[Delayed diagnosis of osteosarcoma in adults: a prognostic factor to be considered]. / Retraso en el diagnóstico de osteosarcoma en adultos: un factor pronóstico que debemos considerar.

INTRODUCTION: different variables have been associated with a worse prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma (OS), highlighting tumor size, location in the axial skeleton and the presence of metastases. The objective of this study is to analyze the prognostic impact of diagnostic delay in osteosarcoma in adults in the Mexican population in a center specialized in sarcomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: retrospective cohort study from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2016, 96 patients over 21 years of age with a diagnosis of osteosarcoma were analyzed. RESULTS: the median time to diagnosis from the onset of symptoms was six months (range: 2-36). This variable was dichotomized by applying the operator-dependent curve (ROC) analysis and we determined a cut-off value greater than five months, with an area under the curve (AUC) = 0.93 [95% CI 0.86-0.97], sensitivity 93.2% and specificity 94.6%. CONCLUSION: time until diagnosis is a critical factor in the survival of adult patients with osteosarcoma, highlighting its influence on disease progression and the appearance of metastasis. The correlation between diagnostic delay and an unfavorable prognosis reinforces the need for rapid and efficient evaluation in suspected cases of osteosarcoma.

INTRODUCCIÓN: diferentes variables se han asociado con un peor pronóstico de los pacientes con osteosarcoma, destacando el tamaño tumoral, la localización en esqueleto axial y la presencia de metástasis. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto pronóstico del retraso diagnóstico en osteosarcoma en adultos en población mexicana en un centro especializado en sarcomas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio de tipo cohorte retrospectiva del 1 de Enero del 2005 al 31 de Diciembre de 2016, se analizaron 96 pacientes mayores de 21 años con diagnóstico de osteosarcoma. RESULTADOS: la mediana de tiempo al diagnóstico desde el inicio de síntomas fue de seis meses (rango: 2-36). Esta variable se dicotomizó aplicando el análisis de curva dependiente de operador (ROC) y determinamos un valor de corte mayor a cinco meses con un área bajo la curva (AUC) = 0.93 [IC95% 0.86-0.97], sensibilidad 93.2% y especificidad 94.6%. CONCLUSIÓN: el tiempo hasta el diagnóstico es un factor crítico en la supervivencia de los pacientes adultos con osteosarcoma, destacando su influencia en la progresión de la enfermedad y la aparición de metástasis. La correlación entre el retraso diagnóstico y un pronóstico desfavorable refuerza la necesidad de una evaluación rápida y eficiente en casos sospechosos de osteosarcoma.

Seasonal mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) dynamics and the influence of environmental variables in a land use gradient from Yucatan, Mexico.

Mosquito-borne diseases constitute a significant global impact on public and animal health. Climatic variables are recognized as major drivers in the mosquitoes' life history, principally rainfall and temperature, which directly influence mosquito abundance. Likewise, urbanization changes environmental conditions, and understanding how environmental variables and urbanization influence mosquito dynamics is crucial for the integrated management of mosquito-borne diseases, especially in the context of climate change. In this study, our aim was to observe the effect of temperature, rainfall, and the percentage of impervious surface on the abundance of mosquito species over a temporal scale of one complete year of fortnightly samplings, spanning from June 2021 to June 2022 in Yucatan, Mexico. We selected nine localities along an urbanization gradient (three natural, three rural, and three urban) from Mérida City to Reserva de la Biosfera Ría Celestún. Using BG-traps, mosquitoes were collected biweekly at each locality. Additionally, we estimated the percentage of impervious surface. Daily data of the maximum, mean and minimum temperatures, diurnal temperature range and rainfall were accumulated weekly. We calculated the accumulated quantities of temperatures and rainfall and lagged from one to four weeks before sampling for each locality. Generalized linear mixed models were then performed to study the influence of environmental variables and percentage of impervious surfaces on each of the 15 most abundant species. A total of 131,525 mosquitoes belonging to 11 genera and 49 species were sampled with BG-Sentinel traps baited with BG-lure and dry ice. The most frequently significative variable is the accumulated precipitation four weeks before the sampling. We observed a positive relationship between Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. thriambus with the diurnal temperature range. For Ae. aegypti, we observed a positive relationship with minimum temperature. Conversely, the percentage of impervious surface serves as a proxy of anthropogenic influence and helped us to distinguishing species exhibiting habitat preference for urban and rural environments, versus those preferring natural habitats. Our results characterize the species-specific effects of environmental variables (temperature, rainfall and impervious surface) on mosquito abundance.

[Prognostic factors associated with failure of modular knee arthroplasty in oncologic patients]. / Factores pronósticos asociados al fracaso de la artroplastía modular de rodilla en pacientes oncológicos.

INTRODUCTION: reconstruction of large bone defects using modular knee arthroplasty (MKA) presents a significant challenge in terms of functionality. The objective of the present work was to identify the different prognostic factors associated with failure of MKA in cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a retrospective cohort study was conducted, including patients with a diagnosis of musculoskeletal tumor in the distal femur or proximal tibia, who underwent MKA between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2021. RESULTS: 49 patients were included, of which 25 (51.02%) were women and 24 (48.98%) men, with a mean age of 29.57 years. Of these, 14 (28.57%) patients experienced some type of MKA failure. The most frequent complication that led to failure was periprosthetic infection, observed in seven (14.29%) patients. Variables associated with MKA failure included biopsies performed outside our hospital (HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4-6.4, p = 0.02), the length of the long axis of the tumor (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-4.6, p = 0.01) and a prolonged surgical time (HR 3.37, 95% CI 1.1-8.6, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: the most significant prognostic factors associated with MKA failure in our cohort were tumor size, prolonged surgical time, and performance of the diagnostic biopsy in a center not specialized in the management of this type of patient. These findings highlight the importance of considering these variables to improve outcomes in patients undergoing MKA.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la reconstrucción de grandes defectos óseos mediante artroplastía modular de rodilla (AMR) representa un desafío significativo en términos de funcionalidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar los diferentes factores pronósticos asociados al fracaso de la AMR en pacientes oncológicos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, incluyendo pacientes con diagnóstico de tumor musculoesquelético en el fémur distal o la tibia proximal, que fueron sometidos a AMR entre el 1 de Enero de 2010 y el 31 de Diciembre de 2021. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 49 pacientes, de los cuales 25 (51.02%) eran mujeres y 24 (48.98%) hombres, con una edad media de 29.57 años. De éstos, 14 (28.57%) pacientes experimentaron algún tipo de fracaso de la AMR. La complicación más frecuente que condicionó el fracaso fue la infección periprotésica, observada en siete (14.29%) pacientes. Las variables asociadas con el fracaso de las AMR incluyeron biopsias realizadas fuera de nuestro hospital (HR 3.2, IC95% 1.4-6.4, p = 0.02), longitud del eje mayor del tumor (HR 2.1, IC95% 1.2-4.6, p = 0.01) y tiempo quirúrgico prolongado (HR 3.37, IC95% 1.1-8.6, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIÓN: los factores pronósticos asociados al fracaso de las AMR en nuestra cohorte fueron el tamaño del tumor, un tiempo quirúrgico prolongado y la realización de la biopsia diagnóstica en un centro no especializado en el manejo de este tipo de pacientes. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de considerar estas variables en pacientes sometidos a AMR.

Introducing Elinor for monitoring the governance and management of area-based conservation.

Monitoring the governance and management effectiveness of area-based conservation has long been recognized as an important foundation for achieving national and global biodiversity goals and enabling adaptive management. However, there are still many barriers that prevent conservation actors, including those affected by governance and management systems from implementing conservation activities and programs and from gathering and using data on governance and management to inform decision-making across spatial scales and through time. We explored current and past efforts to assess governance and management effectiveness and barriers actors face in using the resulting data and insights to inform conservation decision-making. To help overcome these barriers, we developed Elinor, a free and open-source monitoring tool that builds on the work of Nobel Prize winner Elinor Ostrom to facilitate the gathering, storing, sharing, analyzing, and use of data on environmental governance and management across spatial scales and for areas under different governance and management types. We consider the process of codesigning and piloting Elinor with conservation scientists and practitioners and the main components of the assessment and online data system. We also consider how Elinor complements existing approaches by addressing governance and management in a single assessment at a high level for different types of area-based conservation, providing flexible options for data collection, and integrating a data system with an assessment that can support data use and sharing across different spatial scales, including global monitoring of the Global Biodiversity Framework. Although challenges will continue, the process of developing Elinor and the tool itself offer tangible solutions to barriers that prevent the systematic collection and use of governance and management data. With broader uptake, Elinor can play a valuable role in enabling more effective, inclusive, and durable area-based conservation.

Introducción de Elinor para el monitoreo de la gobernanza y la gestión de la conservación con base en zonas geográficas Resumen El monitoreo de la efectividad de la gobernanza y de la gestión de la conservación basada en zonas geográficas ha sido reconocido durante mucho tiempo como una base importante para alcanzar las metas nacionales y mundiales de la biodiversidad y permitir un manejo adaptativo. Sin embargo, todavía existen barreras que evitan que los actores de la conservación, incluidos aquellos afectados por los sistemas de gobernanza y gestión, implementen actividades y programas de conservación y recopilen y usen datos de la gobernanza y la gestión para informar las decisiones a lo largo de las escalas espaciales y a través del tiempo. Exploramos los esfuerzos hechos en la actualidad y en el pasado para evaluar la efectividad de la gobernanza y la gestión así como las barreras que los actores enfrentan al usar los datos y el conocimiento resultantes para informar la toma de decisiones de conservación. Para ayudar a derribar estas barreras desarrollamos Elinor, una herramienta de monitoreo gratuita y de software libre que parte del trabajo de la ganadora del Premio Nobel Elinor Ostrom, para facilitar la recopilación, almacenamiento, divulgación, análisis y uso de los datos sobre la gobernanza y la gestión ambiental en las escalas espaciales y para las zonas con diferentes tipos de gobernanza y gestión. Planteamos co­diseñar y pilotear Elinor con los científicos y practicantes de la conservación y usando los componentes principales del sistema de evaluación y de datos en línea. También planteamos cómo Elinor complementa las estrategias existentes al abordar la gobernanza y la gestión en una sola evaluación a un nivel elevado para diferentes tipos de conservación basada en zonas geográficas, lo que proporciona opciones flexibles para la colecta de datos, e integramos un sistema de datos con una evaluación que soporta el uso y divulgación de datos en diferentes escalas espaciales, incluido el Marco Mundial para la Biodiversidad. Aunque los retos seguirán existiendo, el proceso de desarrollo de Elinor y la propia herramienta ofrecen soluciones tangibles a las barreras que previenen la colecta sistemática y el uso de datos de la gobernanza y la gestión. Con una mayor aceptación, Elinor puede tener un papel importante en el momento de hacer posible una conservación basada en zonas geográficas más eficaz, integradora y duradera.

Genetic testing in severe aplastic anemia is required for optimal hematopoietic cell transplant outcomes.

Patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) can have an unrecognized inherited bone marrow failure syndrome (IBMFS) because of phenotypic heterogeneity. We curated germline genetic variants in 104 IBMFS-associated genes from exome sequencing performed on 732 patients who underwent hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) between 1989 and 2015 for acquired SAA. Patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants fitting known disease zygosity patterns were deemed unrecognized IBMFS. Carriers were defined as patients with a single P/LP variant in an autosomal recessive gene or females with an X-linked recessive P/LP variant. Cox proportional hazard models were used for survival analysis with follow-up until 2017. We identified 113 P/LP single-nucleotide variants or small insertions/deletions and 10 copy number variants across 42 genes in 121 patients. Ninety-one patients had 105 in silico predicted deleterious variants of uncertain significance (dVUS). Forty-eight patients (6.6%) had an unrecognized IBMFS (33% adults), and 73 (10%) were carriers. No survival difference between dVUS and acquired SAA was noted. Compared with acquired SAA (no P/LP variants), patients with unrecognized IBMFS, but not carriers, had worse survival after HCT (IBMFS hazard ratio [HR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval[CI], 1.40-3.24; P = .0004; carriers HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.62-1.50; P = .86). Results were similar in analyses restricted to patients receiving reduced-intensity conditioning (n = 448; HR IBMFS = 2.39; P = .01). The excess mortality risk in unrecognized IBMFS attributed to death from organ failure (HR = 4.88; P < .0001). Genetic testing should be part of the diagnostic evaluation for all patients with SAA to tailor therapeutic regimens. Carriers of a pathogenic variant in an IBMFS gene can follow HCT regimens for acquired SAA.

Presence of incomplete superficial axillary arch and pectoralis quartus muscle in one male body / Presencia en un individuo de un arco axilar superficial incompleto y de un músculo pectoral cuarto

SUMMARY: The anatomical variations of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM) and latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) range from agenesis to the presence of supernumerary fascicles with a variety of insertions and relationships with the muscles, fascia, vessels, nerves and skeletal components of the shoulder girdle and the axilla. Many of these variations are clinically irrelevant, but extremely interesting and revealing from the perspective of comparative anatomy, ontogeny, and phylogeny. In this report, we present two different supernumerary muscles in the chest of one adult male body, identified during dissection practice of undergraduate medical students at Universidad Surcolombiana. These supernumerary fascicles in the axillary region were caudal to the lower edge of the PMM on the right side of the chest, and in contact with the anterior edge of the LDM on the left side of the chest; each fascicle was inserted in the ipsilateral coracoid process. These observations are congruent with the pectoralis quartus muscle and an incomplete and superficial axillary arch, respectively.

RESUMEN: Las variaciones anatómicas del músculo pectoral mayor (MPM) y del músculo latísimo del dorso (MLD) van desde la agenesia hasta la presencia de fascículos supernumerarios con una variedad de inserciones y relaciones con los músculos, fascias, vasos, nervios y componentes esqueléticos de la cintura escapular y la axila. Clínicamente, muchas de las variaciones son irrelevantes, pero extremadamente interesantes y reveladoras desde la perspectiva de la anatomía comparada, la ontogenia y la filogenia. En este estudio, presentamos dos músculos supernumerarios diferentes en la pared torácica de un hombre adulto, identificados durante la práctica de disección de estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Surcolombiana. Estos fascículos supernumerarios en la región axilar estaban caudales al margen inferior del MPM en el lado derecho del tórax y en contacto con el margen anterior del MLD en el lado izquierdo del tórax; cada fascículo se insertaba en el proceso coracoides ipsilateral. Estas observaciones son congruentes con el músculo pectoral cuarto y un arco axilar incompleto y superficial, respectivamente.

Creating leadership collectives for sustainability transformations.

Enduring sustainability challenges requires a new model of collective leadership that embraces critical reflection, inclusivity and care. Leadership collectives can support a move in academia from metrics to merits, from a focus on career to care, and enact a shift from disciplinary to inter- and trans-disciplinary research. Academic organisations need to reorient their training programs, work ethics and reward systems to encourage collective excellence and to allow space for future leaders to develop and enact a radically re-imagined vision of how to lead as a collective with care for people and the planet. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11625-021-00909-y.

Influence of high power ultrasound on natural microflora, pathogen and lactic acid bacteria in a raw meat emulsion.

Raw meat emulsions may have natural, spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms due to the origin and characteristics of this food matrix. All of these microorganisms must be minimized during industrial processing to make food consumption safe and meet quality regulations. Therefore, in this research, the effect of probe ultrasound on the inactivation of three kinds of microorganisms in a raw meat emulsion is evaluated. The microorganisms are: natural microflora NAM, Listeria monocytogenes LIS, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii LAC. A high-intensity probe ultrasound system was used, during 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 min, with pulsed waves of 0.0, 10, 20 and 30 seg, and 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 W of power. The interrelation between time, wave pulse cycle, and power factors was assessed. The results showed a positive linear independence effect in the treatments without wave pulse for each microorganism, and a quadratic interaction with the time and the ultrasound power for the inactivation of the three kinds of microorganisms. Besides, the desirability function for the inactivation reached up to 60% of the microbial population with the probe ultrasound treatment, with 10 min, a 7.56 s wave pulse and 400 W of power. Thus, these results could be useful to decide the incorporation of mild and emerging technologies in a meat industry line process.

Age determination in subadults using histological analysis of bones / Determinación de la edad en subadultos usando análisis histológico de los huesos

Abstract Introduction: According to the literature, the amount of osteons has been suggested as a good proxy to determine the age of death in adults. However in subadults research has not been carried out yet. Objective: To determine the accuracy of the histomorphometric technique predicting the age at death in subadults using bone remains. Methodology: The information of static histomorphometric parameters from about 120 iliac bones retrieved from the exhumed remains of subadults whose age at death was known was taken from the Granada collection. In order to predict the age at death we performed a step by step linear regression to estimate the fittest model. Results: The most closely and significantly associated biopsy findings with age were: the osteon count, the internal cortical width, and the trabecular bone volume. Pearson's correlation index indicated a weak linear association among these variables. To assess the accuracy of the model we used a coefficient of determination with a 0.32 value. 32% of the age variation in the subadults was explained by the three variables. Conclusion: This regression model explains a percentage of the total age variation in the subadult population. However this model is not enough to determine the age at death.

Resumen Introducción: La capacidad de predicción de las osteonas para determinar la edad de muerte de los individuos ha sido descrito en la literatura científica. No obstante, no se ha determinado dicha capacidad en individuos subadultos. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de lo parámetros histomorfometricos en población subadulta. Metodología: Se realizaron biopsias de hueso ilíaco en los restos de 120 subadultos, de la Colección Osteológica de Granada, con edad conocida en el momento de la muerte. Para establecer la capacidad de predicción se utilizó el R2 obtenido a partir de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: Las variables con mayor nivel predictivo y significativo para la estimación de la edad fueron: recuento de osteonas tipo 2 de la cortical interna y externa, y el volumen óseo trabecular; En la evaluación del modelo, se obtuvo un coeficiente de determinación de 0.32, es decir, el 32% de la variación en la edad de los subadultos se explica por el modelo. Sin embargo, se evidenció diferencias en la capacidad de predicción por sexo. Conclusión: Este modelo de regresión explica un porcentaje sustancial de la varianza de la edad de los individuos en la muestra. No obstante, no es suficiente para garantizar una adecuada predicción de la edad al momento de muerte de los individuos subdultos.

High incidence of anti-cytokine autoantibodies in dogs with immune diseases suggests important immuno-regulatory functions.

Autoantibodies against cytokines have been associated with immunodeficiency, susceptibility to infectious diseases, autoimmunity and inflammation in humans, but have not yet been investigated in the Veterinary field so far. The aim of the current study was to determine the presence of anti-cytokine autoantibodies in canines suffering from various conditions including recurrent infections, autoimmune diseases and cancer in comparison to healthy controls. This is the first report of the presence of autoantibodies against cytokines in dogs. A total of 101 serum samples (51 patients and 50 clinically healthy dogs) from the state of Mexico and surroundings were analysed using a multiplex bead-based flow cytometry assay. Results show significant levels of various anti-cytokine autoantibodies in diseased dogs but not in healthy controls. In addition we show distinct associations of various disease types to the specificity of anti-cytokine autoantibodies and to response complexities. Apart from the direct functional/causal implication of anti-cytokine auto-antibodies on disease processes, this findings point to the possibility to use anti-cytokine response patterns as diagnostic tools.

Comparative study between two different staging systems (AJCC TNM VS BALLANTYNE'S) for mucosal melanomas of the Head & Neck.

BACKGROUND: Mucosal melanoma (MM) of head and neck (H&N) is a rare entity with a quite poor prognosis. Ballantyne's staging system has been commonly used since 1970. In the 7th edition of the AJCC Staging Manual a new chapter for the staging of TNM Classification system for mucosal melanoma (MM) of the head and neck (H&N) has been introduced to reflect the particularly aggressive biological behavior of this neoplasm. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare among Ballantyne's staging system vs TNM H&N in terms of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in a consecutive population of patients with MM in a cancer centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive analysis of demographic, clinical and pathological variables of MM of the Head & Neck were performed. We compared the survival curves for both systems according to the Kaplan-Meier method using the Log-rank test. RESULTS: An up-staging migration effect from Ballantyne's localized disease to moderate-ly and very advanced disease according to AJCC staging system. The 5-year DFS and OS for Ballantyne's Localized Disease and AJCC Stage III were 31% and 36% vs. 47% and 50%, respectively. For locoregional disease the 5-year DFS / OS were 5% / 10% for Ballantyne's system vs. 13.8% / 17.8% and 0 / 0% for AJCC Stages IVA and IVB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, the TNM staging system for MM of the H&N predicted the prognosis of the disease when comparing with Ballantyne's system.

Induction chemotherapy followed by supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) in T3NO arytenoid fixation-related glottic cancer.

Induction chemotherapy followed by supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEF) in T3NO arytenoid fixation-related glottic cancer. OBJECTIVE: Arytenoid fixation in the larynx has been considered a contraindication for performing organ preservation surgery (OPS). We present a retrospective series of cases of arytenoid fixation-related T3N0 glottic cancer treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by OPS. MATERIAL: Retrospective review of 19 patients (from 2008 to 2012) with T3NO glottic cancer who received two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a combination of paclitaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluoruracil (PPF), with a 21-day interval between each cycle, followed by supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP). RESULTS: Sixteen patients with a mean age of 56.4 years received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a clinical response (7 partial response/9 complete response) and radiologic response by computed tomography (CT) (7 partial response/7 complete response/2 cases without CT) were treated with SCPL-CHEP and removal of the arytenoid cartilage in the tumour site (10 left/6 right), bilateral neck dissection of levels II to V and searching of the Delphian node. There was one patient who died after a recurrence in the larynx and who also had an additional concomitant second primary tumour, and a second patient with a second primary tumour in the lung, who is still alive after treatment. Disease-free survival (DFS) was 82.5% at 5 years and overall survival (OS) was 80% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy proved beneficial in patients waiting for surgery, helped maximize the oncologic benefit of the surgery provided (good local control using SCPL with CHEP), improved regional and distant control, minimized side effects by avoiding treatment with radiotherapy whenever possible, and proved feasible even in the presence of ipsilateral arytenoid fixation. Our results are encouraging, although a multi-centre randomized clinical trial should be performed in order to identify the true impact of this approach.

Factores y determinantes del consumo de comida chatarra en estudiantes de la facultad de medicina, enfermería, nutrición y tecnología medica, La Paz- Bolivia 2016 / Determining factors and junk food consumption of students of the faculty of medicine, nutrition, enfermery and tecnolgy medical, La Paz – Bolivia, 2016

La comida chatarra se ha convertido en parte de los hábitos alimentarios de nuestra sociedad, siendo un factor determinante del sobrepeso y obesidad, entre otras enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, que atentan contra la buena salud que deberían gozar los estudiantes para un óptimo rendimiento académico. Una investigación realizada en Chile a estudiantes mostró que el 58,6 % consume comida chatarra debido a una ingesta inadecuada del desayuno, la omisión de ciertos tiempos de comida; el consumo de alimentos de mala calidad preparados en cafeterías de la misma universidad o lugares aledaños a causa de la falta de tiempo por la distancia hasta sus hogares. La misma realidad se ha observado en nuestra ciudad, de ahí la importancia de realizar y obtener resultados con este estudio. OBJETIVO: Identificar factores y determinantes de consumo de comida chatarra en estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina, Nutrición, Enfermería y Tecnología Médica de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés - 2016. METODOLOGÍA: Descriptivo - transversal el análisis estadístico se utilizó SPSS Vr. 19 RESULTADOS: De 100 encuestados 69% son mujeres y 31% varones, el promedio de edad de la población estudiada fue de 22 años, 43% estudian medicina, 58% residentes en La Paz, 59% realiza actividad física, el 28% de las mujeres consume bocaditos, 38% sabe que la comida chatarra causa ECNT y su consumo en La Paz llega al 28% siendo el mayor, 36% consume al menos una vez/semana bebidas gaseosas y el 50,7% del sexo femenino reemplaza el almuerzo por comida chatarra frente al sexo masculino de 48,38%. El consumo de agua es bajo en mujeres, el 32% de 1 a 3 veces/día, el 48% reemplaza el almuerzo por comida chatarra y el 38% de medicina y 28% de nutrición tienen conocimiento de las ECNT que causan la comida chatarra.

Junk food has become part of the eating habits of our society; being a determinant of overweight and obesity are chronic non communicable diseases. According to research students in Chile was observed that 56.8% consumes junk food due to inadequate intake of breakfast, the omission of certain meal times, the consumption of this type of food do in snacks at the university or in surrounding areas because of the lack of time for the trip they make to their homes. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors and determinants of consumption of junk food students of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of San Andres 2016. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using the survey to students of the Faculty of Medicine for the descriptive analysis of data SPSS 19 was used. RESULTS: Sample of 100 students 69% female and 31% are male, The mean age of the study population was 22 years, 43% from medicine, 58% live in the city of La Paz, the total 59% do physical activity, females have a frequency of 28% consumption of snacks, 38% know that junk food causes chronic disease, eating junk reaches 28% in La Paz being the highest, 36% consumes once / week fizzy drinks and 50.7% female replaced by junk food lunch male versus 48.38%. water consumption is low in women of 32% from 1 to 3 times / day, 48% replaces lunch for junk food and 38% medical and 28 % knowledge of nutrition have chronic disease causing junk food.

Middle Miocene closure of the Central American Seaway.

Uranium-lead geochronology in detrital zircons and provenance analyses in eight boreholes and two surface stratigraphic sections in the northern Andes provide insight into the time of closure of the Central American Seaway. The timing of this closure has been correlated with Plio-Pleistocene global oceanographic, atmospheric, and biotic events. We found that a uniquely Panamanian Eocene detrital zircon fingerprint is pronounced in middle Miocene fluvial and shallow marine strata cropping out in the northern Andes but is absent in underlying lower Miocene and Oligocene strata. We contend that this fingerprint demonstrates a fluvial connection, and therefore the absence of an intervening seaway, between the Panama arc and South America in middle Miocene times; the Central American Seaway had vanished by that time.

Relationships between polychlorinated biphenyls in molluscs, hydrological characteristics and human pressures, within Basque estuaries (northern Spain).

Interannual variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), measured in the soft tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels and Crassostrea gigas oysters, collected from estuarine waters within the Basque Country (Bay of Biscay), are investigated. Samples were collected in the autumn, between 2002 and 2011. Sites located within the ports of Bilbao and Pasaia showed the highest PCBs concentrations in molluscs; the lowest were observed in the mouth of the Oka estuary, an area of low population and industrial activity. Congener profiles of PCBs in the tissues of molluscs reveal the predominance of hexachlorobiphenyls (CB153 and CB138). In addition, redundancy analysis has shown that residence time, river flow and a 'pressure index' explain 57% of the variability in the PCB congener concentrations (the higher the values of these variables, the higher the concentration). Finally, Σ7PCB median concentrations in molluscs and sediments, collected from nearby sampling sites, were found to be moderately correlated (r(2)=0.513, p<0.01).

Evidence for adaptive divergence of thermal responses among Bemisia tabaci populations from tropical Colombia following a recent invasion.

There is an increasing evidence that populations of ectotherms can diverge genetically in response to different climatic conditions, both within their native range and (in the case of invasive species) in their new range. Here, we test for such divergence in invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci populations in tropical Colombia, by considering heritable variation within and between populations in survival and fecundity under temperature stress, and by comparing population differences with patterns established from putatively neutral microsatellite markers. We detected significant differences among populations linked to mean temperature (for survival) and temperature variation (for fecundity) in local environments. A QST  - FST analysis indicated that phenotypic divergence was often larger than neutral expectations (QST  > FST ). Particularly, for survival after a sublethal heat shock, this divergence remained linked to the local mean temperature after controlling for neutral divergence. These findings point to rapid adaptation in invasive whitefly likely to contribute to its success as a pest species. Ongoing evolutionary divergence also provides challenges in predicting the likely impact of Bemisia in invaded regions.

Nocardiosis abdominal seudotumoral: una presentación clínica infrecuente / Pseudotumoral abdominal nocardiosis: An uncommon clinical presentation

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