis Physaliphora With Three-Dimensional Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficacy of 3-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (3D FLAIR) for detecting intradural ecchordosis physaliphora (EP). METHODS: We retrospectively determined the presence or absence of intradural EP on 3D FLAIR for 3888 consecutive patients, classifying the EP as "classical" or "possible" and analyzing the prevalence, size, and presence or absence of an intraosseous stalk. Where available, magnetic resonance cisternography images were compared with the 3D FLAIR images. RESULTS: Intradural EP was identified in 50 patients (1.3%): 36 (0.9%) classical and 14 (0.4%) possible. The classical EPs were significantly larger than the possible EPs (P < 0.01). Nine EPs (18.0%) showed an osseous stalk. Magnetic resonance cisternography was performed for 19 EPs (16 classical, 3 possible), detecting all 16 classical EPs but none of the possible EPs. CONCLUSIONS: Classical EPs were detected by 3D FLAIR as with magnetic resonance cisternography. The 3D FLAIR findings suggested a new type of possible EP variant previously unreported.

Cortical Microinfarcts Detected by 3-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Differentiation Between Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Embolism.

Background and Purpose- Cortical microinfarcts (CMIs) are small ischemic lesions found in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and embolic stroke. This study aimed to differentiate CMIs caused by CAA from those caused by microembolisms, using 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Methods- We retrospectively investigated 70 patients with at least 1 cortical infarct <10 mm on 3-dimensional double inversion recovery imaging. Of the 70 patients, 43 had an embolic stroke history (Emboli-G) while 27 had CAA-group. We compared the size, number, location, and distribution of CMIs between groups and designed a radiological score for differentiation based on the comparisons. Results- CAA-group showed significantly more lesions <5 mm, which were restricted to the cortex (P<0.01). Cortical lesion number was significantly higher in Emboli-G than in CAA-group (4 versus 2; P<0.01). Lesions in CAA-group and Emboli-G were disproportionately located in the occipital lobe (P<0.01) and frontal or parietal lobe (P=0.04), respectively. In radiological scoring, ≥3 points strongly predicted microembolism (sensitivity, 63%; specificity, 92%) or CAA (sensitivity, 63%; specificity, 91%). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.85 and 0.87 for microembolism and CAA, respectively. Conclusions- Characteristics of CMIs on 3T-magnetic resonance imaging may differentiate CMIs due to CAA from those due to microembolisms.

Low Pulvinar Intensity in Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging May Suggest Cognitive Worsening After Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy in Patients With Parkinson's Disease.

Purpose: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, deteriorating cognitive function after DBS is a considerable problem for affected patients. This study was undertaken to assess whether pulvinar findings in susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) can suggest cognitive worsening. Methods: We examined 21 patients with PD who underwent DBS along with SWI and neuromelanin-sensitive MR imaging (NMI). We further assessed pulvinar hypointensity based on the SWI findings and also the area of the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta in NMI. We then examined associations among cognitive changes, pulvinar hypointensity, and SN area. The cognitive function of the patient immediately before surgery was compared with function at 1 year postoperatively. Results: Pulvinar hypointensity in SWI was found in 11 of 21 patients with PD at baseline. One year postoperatively, six of the 21 patients demonstrated a Mini-Mental State Examination score that was ≥3 points lower than the baseline score. We observed pulvinar hypointensity in SWI before DBS surgery in five of these six patients (p = 0.072). During the first postoperative year, six of 21 patients reported both transient or permanent hallucinations; we observed pulvinar hypointensity in these six patients, while 10 patients without pulvinar hypointensity had no hallucinations. Conclusion: Pulvinar hypointensity in SWI in patients with PD may provide information that is useful for suggesting cognitive deterioration after DBS treatment.