Breast milk intake and mother to infant pesticide transfer measured by deuterium oxide dilution in agricultural and urban areas of Mexico.

Vector-borne diseases have increased pesticide use in urban areas (UA) and agricultural areas (AA) in Mexico. Breast milk can be contaminated by pesticide exposure. The objective of the study was to measure breast milk intake by deuterium oxide dilution as well as organochlorine and pyrethroid transfer from mother to infant in AA and UA of Sonora, Mexico. Human milk intake was determined by the 'dose-to-mother' technique using deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution. Mothers' body composition was also assessed by this technique and the intercept method. Pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin and cyhalothrin) and organochlorine pesticide residues (p,p'- DDT, p,p'- DDE, p,p'- DDD) in breast milk samples were measured by gas chromatography. Sixty-two lactating women and their infants participated in the study, 32 lived in the UA and 30 lived in the AA. Breast milk intake was approximately 100 mL higher in the AA than in the UA 799 ± 193 and 707 ± 201 mL/day, respectively (p < 0.05). The concentrations of p,p'- DDT and cypermethrin levels in breast milk were higher in the UA than in the AA (p < 0.05 and p = 0.001, respectively). None of the pyrethroids and organochlorine pesticides studied surpassed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in milk for humans according to EPA and FAO/WHO. In conclusion, breast milk intake was higher in the AA compared to the UA. The p,p'- DDT and cypermethrin levels in breast milk were higher in the UA compared to the AA. Since pesticide levels in human milk did not exceed the ADI, breastfeeding is still a safe practice and should be encouraged.

[MODEL FOR ESTIMATING STANDING HEIGHT IN MEXICAN ADULTS FOR 20-59 YEARS, BASED ON KNEE LENGTH]. / MODELO PARA LA ESTIMACIÓN DE LA TALLA DE PIE EN ADULTOS MEXICANOS DE 20-59 AÑOS BASADO EN LA LONGITUD RODILLA-TALÓN.

Currently, bone distances are used to predict standing height in adults that might not be able to achieve a correct standing position. Knee length based algorithms for estimating standing height have been proposed and designed for specific populations. However, equations for other populations may not necessarily reflect environmental and genetic factors for the group of interest. The aim of this study was to develop and validate predictive models for standing height in Mexican adults. For this purpose, 240 male and female adults aged 20 to 59 years, with no apparent spine problems were measured. We measured weight, height and knee length, using an anthropometer of our own design and a glass fiber metric measuring tape. A predictive model for each measuring instrument was developed. Model selection and development of equations were carried out by "all possible regressions and multiple regression" procedures. The predictive models for standing height by the anthropometer and by the measuring tape did not show significant differences between measured and estimated height. The R2 for the two models were 0.93 and 0.92, with a standard error of the estimator (EE) of 2.30 and 2.40 cm, for the anthropometer and the measuring tape, respectively. Both methods were acceptable in terms of concordance, accuracy and precision; however, at very high and low predicted height values, both models showed significant bias, which should be considered when applying these algorithms in different populations.

Actualmente las distancias óseas se utilizan para predecir la talla en adultos que no pueden tener una adecuada bipedestación o no cumplen con la posición adecuada para la obtención de la talla. Existen algoritmos para la estimación de la talla basados en la longitud rodilla-talón, diseñados para poblaciones específicas; sin embargo, existen poblaciones que aún no cuentan con esta herramienta, por lo que se usan ecuaciones ya existentes, que no necesariamente reflejan los factores genético-ambientales para la población de interés. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar y validar modelos predictivos para la talla de pie en adultos mexicanos, con antropómetro de diseño propio y cinta métrica. Se midieron 240 adultos de 20 a 59 años, de ambos sexos, sin problemas aparentes en la columna vertebral. Se midió el peso, la talla de pie y la longitud rodilla-talón. Se desarrolló un modelo predictivo para cada instrumento de medición. La selección de modelos y el desarrollo de las ecuaciones se llevó a cabo mediante los métodos de "Todas las Regresiones Posibles" y "Regresión Múltiple". Se obtuvieron dos algoritmos que no mostraron diferencias significativas entre la talla medida y estimada tras un proceso de validación cruzada. Las R2 para los modelos fueron de 0,93 y 0,92, con un error estándar del estimador (EE) de 2,30 y 2,40 cm, para el antropómetro y la cinta respectivamente. Ambos métodos resultaron aceptables en términos de concordancia, exactitud y precisión. A tallas extremas (altas o bajas), ambos modelos presentaron sesgo, lo cual debe considerarse al aplicar estos algoritmos.

[Antineoplastic treatment impact on nutritional status in patients with breast cancer]. / Impacto del tratamiento antineoplásico en el estado nutricional en pacientes con cáncer de mama.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women in Mexico and also has the highest mortality. Although treatment has improved significantly, it can affect the nutritional status of the recipients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the initial phase of antineoplastic therapy on the nutritional status in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: Forty subjects with primary diagnosed of invasive breast cancer were studied in a before and after intervention (six month apart) using a quasi-experimental design. Basal and six month after intervention measurements included were anthropometry, body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), diet by 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire, as well as serum -carotene and retinol. The therapy effect was analyzed using repeated measurements mixed linear regression. RESULTS: Lean tissue decreased after the studied period (p=0.032). Addicionally, there was an interaction between weight, BMI and body fat parameters with menopausal status, increasing in these variables due to therapy only premenopausal patients (p=0.005, 0.006 and 0.001, respectively). Decreased serum retinol (p=0.049) despite the improvement in -carotene status (p=0.03). In general there was an increase the consumption of vegetables food products whilst a decrease in animal foods. CONCLUSION: The breast cancer antineoplastic treatment had a negative effect on weight and body fat, especially in young women. Although there were some positive dietary changes, vegetables consumption remained insufficient, which was also reflected in serum biomarkers.

Presentación: El cáncer de mama es el tipo de tumor más frecuentemente diagnosticado entre las mujeres de México y también el de más alta mortalidad. Aunque el tratamiento ha mejorado significativamente, puede afectar al estado nutricional del paciente. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio era evaluar el impacto de la fase inicial de la terapia antineoplásica sobre el estado nutricional en pacientes con cáncer de mama. Métodos: Cuarenta sujetos con diagnóstico primario de cáncer de mama invasivo fueron estudiados antes y después de la intervención (con seis meses de desfase) usando un diseño quasi-experimental. Las mediciones al inicio y seis meses después de la intervención incluyeron antropometría, composición corporal mediante absorciometría dual de rayos X (DEXA), cuestionario de recopilación de dieta en 24 horas y frecuencia de comidas, y suero beta-caroteno y retinol. El efecto de la terapia fue analizado empleando mediciones repetidas y regresión lineal mixta. Resultados: El tejido magro disminuyó tras el periodo de estudio (p=0.032). Además, se dio una interacción entre los parámetros de peso, IMC y grasa corporal con el estado de menopausia, aumentando en estas variables debido a la terapia solo en pacientes premenopáusicas (p=0.005, 0.006 y 0.001, respectivamente). Descenso de retinol sérico (p=0.049) a pesar de la mejoría en el estado de beta-caroteno (p=0.03). En general hubo un aumento en el consumo de verdura y un descenso de productos animales. Conclusión: El tratamiento antineoplásico del cáncer de mama tuvo un efecto negativo sobre el peso y la grasa corporal, especialmente en mujeres jóvenes. Aunque se observaron algunos cambios positivos en la dieta, el consumo de verdura siguió siendo insuficiente, lo que también se reflejó en los biomarcadores séricos.