Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology Triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis in Wild Type Rats Is Serotype Dependent.

Periodontal disease is a disease of tooth-supporting tissues. It is a chronic disease with inflammatory nature and infectious etiology produced by a dysbiotic subgingival microbiota that colonizes the gingivodental sulcus. Among several periodontal bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) highlights as a keystone pathogen. Previous reports have implied that chronic inflammatory response and measurable bone resorption are observed in young mice, even after a short period of periodontal infection with P. gingivalis, which has been considered as a suitable model of experimental periodontitis. Also, encapsulated P. gingivalis strains are more virulent than capsular-defective mutants, causing an increased immune response, augmented osteoclastic activity, and accrued alveolar bone resorption in these rodent experimental models of periodontitis. Recently, P. gingivalis has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, either by worsening brain pathology in AD-transgenic mice or by inducing memory impairment and age-dependent neuroinflammation middle-aged wild type animals. We hypothesized here that the more virulent encapsulated P. gingivalis strains could trigger the appearance of brain AD-markers, neuroinflammation, and cognitive decline even in young rats subjected to a short periodontal infection exposure, due to their higher capacity of activating brain inflammatory responses. To test this hypothesis, we periodontally inoculated 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with K1, K2, or K4 P. gingivalis serotypes and the K1-isogenic non-encapsulated mutant (GPA), used as a control. 45-days after periodontal inoculations with P. gingivalis serotypes, rat´s spatial memory was evaluated for six consecutive days in the Oasis maze task. Following functional testing, the animals were sacrificed, and various tissues were removed to analyze alveolar bone resorption, cytokine production, and detect AD-specific biomarkers. Strikingly, only K1 or K2 P. gingivalis-infected rats displayed memory deficits, increased alveolar bone resorption, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, changes in astrocytic morphology, increased Aß1-42 levels, and Tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus. None of these effects were observed in rats infected with the non-encapsulated bacterial strains. Based on these results, we propose that the bacterial virulence factors constituted by capsular polysaccharides play a central role in activating innate immunity and inflammation in the AD-like pathology triggered by P. gingivalis in young rats subjected to an acute experimental infection episode.

Intranasal Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Reduces Hippocampal Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Cell Death, Improving the Behavioral Outcome Following Perinatal Asphyxia.

Perinatal Asphyxia (PA) is a leading cause of motor and neuropsychiatric disability associated with sustained oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cell death, affecting brain development. Based on a rat model of global PA, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of intranasally administered secretome, derived from human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-S), preconditioned with either deferoxamine (an hypoxia-mimetic) or TNF-α+IFN-γ (pro-inflammatory cytokines). PA was generated by immersing fetus-containing uterine horns in a water bath at 37 °C for 21 min. Thereafter, 16 µL of MSC-S (containing 6 µg of protein derived from 2 × 105 preconditioned-MSC), or vehicle, were intranasally administered 2 h after birth to asphyxia-exposed and control rats, evaluated at postnatal day (P) 7. Alternatively, pups received a dose of either preconditioned MSC-S or vehicle, both at 2 h and P7, and were evaluated at P14, P30, and P60. The preconditioned MSC-S treatment (i) reversed asphyxia-induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus (oxidized/reduced glutathione); (ii) increased antioxidative Nuclear Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) translocation; (iii) increased NQO1 antioxidant protein; (iv) reduced neuroinflammation (decreasing nuclearNF-κB/p65 levels and microglial reactivity); (v) decreased cleaved-caspase-3 cell-death; (vi) improved righting reflex, negative geotaxis, cliff aversion, locomotor activity, anxiety, motor coordination, and recognition memory. Overall, the study demonstrates that intranasal administration of preconditioned MSC-S is a novel therapeutic strategy that prevents the long-term effects of perinatal asphyxia.

Timing Is of the Essence: Improvement in Perception During Active Sensing.

Active sensing refers to the concept of animals perceiving their environment while involving self-initiated motor acts. As a consequence of these motor acts, this activity produces direct and timely changes in the sensory surface. Is the brain able to take advantage of the precise time-locking that occurs during active sensing? Is the intrinsic predictability present during active sensing, impacting the sensory processes? We conjecture that if stimuli presentation is evoked by a self-initiated motor act, sensory discrimination and timing accuracy would improve. We studied this phenomenon when rats had to locate the position of a brief light stimulus, either when it was elicited by a warning light [passive condition (PC)] or when it was generated by a lever press [active condition (AC)]. We found that during the PC, rats had 66% of correct responses, vs. a significantly higher 77% of correct responses in AC. Furthermore, reaction times reduced from 1,181 ms during AC to 816 ms during PC For the latter condition, the probability of detecting the side of the light stimulus was negatively correlated with the time lag between the motor act and the evoked light and with a 38% reduction on performance per second of delay. These experiment shows that the mechanism that underlies sensory improvement during active behaviors have a constrained time dynamic, where the peak performances occur during the motor act, decreasing proportionally to the lag between the motor act and the stimulus presentation. This result is consistent with the evidence already found in humans, of a precise time dynamic of the improvement of sensory acuity after a motor act and reveals an equivalent process in rodents. Our results support the idea that perception and action are precisely coordinated in the brain.

N-Acetylcysteine Prevents the Spatial Memory Deficits and the Redox-Dependent RyR2 Decrease Displayed by an Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model.

We have previously reported that primary hippocampal neurons exposed to synaptotoxic amyloid beta oligomers (AßOs), which are likely causative agents of Alzheimer's disease (AD), exhibit abnormal Ca2+ signals, mitochondrial dysfunction and defective structural plasticity. Additionally, AßOs-exposed neurons exhibit a decrease in the protein content of type-2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) Ca2+ channels, which exert critical roles in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and spatial memory processes. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevents these deleterious effects of AßOs in vitro. The main contribution of the present work is to show that AßOs injections directly into the hippocampus, by engaging oxidation-mediated reversible pathways significantly decreased RyR2 protein content but increased single RyR2 channel activation by Ca2+ and caused considerable spatial memory deficits. AßOs injections into the CA3 hippocampal region impaired rat performance in the Oasis maze spatial memory task, decreased hippocampal glutathione levels and overall content of plasticity-related proteins (c-Fos, Arc, and RyR2) and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast, in hippocampus-derived mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) AßOs injections increased RyR2 levels. Rats fed with NAC for 3-weeks prior to AßOs injections displayed comparable redox potential, RyR2 and Arc protein contents, similar ERK1/2 phosphorylation and RyR2 single channel activation by Ca2+ as saline-injected (control) rats. NAC-fed rats subsequently injected with AßOs displayed the same behavior in the spatial memory task as control rats. Based on the present in vivo results, we propose that redox-sensitive neuronal RyR2 channels partake in the mechanism underlying AßOs-induced memory disruption in rodents.

Triclosan Impairs Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Memory in Male Rats.

Triclosan, a widely used industrial and household agent, is present as an antiseptic ingredient in numerous products of everyday use, such as toothpaste, cosmetics, kitchenware, and toys. Previous studies have shown that human brain and animal tissues contain triclosan, which has been found also as a contaminant of water and soil. Triclosan disrupts heart and skeletal muscle Ca2+ signaling, damages liver function, alters gut microbiota, causes colonic inflammation, and promotes apoptosis in cultured neocortical neurons and neural stem cells. Information, however, on the possible effects of triclosan on the function of the hippocampus, a key brain region for spatial learning and memory, is lacking. Here, we report that triclosan addition at low concentrations to hippocampal slices from male rats inhibited long-term potentiation but did not affect basal synaptic transmission or paired-pulse facilitation and modified the content or phosphorylation levels of synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Additionally, incubation of primary hippocampal cultures with triclosan prevented both the dendritic spine remodeling induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the emergence of spontaneous oscillatory Ca2+ signals. Furthermore, intra-hippocampal injection of triclosan significantly disrupted rat navigation in the Oasis maze spatial memory task, an indication that triclosan impairs hippocampus-dependent spatial memory performance. Based on these combined results, we conclude that triclosan exerts highly damaging effects on hippocampal neuronal function in vitro and impairs spatial memory processes in vivo.

Targeting Sentinel Proteins and Extrasynaptic Glutamate Receptors: a Therapeutic Strategy for Preventing the Effects Elicited by Perinatal Asphyxia?

Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is a relevant cause of death at the time of labour, and when survival is stabilised, associated with short- and long-term developmental disabilities, requiring inordinate care by health systems and families. Its prevalence is high (1 to 10/1000 live births) worldwide. At present, there are few therapeutic options, apart from hypothermia, that regrettably provides only limited protection if applied shortly after the insult.PA implies a primary and a secondary insult. The primary insult relates to the lack of oxygen, and the secondary one to the oxidative stress triggered by re-oxygenation, formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) species, and overactivation of glutamate receptors and mitochondrial deficiencies. PA induces overactivation of a number of sentinel proteins, including hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) and the genome-protecting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Upon activation, PARP-1 consumes high amounts of ATP at a time when this metabolite is scarce, worsening in turn the energy crisis elicited by asphyxia. The energy crisis also impairs ATP-dependent transport, including glutamate re-uptake by astroglia. Nicotinamide, a PARP-1 inhibitor, protects against the metabolic cascade elicited by the primary stage, avoiding NAD+ exhaustion and the energetic crisis. Upon re-oxygenation, however, oxidative stress leads to nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit p65, overexpression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and TNF-α, and glutamate-excitotoxicity, due to impairment of glial-glutamate transport, extracellular glutamate overflow, and overactivation of NMDA receptors, mainly of the extrasynaptic type. This leads to calcium influx, mitochondrial impairment, and inactivation of antioxidant enzymes, increasing further the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes, thereby making the surviving neonate vulnerable to recurrent metabolic insults whenever oxidative stress is involved. Here, we discuss evidence showing that (i) inhibition of PARP-1 overactivation by nicotinamide and (ii) inhibition of extrasynaptic NMDA receptor overactivation by memantine can prevent the short- and long-term consequences of PA. These hypotheses have been evaluated in a rat preclinical model of PA, aiming to identify the metabolic cascades responsible for the long-term consequences induced by the insult, also assessing postnatal vulnerability to recurrent oxidative insults. Thus, we present and discuss evidence demonstrating that PA induces long-term changes in metabolic pathways related to energy and oxidative stress, priming vulnerability of cells with both the neuronal and the glial phenotype. The effects induced by PA are region dependent, the substantia nigra being particularly prone to cell death. The issue of short- and long-term consequences of PA provides a framework for addressing a fundamental issue referred to plasticity of the CNS, since the perinatal insult triggers a domino-like sequence of events making the developing individual vulnerable to recurrent adverse conditions, decreasing his/her coping repertoire because of a relevant insult occurring at birth.

El síndrome metabólico, un reto para la salud pública cubana / Metabolic syndrome, a challenge for Cuban public health

Introducción: el correcto diagnóstico de los pacientes con síndrome metabólico permite evaluar sus riesgos de padecer dolencias cardiovasculares y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El incremento del número de publicaciones sobre este síndrome demuestra la importancia que se le concede en la práctica médica a su diagnóstico y conocimiento teórico.Objetivos: exponer algunos aspectos del síndrome metabólico (su historia, definición, diagnóstico, fisiopatología y epidemiología). Método: se revisó la bibliografía nacional e internacional disponible en Internet, fundamentalmente de los últimos cinco años y, por su importancia, se incluyeron algunos trabajos de años anteriores publicados en Latinoamérica, Estados Unidos, España y Portugal. A partir de la información compilada se elaboró un artículo estructurado.Desarrollo: el síndrome metabólico se caracteriza por la presencia simultánea o escalonada de varias alteraciones, tales como resistencia a la insulina, hiperinsulinemia compensadora, intolerancia a la glucosa o diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión arterial, obesidad abdominal, hiperuricemia y dislipoproteinemia aterogénica.Conclusiones: la falta de estudios sobre este síndrome en Cuba, y consecuentemente, la inexistencia de protocolos y guías de actuación son indicios de una deficiente atención al tema por parte de especialistas e investigadores. Se debe tener en cuenta la importancia que la obesidad abdominal y la resistencia a la insulina tienen en el desarrollo de este síndrome -que, a su vez es un factor de riesgo para otras dolencias graves-, y por tanto, la necesidad de una estrategia integral y multidisciplinaria para su tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: the correct diagnosis of patients with metabolic syndrome allows the evaluation of their risks of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The increase in the number of publications on this syndrome demonstrates the importance that is given in medical practice to its diagnosis and theoretical knowledge. Objectives: to present some aspects of the metabolic syndrome (its history, definition, diagnosis, pathophysiology and epidemiology). Method: the national and international bibliography available on the Internet was reviewed, fundamentally of the last five years and, because of its importance, some works of previous years were included published in Latin America, the United States, Spain and Portugal. A structured article was produced from the information compiled. Development: the metabolic syndrome is characterized by the simultaneous or staggered presence of several alterations, such as insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, abdominal obesity, hyperuricemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia.Conclusions: the lack of studies on this syndrome in the country, and consequently, the lack of protocols and guidelines of action are indications of a deficient attention to the subject by specialists and researchers. It should be taken into account the importance that abdominal obesity and insulin resistance have in the development of this syndrome -which in turn is a risk factor for other serious diseases- and therefore, the need for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary strategy for its treatment(AU)

Lack of phonotactic preferences of female frogs and its consequences for signal evolution.

Sexual selection is one of the main evolutionary forces that drive signal evolution. In previous studies, we have found out that males of Pleurodema thaul, a frog with an extensive latitudinal distribution in Chile, emits advertisement calls that show remarkable variation among populations. In addition, this variation is related to intense inter-male acoustic competition (intra-sexual selection) occurring within each population. However, the extent to which female preferences contribute to the signal divergence observed is unclear. To study the responsiveness of females in each population, we stimulated females with synthetic calls designed with the acoustic structure of their own population and subsequently responsive females were subjected to a two-choice experiment, where they were stimulated with synthetic calls of their own population versus a call of a foreign population. Females do not show phonotactic preferences for calls of their own or foreign populations as measured with both linear and circular variables. The lack of phonotactic preferences suggests an absence of participation of inter-sexual selection processes in the divergence of the acoustic signals of P. thaul, highlighting the importance of intra-sexual selection for the evolution of these signals. These results concur with studies in other vertebrates emphasizing the relevance of interactions among males for the evolution of acoustic communication systems.

Importancia de la intervención temprana en el tratamiento del infarto agudo del miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST / Importance of early intervention in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction with ST-supradepression

Un comentario sobre el método clínico como método científico de trabajo de las ciencias médicas sirvió de introducción a este artículo, cuyo objetivo es analizar el tratamiento del infarto agudo del miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST y la importancia de la intervención temprana contemplada desde el contexto de la realidad cubana actual, que permita alertar a los colegas sobre la posibilidad de ejecutar otras acciones más baratas. Se empleó el método teórico para la revisión bibliográfica, la búsqueda de los principales estudios en inglés y español abarcó el periodo 2005-2010; se intercambiaron opiniones con especialistas del tema en Cuba y además, se revisaron otros documentos y artículos en poder del autor. Los principales resultados de la búsqueda incluyen la reperfusión temprana de la arteria responsable del infarto mediante trombolisis o vía angioplastia junto a una terapia intensiva a base de antiagregantes plaquetarios, sustancias anticoagulantes e inhibidores de la enzima conversora de la aldosterona. Entre las conclusiones se señaló el método clínico como método científico de aplicación en las ciencias médicas y su vigencia(AU)

A comment on clinical method as a scientific method of work of medical science provided the introduction to this article, which aims to analyze the treatment of acute myocardial infarction with ST-supradepression and the importance of early intervention as seen from the context of Cuban reality today, allowing alert colleagues about the possibility of implementing other more cheaper. Theoretical method was used for literature review, the search for the main studies in English and Spanish covering the period 2005-2010; it exchanged views with specialists of the topic in Cuba, documents and articles were reviewed held by the author.The main search results include early reperfusion of the infarct related artery by angioplasty or by thrombolysis with intensive therapy based on platelet antiaggregant, anticoagulant substances converting enzyme inhibitors of aldosterone. Among the findings it was noted the clinical method as a scientific method of application in medical science and its validity(AU)

Importancia de la intervención temprana en el tratamiento del infarto agudo del miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST: [revisión] / Importance of early intervention in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction with ST-supradepression: [review]

Un comentario sobre el método clínico como método científico de trabajo de las ciencias médicas sirvió de introducción a este artículo, cuyo objetivo es analizar el tratamiento del infarto agudo del miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST y la importancia de la intervención temprana contemplada desde el contexto de la realidad cubana actual, que permita alertar a los colegas sobre la posibilidad de ejecutar otras acciones más baratas. Se empleó el método teórico para la revisión bibliográfica, la búsqueda de los principales estudios en inglés y español abarcó el periodo 2005-2010; se intercambiaron opiniones con especialistas del tema en Cuba y además, se revisaron otros documentos y artículos en poder del autor. Los principales resultados de la búsqueda incluyen la reperfusión temprana de la arteria responsable del infarto mediante trombolisis o vía angioplastia junto a una terapia intensiva a base de antiagregantes plaquetarios, sustancias anticoagulantes e inhibidores de la enzima conversora de la aldosterona. Entre las conclusiones se señaló el método clínico como método científico de aplicación en las ciencias médicas y su vigencia.

A comment on clinical method as a scientific method of work of medical science provided the introduction to this article, which aims to analyze the treatment of acute myocardial infarction with ST-supradepression and the importance of early intervention as seen from the context of Cuban reality today, allowing alert colleagues about the possibility of implementing other more cheaper. Theoretical method was used for literature review, the search for the main studies in English and Spanish covering the period 2005-2010; it exchanged views with specialists of the topic in Cuba, documents and articles were reviewed held by the author.The main search results include early reperfusion of the infarct related artery by angioplasty or by thrombolysis with intensive therapy based on platelet antiaggregant, anticoagulant substances converting enzyme inhibitors of aldosterone. Among the findings it was noted the clinical method as a scientific method of application in medical science and its validity.

The histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus is critical for motivated arousal.

Obtaining food, shelter or water, or finding a mating partner are examples of motivated behaviors, which are essential to preserve the species. The full expression of such behaviors requires a high but optimal arousal state. We tested the idea that tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) histamine neurons are crucial to generate such motivated arousal, using a model of the appetitive phase of feeding behavior. Hungry rats enticed with food within a wire mesh box showed intense goal-directed motor activity aimed at opening the box, an increase in core temperature, a fast histamine release in the hypothalamus and an early increase in Fos immunoreactivity in TMN and cortical neurons. Enticing with stronger-tasting food induced stronger motor, temperature and Fos immunoreactivity brain responses than ordinary food pellets. TMN lesion greatly decreased all of those responses. We conclude that histamine neurons increase arousal and vegetative activity, allowing the normal unfolding of voluntary, goal-directed behavior such as obtaining food.

Au-PVA nanocomposite negative resist for one-step three-dimensional e-beam lithography.

Au nanoparticles are synthesized in situ upon the electron beam exposure of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) thin film containing Au(III). The e-beam-irradiated areas are insoluble in water (negative-tone resist), and Au-PVA nanocomposite patterns with a variable profile along the structure can be thus generated (3D lithography) in a single step. A local characterization of the generated patterns is performed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis localized surface plasmon resonance microspectroscopy. This characterization confirms the presence of crystalline nanoparticles and aggregates.

The parietal association cortex of the rat

Spatial cognition is a complex higher function in mammals and is involved in a variety of tasks that can be explored in the laboratory. In this review we will discuss the role of the posterior parietal/anteromedial cortex of rodents, also known as the parietal association cortex, and the hippocampal formation in spatial navigation. We will also discuss other higher associational functions of the posterior parietal/anteromedial cortex as they relate to Dr. Pinto-Hamuy's contribution to understanding behavioral functions.

The parietal association cortex of the rat.

Spatial cognition is a complex higher function in mammals and is involved in a variety of tasks that can be explored in the laboratory. In this review we will discuss the role of the posterior parietal/anteromedial cortex of rodents, also known as the parietal association cortex, and the hippocampal formation in spatial navigation. We will also discuss other higher associational functions of the posterior parietal/anteromedial cortex as they relate to Dr. Pinto-Hamuy's contribution to understanding behavioral functions.

The infralimbic cortical area commands the behavioral and vegetative arousal during appetitive behavior in the rat.

The infralimbic cortical area is a good candidate to send processed motivational signals to initiate the arousing and autonomic responses that characterize appetitive behaviors. To test this hypothesis we enticed hungry rats with food while assessing locomotion (as an index of arousal level) and temperature responses, and evaluated Fos immunoreactivity (IR) in the infralimbic area and in subcortical nuclei involved in thermoregulation or arousal. We also recorded from single infralimbic neurons in freely moving rats while enticing them with food. We found that 83% of infralimbic neurons were excited or inhibited by feeding and, in particular, that 33% of infralimbic neurons increased their discharge rate during food enticing. Intact rats showed increased Fos IR in the infralimbic area, as well as in many other cortical areas. The excitotoxic lesion of the infralimbic cortex abolished the arousing and hyperthermic responses observed in intact rats, as well as the expression of Fos IR in the ascending arousal system and subcortical thermoregulatory regions. We conclude that the infralimbic area plays a central role in implementing behavioral arousing and thermal responses during an appetitive behavior.

Specific activation of histaminergic neurons during daily feeding anticipatory behavior in rats.

When food is available during a restricted and predictable time of the day, animals show increased locomotor and food searching behaviors before the anticipated daily meal. We had shown that histamine-containing neurons are the only aminergic neurons related to arousal that become active in anticipation of an upcoming meal. To further map, the brain regions involved in the expression of the feeding-anticipatory behavior, we quantified the expression of Fos in hypothalamic areas involved in arousal. We found that nearly 35% of the histamine neurons from the tuberomammillary nucleus were Fos-immunoreactive immediately before mealtime. One hour before this transient increase in Fos-immunoreactivity, we found a similarly brief increase of fos mRNA in the tuberomammillary nucleus. In contrast, the activation of two types of perifornical hypothalamic neurons followed meal onset by 1-2 h. One neuron type was orexin/hypocretin-immunoreactive, while the other type was neither orexin nor melanin concentrating hormone-immunoreactive. The present work indicates that the increased locomotor activity that anticipates mealtime coincides with the activation of the tuberomammillary nucleus, and that the behavioral activation during the consummatory phase of feeding coincides more closely with the delayed activation of the perifornical hypothalamic area.

Enfermedad por adyuvantes en humanos asociada a la aplicación de sustancias oleosas. Análisis de 30 pacientes / Human adjuvant diseaseassociated to the application of oil substances. Analysis of 30 patients

Objetivo: informar las manifestaciones clínicas y serológicas de pacientes con enfermedad por adyuvantes (EAH). Métodos: se analizaron los datos clínicos y serológicos de pacientes con enfermedad por adyuvantes que fueron atendidos de enero de 1993 a diciembre de 1996 en el departamento de Medicina Interna del Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional La Raza. Se investigaron las sustancias aplicadas, las manifestaciones clínicas, las alteraciones de laboratorio detectadas, la evolución de los pacientes y el tratamiento recibido. Resultados: se estudió a 30 mujeres con edad promedio de 35 ñ 12 años. En todos los casos existió el antecedente de aplicación de diversos aceites no identificados. Fueron 15 los pacientes que presentaron manifestaciones inespecíficas de enfermedad del tejido conjuntivo. El resto cumplieron con criterios de padecimientos definidos: lupus eritematoso sistémico (5), artritis reumatoide (4), síndrome de sobreposición (2), hepatitis autoinmune (1), tiroiditis autoinmune (1) y colitis ulcerosa crónica inespecífica (1). Se trataron con analg,sicos antiinflamatorios no esteroides, esteroides y en algunos casos antifibróticos e inmunosupresores. Cuando fue posible se extrajo quirúrgicamente el tejido fibronecrótico. La mayoría de los pacientes mejoró con el tratamiento; sin embargo, ninguna se curó y sucedieron tres fallecimientos. Conclusión: la enfermedad por adyuvantes es un padecimiento de alta morbilidad, con respuesta terap,utica parcial y es capaz de provocar la muerte. La enfermedad por adyuvantes debe tenerse presente en pacientes con manifestaciones de enfermedad autoinmune y con el antecedente de aplicación de sustancias oleosas.

Anillo del cromosoma 18 en un lactante con cariotipo 46, XY/46, XY, r(18), hijo de madre con mosaicismo para el anillo cromosómico / An [46,XY/46 XY,r(18)] infant born from a mother with r(18) mosaicism

Introducción. La alteración autosómica por una formación en anillo del cromosoma 18 es una aberración poco frecuente que se encuentra en relación con malformaciones fenotípicas, aunadas a problemas neurológicos, anormalidades óseas en extremidades y deficiencia de hormona de crecimiento. Caso clínico. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 3 meses de edad con dismorfias craneofaciales treboliformes con suturas cerradas, frente amplia ovoide, comisuras palpebrales pequeñas y ambigüedad de genitales, extremidades con manos pequeñas, dedos sobrepuestos, pies pequeños, ortejos con sindactilia bilateral. El paciente presentó 2 líneas celulares, con una fórmula cromosómica en mosaico 46,XY/46,XY, r(18). La madre del paciente tiene también mosaico para el cromosoma en anillo. Conclusión. Dentro de las alteraciones cromosómicas, el anillo del cromosoma autosómico número 18 es rara, las principales alteraciones fenotípicas en este estudio estuvieron relacionadas con el desarrollo neurológico, genital y de las extremidades

Asoción del síndrome de Wolf-Hirschhorn (deleción del brazo corto del cromosoma 4) con el síndrome de rubéola congénita / Association of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (deletion of the short arm at chromosome 4) with congenital rubella

Introducción. El síndrome de Wolf-Hirschhorn (SWH) es una cromosopatía poco frecuente, debido a la delección en la banda del brazo 4p16.3 que se manifiesta con una amplia variedad clínica, incluyendo malformaciones craneofaciales importantes. Caso clínico. Paciente de 3 mmeses de edad que acudió por presentar paladar hendido y que inició su manejo en el servicio de cirugía maxilofacial. Con el antecedente materno de haber presentado cuadro exantemático diagnósticado como rubéola durante el primer trimestre del embarazo. Se detectaron múltiples malformaciones congénitas agregadas (cardiovasculares, oftalmológicas y ortopédicas). Conclusiones. De acuerdo a los hallazgos fenotípicos se realizó el diagnóstico de SWH asociado a síndrome de rubéola congénita. Es éste el primer reporte en que se documenta la asociación de ambos síndromes

Síndrome de Cockayne: informe de seis pacientes en dos familias mexicanas / Cockayne syndrome: six cases report in two mexican families

Introducción. Se presentan 6 casos de síndrome de Cockayne provenientes de 2 familias viviendo en una pequeña población donde existe un incremento en el grado de consanguinidad. Presentación de los casos clínicos. Las manifestaciones clínicas propias del síndrome fueron corroboradas en el Hospital para el Niño Poblano en forma multidisciplinaria encontrándose principalmente: alteraciones dermatológicas como sensibilidad a la luz solar y predisposición a cáncer de piel "xeroderma pigmentoso"; endocrinilógicas como talla baja, y apariencia senil; oculares desde cataratas hasta degeneración pigmentaria de la retina; problemas neurológicos con retardo mental leve y grave; pérdida de la audición; así como alteraciones óseas degenerativas de miembros inferiores; superiores y columna vertebral. Conslusiones. Se diagnostican 6 casos de síndrome de Cockayne en 2 familias mexicanas consanguíneas provenientes de una zona con un alto grado de consanguinidad