Comparative analysis of bile acid spectrum in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cholelithiasis.

AIM: Сomparative studying of changes in the spectrum of bile acids in bile in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cholelithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 140 patients were included in the survey: 50 - with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and 90 - with cholelithiasis. The diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was established on the basis of ultrasound examination of the liver, the elasticity and fibrosis of liver by using the sonoelastography and liver biopsy. The prestone stage of cholelithiasis was established on the basis of ultrasound examination of the gallbladder and biochemical examination of bile. The level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase were studied using the analyzer "Labsystems" (Finland). The spectrum of bile acids in bile is studied by mass spectrometry on AmazonX apparatus (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). RESULTS: Biochemical blood test revealed increase of cholesterol, triglycerides, cytolysis markers, and cholestasis, the most pronounced in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochemical study of bile showed increase of cholesterol, decrease the total amount of bile acids and cholatecholesterol coefficient in the vesicle and hepatic bile in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cholelithiasis. Mass spectrometry showed decrease the total amount of free bile acids (choloidal, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic) and increase the content of conjugated bile acids (glycocholic, glycodesoxycholic, taurocholic, taurodeoxycholic, ursodeoxycholic), the most pronounced in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. CONCLUSION: Unidirectional changes in the spectrum of bile acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cholelithiasis give reason to believe that the trigger mechanism in the disturbance of bile acids metabolism is the liver. Reduction of primary bile acids, imbalance of phospholipids and cholesterol disrupt the stabilization of bile, resulting in unfavorable conditions in the bile ducts to form stones.

[Enteral failure and metabolic syndrome: Common neurohormonal mechanisms of development, possibilities of their rational therapy]. / Énteral'naia nedostatochnost' i metabolicheskii sindrom: obshchie neirogormonal'nye mekhanizmy razvitiia, vozmozhnosti ikh ratsional'noi terapii.

The paper deals with small bowel (SB) functional disorders in metabolic syndrome (MS). The main components of a cascade of metabolic abnormalities in MS are closely due to SB functional changes. This is associated to some extent with the presence of common neurohormonal mechanisms in the development of enteropathy and MS. The paper gives the physical, laboratory and instrumental methods for identifying SB dysfunctions in patients with MS. Therapy for the latter is of particular interest in the context of SB functional recovery. The authors discuss the possibilities of enteropathy therapy in patients with MS; thus there is not only SB functional recovery, but also improved overall metabolic processes.

[Correction of small bowel function as a new direction for treating patients with metabolic syndrome]. / Korrektsiia narushenii funktsional'nogo sostoianiia tonkoi kishki kak novoe napravlenie lecheniia bol'nykh s metabolicheskim sindromom.

AIM: To provide a rationale for and to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of the combined use of pancreatic enzymes and actovegin in the combination therapy of patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) on the basis of comprehensive clinical and functional studies of the small bowel (SB). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In the course of treatment, 120 patients with MS (verified using the diagnostic criteria elaborated by the All-Russian Research Society of Cardiology (2009)) underwent a comprehensive study of SB function: an isolated study of resorptive processes; evaluation of parietal and cavitary digestion, motor-evacuation function. The peripheral blood levels of gastrin, insulin, cortisol, thyroxine and thyrotropin were determined. RESULTS: The combined use of pancreatic enzymes and actovegin has a positive impact on the clinical and functional state of SB, which was manifested as restoration of its hydrolysis and absorption, as well as motor-evacuation function in the patients with MS. The treatment resulted in reductions in the levels of triglycerides from 2.85±0.34 to 1.53±0.18 mmol/l (p<0.01), total cholesterol from 6.08±0.16 to 5.19±0.21 mmol/l (p<0.05), and atherogenic factor from 5.21±0.28 to 2.93±0.34 (p<0.05). Posttreatment HOMA-IR decreased from 4.22±0.8 to 2.12±0.8. There were no substantial changes in insulin levels and insulin resistance index in the patients on standard therapy. CONCLUSION: The combined use of pancreatic enzymes and actovegin is pathogenetically sound in correcting SB dysfunctions and may be one of the most effective directions for the treatment of patients with MS.

[Psychoemotional and autonomic states in patients with cholelithiasis]. / Psikhoémotsional'noe sostoianie i vegetativnyi status bol'nykh pri zhelchnokamennoi bolezni.

AIM: To investigate the psychoemotional and autonomic states of patients with biliary system diseases and to determine their significance in the development of cholelithiasis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 396 patients with stage 1 cholelithiasis were examined. The results of hepatobiliary ultrasonography, multifractional duodenal probing, followed by macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical examinations of bile (the total concentration of bile acids and cholesterol, by subsequently calculating the cholate-cholesterol ratio) were used to verify the diagnosis. The functional state of the hepatobiliary system was evaluated by dynamic echocholecystography and dynamic hepatobiliscintigraphy. To characterize the emotional state, the investigators applied indicators of the motivational sphere and orientation of an individual and his/her mental state, such as reactive anxiety, personal anxiety, the levels of depression and neuroticism, and intra-, extraversion. The autonomic state was determined from autonomic tone, autonomic reactivity, and autonomic support. RESULTS: Biliary lithogenesis was found to be related to psychoemotional and autonomic states. In cholelithiasis, there was an increase in reactive and personal anxiety and a predominance of diminished parasympathetic and perverted sympathetic autonomic reactivity. The signs of emotional instability and autonomic dystonia were shown to increase with age and the degree of an autonomic response depended on the severity of mental and emotional disorders. CONCLUSION: The results of these comprehensive studies can reveal new pathophysiological patterns of lithogenic bile formation and enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis.

[Specific features of impaired intestinal digestion, absorption, and microbiocenosis in patients with cholelithiasis]. / Osobennosti narushenii pishchevareniya, vsasyvaniya i mikrobiotsenoza v kishechnike u bol'nykh zhelchnokamennoi bolezn'yu.

AIM: To perform a comprehensive study of intestinal digestion, absorption, and microbiocenosis in various stages of cholelithiasis (CL). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 76 patients with of CL, including 44 patients with its Stage I and 32 patients with Stage II, were examined. Mono-, di - and polysaccharide load tests and a scatological study were performed to evaluate the processes of digestion and absorption in the intestine. The hydrogen breath test using lactulose was carried out to study small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The state of colon microbiocenosis was determined by plating feces onto various selective nutrient media. RESULTS: All digestive process stages in the small intestine were noted to be impaired in CL. In Stage I CL, cavitary digestion was mainly impaired; in Stage II, all digestive and absorptive processes were abnormal. Scatological examination in patients with Stage I CL revealed steatorrhea in 79.5%, creatorrhea in 75%, and amylorrhea in 36.4%. In Stage II CL, digestive and absorptive disorders progressed. SIBO was detected in 68.5% whereas in 70% of cases, it was located in the distal small intestine in the presence of insufficiency of the ileocecal sphincter apparatus. A regularity was found between the severity of SIBO and impaired small intestinal cavitary digestion. SIBO was more common in the pre-gallstone stage of CL than in its gallstone stage. Dysbiosis of the colon was detected in 100% of the examined patients with CL; moreover, as the latter progressed, dysbiosis worsened. CONCLUSION: There is new information about impaired intestinal digestion and microbiocenosis in patients with CL.

[Characteristics of the course of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease concurrent with duodenal insufficiency]. / Kharakteristika techeniia iazvennoi bolezni zheludka i dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki s soputstvuiushchei duodenal'noi nedostatochnost'iu.

AIM: To comprehensively study the course of gastric ulcer disease (GUD) and duodenal ulcer disease (DUD) concurrent with chronic duodenal insufficiency (CDI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ulcer disease (UD) was verified on the basis of the results of clinical and fibrogastroduodenoscopic examinations. The data of contrast duodenography and cavitary manometry were used to identify CDI. Gastroduodenal motor activity was investigated using the peripheral electrogastrograph EGG-4M. The results of pH measurements were employed to assess the state of gastric acid secretion and duodenal pH values. RESULTS: A comprehensive examination was made in 106 patients with UD concurrent with CDI (a study group) and 30 UD patients without CDI (a comparison group). Epigastric pain was noted in the patients with GUD in the study and comparison groups (91.5 and 84.6%, respectively), but the pain was mainly aching in the patients with concomitant CDI and more intense (77.8%) in those without this condition. In the study group, heartburn was more common in patients with GUD and DUD (75.3 and 71.4%, respectively) than in those with UD in the comparison group (28.5 and 37.5%, respectively). Helicobacter pylori tests were positive in 23.8% of the patients in the study group and in 57.2% in the comparison group. Electrogastrography indicated that the patients with GUD and CDI had bradygastria and hypokinesis on an empty stomach; the electrical activity was reduced after eating. In the comparison group, tachygastria and hyperkinesis were detected on an empty stomach; these postprandial indicators were elevated. H. pylori tests were positive in 34.7% of the patients with DUD and CDI and in 63.6% of those with DUD without CDI. The postprandial electrical activity increased in patients with DUD and decreased in the comparison group. The specific features of changes in gastric and duodenal pH values in GUD and DUD concurrent with CDI in comparison with the isolated course of UD. CONCLUSION: The immediate and long-term follow-ups show that GUD and DUD concurrent with CDI run a more persistent course; the time of ulcer healing increases and the periods of remission decrease.

THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IN THE EARLY STAGES OF GALL STONE FORMATION.

Complex studying of functional condition of small intestine at bile stone disease and analyzing connection of small intestine functional disorders with formation of lithogenic bile. 123 patients with Bile stone disease were examined at pre-stone stage. Examinations done include ultrasonic exam of gallbladder, biochemical examination of bile, studying of bile acids in the bile by method of mass-spectrometry, morphological examination of duodenal mucous membrane, functional examination of small intestine with loading test. RESULTS: As the survey showed, a biliary sludge was found at 86,2% of the patients at ultrasonic examination of gallbladder In the patients' bile there were noticed changes of both general pool of bile acids and of ratio of their separate fractions. 82% of patients with bile stone disease at pre-stone stage had disorders of digestive and absorbing functions of small intestine, connected with reducing of general pool of bile acids in bile.

[Cholelithiasis as a possible manifestation of systemic digestive diseases].

AIM: To comprehensively study of the function of digestive organs in cholelithiasis (CL). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Three hundred and seventeen patients with the early (prestone) stage of CL were examined. The latter was verified by ultrasonography (USG) and biochemical bile tests. The patients underwent pH metry and esophagogastroduodenoscopy, followed by histological examination of gastroduodenal mucosa (GDM) biopsy specimens. Manometry was used to evaluate duodenal function. The serum levels of pepsinogen-1 (PG-1), pepsinogen-2 (PG-2), cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP), α1-antitrypsin, insulin, and C-peptide were analyzed by an enzyme immunoassay. Small intestinal function was examined using a set of diagnostic tests. RESULTS: Gallbladder USG revealed biliary sludge in 273 (86.1%) patients. Biochemical examination of bile established a lower cholatocholesterol coefficient in its cystic as well as hepatic portions, suggesting enhanced bile lithogenicity. Manometry of the duodenum showed its hypertension, hypotension, and normotension in 57.6, 24.8, and 17.6% of the CL patients, respectively. There were significant increases in basal gastric body pH and PG-1 and PG-2 levels as compared to the control group. Morphological examination of GDM biopsy specimens revealed chronic superficial gastritis in 61.8% of the patients, chronic atrophic gastritis in 17.4%, and moderate diffuse duodenitis in 18.3%. In 148 (46.7%) patients with CL, the latter was burdened by pancreatic comorbidity. Stress tests using water-soluble starch, sucrose, and glucose demonstrated impairments in various stages of digestion; substantially decreased levels of CCK, gastrin and cyclic nucleotides were observed in the patients with CL compared to the controls. CONCLUSION: Most patients with CL were detected to have digestive organ structural and functional disorders. Moreover, CL may be regarded as a possible manifestation of systemic digestive diseases.

[Motor-evacuatory function of the gastrointestinal tract in metabolic syndrome]. / Sostoyanie motorno-evakuatornoi funktsii zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta pri metabolicheskom sindrome.

AIM: To investigate the motor-evacuatory function of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in metabolic syndrome (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with MS were examined. In addition to clinical findings, an integrated study of GIT motor function by peripheral electrogastroenterocolography was used. The specific features of lipid metabolism and hormonal and autonomic status were studied in patients with MS. RESULTS: The local and systemic clinical signs of small bowel lesions were noted in 82.9% of the patients with MS. There were elevated blood lipid levels in the presence of hypomotor dyskinesia of the upper GIT portions in the postprandial period. New pathogenetic trends in the role of hormones and hypersympatheticotonia in impairing the motor function of the small bowel were found in MS. CONCLUSION: The results of our investigations suggest that the found changes in GIT motor function are an important component of the complex pathogenesis of MS.

[SIGNIFICANCE OF MAGNESIUM IN PHISIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM].

The article describes the physiological role of magnesium in the human body and its importance for metabolic processes. The reasons for the development of magnesium deficiency and hypermagnesaemia and its clinical symptoms are shown. The specialties of magnesium metabolism disturbances in gastroenterological pathology are described. Particular attention paid to the correction of magnesium levels with deviations of its content in the organism.