Stressful life events among women living homeless in Nicaragua, a low-income country.

Nicaragua is one of the lowest income countries in Latin America, where there is a shortage of data on women living homeless. This paper analyses the types, timing and perceived causality of stressful life events (SLE) suffered both during childhood and adolescence and throughout life by women living homeless (n = 30). A structured interview was used to collect the data. Findings showed that women living homeless in Nicaragua suffered a very high number of SLEs, and that these were extremely severe and from very early ages. Most of the SLEs took place before the women became homeless. The SLEs suffered by the women interviewed in Nicaragua were largely similar to those seen in women living homeless in other cultural contexts with higher incomes, although it should be noted that those interviewed in Nicaragua had suffered a higher number of SLE during their childhood and adolescence. The women interviewed mainly attributed finding themselves homeless to having suffered SLEs in the family environment. The suffering of multiple and severe SLEs, largely leading to living in socioeconomically disadvantaged situations, seem to present a significant vulnerability factor both for becoming homeless and remaining homeless over time.

Health situation and perceived health status among women experiencing homelessness: A longitudinal study in Spain.

The paper analyses the health situation and the perceived health status of a sample of women experiencing homelessness (n = 138) in Madrid, Spain. All participants were adults, and the night before the baseline interview, they had slept on the street, at a shelter or any facility provided to care for people living homeless. The information was collected using structured interviews, repeated twice a year for a 3-year follow-up period. The findings of this study show that women experiencing homelessness presented poor health, particularly in comparison with the general Spanish population. Over half of the women questioned claimed to have a diagnosed serious or chronic illness, with a correlation between these conditions and the age, time spent homeless or high levels of drug use. There was a positive correlation found between women's perceived health status and being younger and having access to independent accommodation, while having suffered a number of stressful life events and having spent long periods of time living homeless presented a negative correlation with a good perceived health status.

Unhappiness and casual attributions of homelessness among people living homeless in León (Nicaragua).

Nicaragua is one of the countries with the lowest levels of development in Latin America, with a collectivist culture, where information on people in a homeless situation is very limited. The study examines a sample of people living homeless in the city of León (Nicaragua), their level of overall happiness, their future expectations, their perception of the evolution of their situation, their causal attributions of homelessness, and the aspects they believe are most important for overcoming their situation. Forty-one of the 68 homeless people contacted in León (Nicaragua) responded to a structured interview. The results show that the interviewees reported very low levels of overall happiness, although their future expectations were positive. The interviewees attributed homelessness situation (their own and other people's) primarily to individualistic causes and problems in family relationships, and they had a tendency to consider both themselves and other people living homeless responsible for their homelessness. The results are compared to the data obtained using similar methodologies and instruments for people living homeless in Madrid (Spain) and trash pickers in León (Nicaragua)-two groups in situations of extreme poverty and social exclusion.

Health, disability, and consumption of psychoactive substances among people in a homeless situation in León (Nicaragua).

Nicaragua is one of the countries in Latin America with lowest levels of development. In Nicaragua, people in a homeless situation are one of the most socially excluded groups, and there is a lack of data regarding their characteristics, circumstances, and needs. This study examines the state of health, disability, and substance use among people living homeless (n = 68) in the city of León (Nicaragua). Sixty percent of the homeless people contacted responded to a questionnaire which was administered with the respondents by means of an interview. The findings showed that people living homeless in León had very negative states of health and disability, worse than those observed in other socially excluded groups in the same city and homeless people in more developed countries. The interviewees also presented a high level of substance abuse - mainly of alcohol and inhaled glue.

Impact of gender-based violence on psychological distress and happiness in León (Nicaragua).

The researchers' aim for the current study is to analyze the impact of gender-based violence on mental health and happiness. The sample is composed of 136 women victims of intimate partner violence, who were living in poverty. The participants contacted through the country's Commissariat for Women and Children and other associations working with the National Police from Nicaragua, a country with low levels of development. The results of our structural equation model show that the frequency of abuse has a direct effect on psychological distress and an indirect effect on overall happiness. The deterioration of mental health and social support have a direct effect on overall happiness. Consequently, emotional recovery and social support play an important role in the future of women victims of gender-based violence. This information can be useful to reduce psychological distress and improve care for women in specialized services.

Consequences of the exposure to abuse in the family of origin among victims of intimate partner violence in Nicaragua.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has serious consequences for women, and their vulnerability is increased if their experiences related to abuse occurred at an early age. This study examines the risk of experiencing stressful life events (SLE) during the lives of Nicaraguan victims of IPV in situations of extreme poverty according to their exposure to episodes of violence in their family of origin. In the study participated 136 women victims of IPV living in the marginal areas of the city of León (Nicaragua). They were contacted through the Nicaraguan Commissariat for Women (CW). The results indicate an increased risk of experiencing SLE in the lives of those who suffered abuse in their family of origin and/or witnessed abuse of their mother. Identifying abuse suffered in childhood is a priority because of its consequences, as growing up in environments that tolerate violence may lead to a chronification of subsequent abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Homeless people in León (Nicaragua): Conceptualizing and measuring homelessness in a developing country.

Homelessness is a global phenomenon that affects groups in situations of poverty and social exclusion, in both developed and developing nations. However, the scientific literature on homeless people in developing countries is scant. This work shows the difficulties defining homelessness and examines the necessary criteria for who will be deemed a homeless person in a developing country. Furthermore, the results of the Point-In-Time (PIT) count of homeless people-a measure of the number of homeless people on a specific day-done in the city of León, Nicaragua (population: 185,000). Throughout the PIT count, 82 unduplicated people living in homelessness were tallied (76% male, 23% female), of which 47 answered a questionnaire. Most of the homeless people in León are male, mestizo, of Nicaraguan nationality, with a primary level education or less, and in a situation of chronic homelessness. Results showed a mean age of 47 years for these individuals. Most of the homeless people showed a bad physical appearance, had poor personal hygiene, and wore dirty clothing. Around half of the homeless observed seemed to have problems related to mental health, alcohol, and/or drugs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Stressful life events among homeless people in León (Nicaragua): Quantity, types, timing, and perceived causality.

Nicaragua is one of Latin America's least developed countries and has a lack of data on homeless people, a stigmatized group living in extreme poverty. We conducted structured interviews with homeless people living in the city of León (Nicaragua; n = 41) to obtain data on the quantity, types, timing, and perceived causality of stressful life events (SLEs) experienced during their childhood and adolescence as well as throughout their adult lives. The findings showed that our participants had experienced a high number of extremely severe SLEs at very early ages and most of these SLEs occurred before they first became homeless. In terms of the perceived causal relationship between SLEs and homelessness, the interviewees mainly attributed being homeless to material, affective, or relationship factors, or an excessive consumption of alcohol and/or drugs. Suffering from multiple and serious SLEs, largely due to living in socioeconomically disadvantaged environments, appears to be an important vulnerability factor in both becoming homeless and chronic homelessness.

Retraction of Complaints Among Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence Living in Poverty in Nicaragua.

Retraction among female victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) who report their abuser is a major problem in all societies. This article describes a study of 136 female victims of physical IPV living in poverty in Nicaragua, one of the countries with the lowest levels of development in Central America. This article analyses the aspects that differentiate women living in poverty who retracted after reporting IPV from those who did not. The results show that retraction is widespread among female victims of IPV living in poverty in León (Nicaragua). Although it is difficult to predict the retraction behaviour of the respondents, some differences between the women who retracted their complaint and those who did not were observed. A combination of five variables (including personal circumstances and beliefs about the intimate partner relationship and family) was the best alternative for discriminating between women who had retracted and those who had not.

[Guide to clinical practice for the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of non-syndromic craniosynostosis on 3 levels of care]. / Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación de craneosinostosis no sindrómica en los 3 niveles de atención.

INTRODUCTION: Craniosynostosis is a congenital anomaly resulting from the premature fusion of the cranial sutures changing growth patterns of the skull. METHODOLOGY: Focus, scope, target population and clinical questions to be solved were defined. A systematic search for evidence in different databases (Medline, Embase, KoreaMed, Cochrane Library and the website of the World Health Organization) in stages was performed: clinical practice guidelines; systematic reviews, and clinical trials and observational studies; using MeSH, Decs and corresponding free terms, unrestricted language or temporality. Risk of bias was evaluated using appropriate tools (AMSTAR, Risk of Bias or STROBE). The quality of evidence was graduated using the GRADE system. Modified Delphi Panel technique was used to assign the recommendation's strength and direction, as well as the degree of agreement with it, taking into account the quality of evidence, balance between risks and benefits of interventions, values and preferences of patients and availability of resources. RESULTS: There were 3,712 documents obtained by search algorithms; selecting 29 documents for inclusion in the qualitative synthesis. Due to heterogeneity between studies, it was not possible to perform meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We issued 7 recommendations and 8 good practice points, which will serve as support for decision-making in the comprehensive care of patients with craniosynostosis.

The stigma of making a living from garbage: Meta-sterotypes of trash-pickers in León (Nicaragua).

The article analyzes various aspects related to the meta-stereotype of 99 trash pickers who made their living from the garbage dumps in León (Nicaragua). This group is difficult to access, heavily stigmatized, and lives in extreme poverty. All the pickers in the city were interviewed using a heteroapplied structured interview. The results show that people who obtained their livelihood from garbage in the city of León had a mainly negative meta-stereotype, albeit one to which was some extent indulgent, which could have a negative impact on their processes of social inclusion. The content of the meta-stereotype had a high degree of uniformity, with few variations between the respondents. However, some differences were observed in the use of some attributes in the meta-stereotype according to age, cohabitation with a partner and/or with parents, income level, engagement in paid work apart from picking garbage and the respondents' expectations for the future.

Suicide attempts and stressful life events among female victims of intimate partner violence living in poverty in Nicaragua.

This article describes a study of 136 female intimate partner violence victims living in poverty in Nicaragua. The paper aimed to analyze the relationship between experiencing stressful life events (SLE) and perceived social support with suicide attempts, and to evaluate the differences in the SLE experienced by female suicide attempters versus non-attempters. The results showed the existence of a high level of SLE among the interviewees, and that women who have attempted suicide have experienced substantially more of these events. Experiences of violence and less social support were especially related to suicide attempts among the interviewees.

Regional and national differences in stressful life events: The role of cultural factors, economic development, and gender.

The study analyzed differences in the risk of experiencing stressful life events (SLE) according to cultural factors, the level of economic development of the region inhabited, and gender. Information was gathered on the number and nature of SLE experienced by a sample of 604 undergraduates from 3 regions with very different levels of economic development: Madrid (Spain), León (Nicaragua), and Bilwi (Nicaragua). The results indicated a greater risk of experiencing SLE among undergraduates from Nicaragua, but few differences attributed to the undergraduates' gender or the level of economic development in the region they inhabit within the same country.

Happiness among poor women victims of intimate partner violence in Nicaragua.

The article analyzes various aspects of overall happiness expressed by 136 women in poverty who are victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Nicaragua, a country with low levels of development. The information was gathered using a structured interview. Results obtained show that despite the hardships they face, one half of the women in poverty who are victims of IPV say they are happy, and the vast majority are optimistic about their future. The main sources of happiness among the interviewees are in areas outside their economic life and are mainly associated with social relations.

Pobreza en los estados menos desarrollados: análisis de diferencias atribucionales entre universitarios centroamericanos / Poverty in the less developed countries: analysis of attributional differences between central-Americans undergraduates

El trabajo analiza las atribuciones sobre las causas de la pobreza en los estados menos desarrollados realizadas por estudiantes universitarios de Nicaragua y El Salvador, y las diferencias atributivas existentes entre estos en función de su nivel de renta, su ideología política y su actitud hacia las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs). La información se recogió mediante un cuestionario autoaplicado que incluía, junto a preguntas de carácter sociodemográfico, relativas al nivel de renta, ideología política y apoyo a las ONGs, un listado de 50 posibles causas de la pobreza en los estados menos desarrollados. Los resultados muestran un importante acuerdo en las atribuciones sobre las principales causas de la pobreza en los estados menos desarrollados, si bien existen diferencias significativas en función de su consideración como “pobres” o “no pobres”, de considerarse de “izquierda” o de “derecha” y de considerar que las ONGs realizan o no realizan una labor de gran relevancia.(AU)

This paper analyzes the attributions about causes of poverty in the less developed countries between undergraduates from Nicaragua and El Salvador, and the attributional differences depending on their economical level, political ideology and attitudes about Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). An auto-applicated questionnaire was used. It included socio-demographic questions, questions about economical level, political ideology and attitudes about NGO, and a list of 50 possible causes of poverty in the less developed countries. Results show an important agreement in attributions about the main causes of poverty in the less developed countries, although there are differences depending on the consideration of the undergraduates as “poor” or “not poor”, as “conservative” or “liberal”, and of thinking that the NGOs realize or do not realize a labor of great relevancy.(AU)

Implicaciones de las actitudes y desesperanza en la participación electoral de estudiantes españoles y latinoamericanos / Involvement of attitudes and hopelessness in electoral participation in spanish and latin-american students

Se recogen los resultados de un estudio realizado con 709 alumnos de psicología de diferentes universidades de Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chile y España. Se analiza la participaciónelectoral de los estudiantes y su relación con diferentes variables como características sociodemográficas, desesperanza, número de sucesos estresantes vividos, actitudes hacia lapolítica e instituciones, asociacionismo, etc. Los resultados muestran que los mejores predictores de la participación electoral se encuentran relacionados con nacionalidad, situación económica,interés por la política, género o separación del domicilio. La desesperanza no parece jugarun papel relevante en el ejercicio del derecho de voto.

This paper describes a research study carried out with 709 psychology students from different universities from Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chile and Spain. Electoral participation ofthe students and its relationship with different variables such as sociodemographic characteristics,hopelessness, number of stressful life events, attitude towards politics and institutions, etc., were analyzed. Nationality, financial situation, interest about politics, gender or to be far fromhome predicts the electoral participation of the participants. But hopelessness is not an important variable to explain electoral participation.

Stressful life events in countries of differing economic development: Nicaragua, Chile, and Spain.

the aim was to describe a study involving 481 psychology students in the last courses of their degrees (M age = 21.9 yr., SD=4.2; 94 men and 386 women) from Nicaragua, Chile, and Spain. The study examined the potential risk of experiencing certain stressful life events, the number of stressors, and their characteristics. Also were analyzed the strength of their relation to social class and stressful life events experienced. Greater presence of stressful life events were reported among people from less developed countries, Chile and Nicaragua, and among people belonging to lower social class.

Analgesia postoperatoria con y sin neostigmina espinal / Postoperative analgesia with and without the addition of spinal neostigmine

Se realizó un estudio anestésico prospectivo, longitudinal y compartivo en 30 pacientes del sexo femenino a quienes se les practicó artroplastía de la cadera o de la rodilla. Se clasificaron en grupos de 15 integrantes cada uno; el grupo A, de estudio se manejó con 15 mg de bupivacaína al 0.5 por ciento con 50 µg de metilsulfato de neostigmina por vía intratecal, mientras que al lote control se les administró por la misma vía, 15 mg de bupivacaína al 0.5 por ciento con 1 ml de glucosa al 5 por ciento. Se observó analgesia más significativa y de mayor duración en el grupo tratado con neostigmina, sin embargo, presentaron mayor frecuencia de náusea, vómito, bradicardia e hipotensión arterial

Buprenorfina sublingual y dipirona para el tratamiento del dolor posoperatorio / Sublingual buprenorphin and dipirone for the treatment of posoperative pain

A 16 pacientes de uno y otro sexo en buenas condiciones generales de salud se les hicieron operaciones electivas con anestesia general balanceada. Para controlar el dolor posoperatorio se dividieron en dos grupos. El primero lo integraban ocho pacientes que recibieron 400 mcg de clorhidrato de buprenorfina por vía sublingual tan pronto manifestaron dolor; los pacientes del segundo grupo, además de la buprenorfina, recibieron 2.5 g de dipirona por vía endovenosa. La analgesia fue satisfactoria en 10 sujetos y en cuatro se consideró como moderada. hay que recalcar que cinco individuos del segundo grupo evolucionaron anímicamente mejor. La analgesia se prolongó por más de seis horas en 14 pacientes, y cinco de estos más de ocho horas. Todos sintieron somnolencia y solamente 19 por ciento sufrieron náuseas y vómito