Analysis of Psychological Well-Being from a Compositional Data Analysis Perspective: A New Approach.

Well-being is a widely studied construct in psychology. In 1989, Carol Ryff proposed the "Scale of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB)", which has been validated in multiple languages. The instrument assesses six dimensions of psychological well-being: Self-acceptance, Positive Relationships with Others, Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Purpose in Life, and Personal Growth. In this article, we propose to enrich the traditional approach of directly interpreting the raw scores in each dimension by incorporating Compositional Data Analysis. This new approach aims to identify "what proportion" of each dimension constitutes well-being, which will allow us to analyze the interactions between the different dimensions of well-being and balance among them. To achieve this, we introduce two position ratios (PR1 and PR2) and a general adjustment indicator called the General Indicator of Subjective Psychological Well-Being (GISPW), which characterizes individuals in a compositional manner, providing a fresh perspective in the interpretation of psychological test results, specifically those related to PWB. The proposal is illustrated with three cases taken from a study involving 628 university students who completed the psychological well-being scale questionnaire. The results show that the GISPW, PR1, and PR2 obtained offer relevant information about the overall balance of each case in the different dimensions.

Health-Related Quality of Life in Pregnant Women during the First Trimester in Northern Spain: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Achieving the optimal quality of life is currently a health challenge for the world's population. Pregnancy is a stressful period of life that affects women's quality of life. AIMS: This study aimed to describe and analyse the health-related quality of life in pregnant women during their first trimester in a health area in the north of Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. A total of 359 women completed the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 57.9% primiparous women, 30% had experienced a previous abortion, and 7.2% were foreign women. The mean age was 33.53 years. The sum of the physical and mental component values was below 50 points. Notably, 4.17% of women reported a worsening of their health in the last year, and 28.69% had an increased depression risk. CONCLUSION: Being a foreigner, prenatal abortion, previous caesarean section, previous children, or assisted reproduction techniques are the variables that have a negative association with some dimensions of quality of life in pregnant women.

Mediation effects of cognitive, physical, and motivational reserves on cognitive performance in older people.

Introduction: We study from a multidimensional perspective the different factors that help prevent the development of cognitive impairment in old aging. Methods: This study analyzed in 300 elderly subjects the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR), physical reserve (PR) and motivational reserve (MR) with cognitive impairment. This study also takes into consideration different variables (sex, age, educational level, and institutionalization) that might affect the results in the different types of reserves (CR, physical and MR) and cognitive impairment. Results: The results show that people with a higher cognitive reserve, physical reserve and motivational reserve have less cognitive impairment. Discussion: Therefore, it is important to consider measuring the CR as a variable to diagnose neurodegenerative illnesses but it is also essential to consider the physical state and physical activity, as well as the motivational dimension. With the cognitive reserve and sex variables no significant differences were observed. Age had a negative effect on strategic flexibility, but those with higher CR had better cognitive flexibility and the educational.

Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction: An Empirical Study in a Population of Senior Citizens.

Objective: The specialised literature indicates that the two key aspects in active ageing are performing physical activity and life satisfaction. Regarding physical activity, this not only improves physical aspects of senior citizens, but also has a positive impact on mental well-being and satisfaction with one's own life. The aim is to demonstrate the relationship between these two variables to explain healthy ageing. Method: In a sample of 300 senior citizen subjects, the influence of various sociodemographic variables (age, sex, institutionalisation, and level of education) on the performance of physical activity and life satisfaction, is analysed. The research design is a non-experimental study with two unique cross-sectional and correlational measurement groups. Results: An analysis of the results indicates that people with a higher level of education present differences in physical and motivational reserves. Furthermore, age and institutionalisation have an impact on physical reserves. Analysis using structural equation models allows key relationships between the variables analysed to be predicted, which can guide the implementation of active ageing. Conclusion: Motivational reserves affect healthy cognitive ageing through their positive impact on cognitive and physical reserves.

Relationship between Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Impairment in Autonomous and Institutionalized Older Adults.

It is necessary to determine which variables help prevent the presence of decline or deterioration during the aging process as a function of advancing age. This research analyses the relations between cognitive reserve (CR) and cognitive impairment in 300 individuals. It also aims to confirm the influence of different variables (gender, age, level of studies and institutionalization) in CR and in deterioration in a population of older adults. The results indicate that people with higher CR present less deterioration. Regarding the role of the sociodemographic variables in the level of deterioration and CR, there are no differences between men and women, but there are differences in the variables age, level of studies and institutionalization, in such a way that the older age the greater the cognitive deterioration, the higher the level of studies, the more RC and less deterioration and it was found that the non-institutionalized people present less deterioration and greater CR. It is affirmed that two people with similar clinical characteristics may present different levels of pathology, being the CR the explanation of this fact. The results obtained allow us to affirm that the measurement of CR is considered an essential variable for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.

Relationship of Parental Support on Healthy Habits, School Motivations and Academic Performance in Adolescents.

The objective of the study was to analyze how parental support relates to the physical activity practice, satisfaction with sports, level of physical activity, academic performance and alcohol consumption. Descriptive cross-sectional study, with 1100 adolescents (12-16 years old), where the factors related to parental support, gender and age acted as independent variables, and satisfaction with sport, level of physical activity (PA), academic performance and alcohol consumption acted as dependent variables. A multivariate statistical analysis was conducted. Adolescents with little parental support show (p < 0.001) more boredom, less fun, worse academic performance and higher alcohol consumption. Gender shows differences (p < 0.001) experiencing girls more boredom, less fun, less PA practice and higher academic performance than boys. Age establishes (p < 0.01) that older adolescents (15-16 years old) experience more boredom, less fun, less PA practice, lower academic performance and higher alcohol consumption than young boys and girls (12-14 years old). Parental support towards PA practice improves healthy habits, benefits academic performance and school satisfaction with physical and sports activity.

Valoración de los hábitos de alimentación en Educación Secundaria en la ciudad de Salamanca. Análisis según sexo y curso escolar / Assessment of eating habits in students of Secondary Education in the city of Salamanca. Analysis according to sex and school year

INTRODUCCIÓN: La adolescencia es un periodo clave para el establecimiento de la conducta alimentaria y para la promoción de una alimentación saludable. Los programas de intervención deben basarse en la realidad actual de los adolescentes a quienes van dirigidos. OBJETIVOS: El presente estudio pretende conocer los hábitos de alimentación actuales de los adolescentes y detectar los factores de riesgo y/o los aspectos a mejorar en su conducta alimentaria diaria, analizando si existen diferencias según el sexo y el curso escolar en el inicio y en el final de Educación Secundaria. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal mediante encuesta en el que se analizan los hábitos de alimentación mediante el cuestionario incluido en el estudio internacional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children según el sexo y curso escolar de los 1.419 adolescentes que participaron. RESULTADOS: El consumo de alimentos saludables es inferior a lo recomendado, sólo un 11,3% de los adolescentes cumple correctamente con todos los hábitos evaluados. Existen diferencias importantes en la calidad y frecuencia del desayuno, un 12,3% acude al centro escolar sin desayunar. El 19,1% consume frutas menos de una vez por semana o nunca y sólo un 20,3% realiza un consumo diario de verduras. Más del 50% de los estudiantes consume snacks, refrescos azucarados o dulces dos veces por semana o más. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: Debido a que no se sigue por parte de los adolescentes una dieta saludable según las recomendaciones propuestas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), es necesario seguir fomentando el desayuno y la mejora de calidad nutricional en las comidas, favoreciendo la ingesta de alimentos saludables (más fruta, verdura y pescado) y controlando el consumo excesivo de los menos aconsejados (carne y alimentos azucarados)

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a key period for the establishment of eating behavior and therefore it is essential to promote healthy eating among this population group. Intervention programs must be based on the current reality of the adolescents to whom they are addressed. OBJECTIVES: The present study aims to know the current eating habits of adolescents and detect risk factors and / or aspects to improve in their daily diet, analyzing whether there are differences according to sex and school year at the beginning and end of Education High school. METHOD: Cross-sectional study through a survey in which nutritional habits are analyzed, using the questionnaire on food included in the international study Health Behavior in School-aged Children, according to sex and academic year, of the 1,419 adolescents who participated. RESULTS: The consumption of healthy foods is lower than recommended, only 11.3% correctly comply with all the habits evaluated. There are important differences in the quality and frequency of breakfast, 12.3% go to the school without breakfast. 19.1% consume fruits less than once a week or never and only 20.3% make a daily consumption of vegetables. More than 50% of students consume snacks, sugary soda or candy at least twice a week. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Because a healthy diet is not followed according to the proposed recommendations, it is necessary to continue promoting breakfast and improving nutritional quality in meals, favoring the intake of healthy foods (more fruit, vegetables and fish) and controlling the excessive consumption of the least recommended (meat and sugary foods)