Low-Temperature Treatment of Boehmitic Bauxite Using the Bayer Reductive Method with the Formation of High-Iron Magnetite Concentrate.

The Bayer process is the main method of alumina production worldwide. The use of low-quality bauxites for alumina production results in the formation of a significant amount of technogenic waste-bauxite residue (BR). The Bayer reductive method is one possible way to eliminate BR stockpiling, but it requires high-pressure leaching at temperatures higher than 220 °C. In this research, the possibility of boehmitic bauxite atmospheric pressure leaching at both the first and second stages or high-pressure leaching at the second stage with the simultaneous reduction of hematite to magnetite was investigated. Bauxite and solid residue after NaOH leaching were characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, and Mössbauer spectroscopy methods. The first stage of leaching under atmospheric pressure with the addition of Fe(II) species in a strong alkali solution (330-400 g L-1 Na2O) resulted in a partial reduction of the iron minerals and an extraction of more than 60% of Si and 5-25% of Al (depending on caustic modulus of solution) after 1 h. The obtained desilicated bauxite was subjected to atmospheric leaching at 120 °C in a strong alkali solution (350 g L-1) or high-pressure leaching at 160-220 °C using the Bayer process mother liquor in order to obtain a concentrate with a magnetite content higher than 83 wt. %.

Advances in Mineral Processing, Waste Recycling and Extractive Metallurgy.

The constant growth of the world economy and industry stimulates an increasing production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, while the depletion of natural resources leads to demands for the development of new technologies for the processing of low-grade ores and the deep recycling of metallurgical and other anthropogenic wastes [...].

High-Iron Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Valorization Using Hydrochemical Conversion of Goethite to Magnetite.

Bauxite residue (BR), also known as red mud, is a byproduct of the alumina production using the Bayer process. This material is not used to make iron or other iron-containing products worldwide, owing to its high content of sodium oxide and other impurities. In this study, we investigated the hydrochemical conversion of goethite (FeOOH) to magnetite (Fe3O4) in high-iron BR from the Friguia alumina refinery (Guinea) by Fe2+ ions in highly concentrated alkaline media. The simultaneous extraction of Al and Na made it possible to obtain a product containing more than 96% Fe3O4. The results show that the magnetization of Al-goethite and Al-hematite accelerates the dissolution of the Al from the iron mineral solid matrix and from the desilication product (DSP). After ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) was added directly at an FeO:Fe2O3 molar ratio of 1:1 at 120 °C for 150 min in solution with the 360 g L-1 Na2O concentration, the alumina extraction ratio reached 96.27% for the coarse bauxite residue size fraction (Sands) and 87.06% for fine BR obtained from red mud. The grade of iron (total iron in the form of iron elements) in the residue can be increased to 69.55% for sands and 58.31% for BR. The solid residues obtained after leaching were studied by XRD, XRF, TG-DTA, VSM, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and SEM to evaluate the conversion and leaching mechanisms, as well as the recovery ratio of Al from various minerals. The iron-rich residues can be used in the steel industry or as a pigment.

The Discrepancy between Coal Ash from Muffle, Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB), and Pulverized Coal (PC) Furnaces, with a Focus on the Recovery of Iron and Rare Earth Elements.

Coal ash (CA) is not only one of the most solid wastes from combustion, easily resulting in a series of concerns, but it is also an artificial deposit with considerable metals, such as iron and rare earth. The variation in the coal ash characteristics due to the origins, combustion process, and even storage environment has been hindering the metal utilization from coal ash. In this study, three ash sample from lab muffle, circulating fluidized bed (CFB), and pulverized coal (PC) furnace was derived for the discrepancy study from the combustion furnace, including properties, iron, and rare earth recovery. The origins of the coal feed samples have more of an effect on their properties than combustion furnaces. Magnetic separation is suitable for coal ash from PC because of the magnetite product, and the iron content is 58% in the Mag-1 fraction, with a yield of 3%. The particles in CA from CFB appear irregular and fragmental, while those from PC appear spherical with a smooth surface. The results of sequential chemical extraction and observation both indicated that the aluminosilicate phase plays an essential role in rare earth occurrences. Rare earth in CA from muffling and CFB is facilely leached, with a recovery of approximately 50%, which is higher than that from PC ash. This paper aims to offer a reference to easily understand the difference in metal recovery from coal ash.

High-Selective Extraction of Scandium (Sc) from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) by Acid Leaching with MgSO4.

Bauxite residue, also known as red mud (RM), from alumina production is the most promising technogenic material for the production of scandium (Sc) and other rare earth elements (REEs). Conveniently, RM is processed by using a strong acid (pH < 2.5), which lead to co-dissolution of iron and other undesirable major components. In this work, for the first time, the possibility of selective extraction of scandium from red mud by using highly diluted acid (pH > 4) in the presence of MgSO4 was shown. The effect of temperature (40-80 °C), time (0-60 min), pH (2-5), and the MgSO4 concentration (12-36 g L-1) on Sc extraction efficiency was evaluated. It was shown that Sc extraction was higher than 63% even at a pH of 4, at 80 °C, after 1 h, while more than 80% could be extracted at a pH of 2. Iron extraction reduced from 7.7 to 0.03% by increasing the pH from 2 to 4. The kinetics study using the shrinking core model (SCM) has shown that diffusion through a product layer is a rate-limiting stage of the process at high temperatures (>60 °C) and low pH (<3), whereas, at lower temperatures and higher pH values, the leaching rate is limited by diffusion through the liquid film.

Selective Scandium (Sc) Extraction from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Alkali Fusion-Leaching Method.

Bauxite residue, known as "red mud," is a potential raw material for extracting rare-earth elements (REEs). The main REEs (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Nb, and Sm) from the raw bauxite are concentrated in RM after the Bayer leaching process. The earlier worldwide studies were focused on the scandium (Sc) extraction from RM by concentrated acids to enhance the extraction degree. This leads to the dissolution of major oxides (Fe2O3 and Al2O3) from RM. This article studies the possibility of selective Sc extraction from alkali fusion red mud (RMF) by diluted nitric acid (HNO3) leaching at pH ≥ 2 to prevent co-dissolution of Fe2O3. RMF samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It was revealed that Sc concentration in RMF can reach up to 140-150 mg kg-1. Sc extraction was 71.2% at RMF leaching by HNO3 at pH 2 and 80 °C during 90 min. The leaching solution contained 8 mg L-1 Sc and a high amount of other REEs in the presence of relatively low concentrations of impurity elements such as Fe, Al, Ti, Ca, etc. The kinetic analysis of experimental data by the shrinking core model showed that Sc leaching process is limited by the interfacial diffusion and the diffusion through the product layer. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was 19.5 kJ/mol. The linear dependence of Sc extraction on magnesium (Mg) extraction was revealed. According to EPMA of RMF, Sc is associated with iron minerals rather than Mg. This allows us to conclude that Mg acts as a leaching agent for the extraction of Sc presented in the RMF in an ion-exchangeable phase.

Rare-Earth Elements Extraction from Low-Alkali Desilicated Coal Fly Ash by (NH4)2SO4 + H2SO4.

Coal fly ash (CFA) obtained from pulverized coal furnaces is a highly refractory waste that can be used for alumina and rare-earth elements (REEs) extraction. The REEs in this type of CFA are associated with a mullite and amorphous glassy mass that forms a core-shell structure. In this research, it was shown that complete dissolution of amorphous aluminosilicates from the mullite surface with the formation of the low-alkali mullite concentrate prior to sulfuric acid leaching with the addition of (NH4)2SO4 helps to accelerate the extraction of REEs. The extraction degree of Sc and other REEs reaches 70-80% after 5 h of leaching at 110 °C and acid concentration of 5 M versus less than 20% for the raw CFA at the same conditions. To study the leaching kinetics of the process, the effects of temperature (90-110 °C), liquid-to-solid ratio (5-10), and leaching time (15-120 min) on the degrees of Al and rare-earth elements (REEs) extraction were evaluated. After 120 min of leaching at 110 °C and L/S ratio = 10, the extraction of Al was found to be lower than 30%. At the same time, total REEs (TREE) and Fe extraction were greater than 60%, which indicates that a part of the TREE was transferred into the acid soluble phase. After leaching, the residues were studied by laser diffraction (LD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) to evaluate the leaching mechanism and the solubility of Al- and Fe-containing minerals, such as mullite, hematite, and amorphous aluminosilicate.

Current State of Coal Fly Ash Utilization: Characterization and Application.

This Special Issue of Materials is devoted to various aspects of coal fly ash (CFA) utilization [...].

Kinetics Study of Al Extraction from Desilicated Coal Fly Ash by NaOH at Atmospheric Pressure.

The most promising source of alumina in the 21st century is the coal fly ash (CFA) waste of coal-fired thermal plants. The methods of alumina extraction from CFA are often based on the pressure alkaline or acid leaching or preliminary roasting with different additives followed by water leaching. The efficiency of the alumina extraction from CFA under atmospheric pressure leaching is low due to the high content of acid-insoluble alumina phase mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2). This research for the first time shows the possibility of mullite leaching under atmospheric pressure after preliminary desilication using high liquid to solid ratios (L:S ratio) and Na2O concentration. The analysis of the desilicated CFA (DCFA) chemical and phase composition before and after leaching has been carried out by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology and elemental composition of solid product particles has been carried out by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). An automated neural network and a shrinking core model (SCM) were used to evaluate experimental data. The Al extraction efficiency from DCFA has been more than 84% at T = 120 °C, leaching time 60 min, the L/S ratio > 20, and concentration of Na2O-400 g L-1. The kinetics analysis by SCM has shown that the surface chemical reaction controls the leaching process rate at T < 110 °C, and, at T > 110 °C after 15 min of leaching, the process is limited by diffusion through the product layer, which can be represented by titanium compounds. According to the SEM-EDX analysis of the solid residue, the magnetite spheres and mullite acicular particles were the main phases that remained after NaOH leaching. The spheric agglomerates of mullite particles with non-porous surface have also been found.