Long-term outcomes of an educational paediatric antimicrobial stewardship programme: a quality improvement study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) have resulted in antimicrobial consumption (AMC) reduction and quality of prescription (QOP) improvement. However, evidence of ASP impact in paediatrics is still limited. This study aims to assess a paediatric ASP long-term outcomes. METHODS: A quality improvement study assessed by a interrupted time series analysis was conducted in a paediatric tertiary hospital. QOP expressed as proportion of adequate prescriptions, AMC measured by defined daily dose incidence per 1000 occupied bed days, incidence density of bloodstream infections (BSIs) and its related all-cause crude death rate (CDR) were compared between pre (from January 2013 to December 2015) and post (from January 2016 to December 2019) ASP activities intensification, which included a dedicated paediatric infectious diseases physician to actively perform educational interviews with prescribers. RESULTS: Inappropriate prescribing showed a significant downward shift associated to the intervention with a -51.4% (-61.2% to -41.8%) reduction with respect to the expected values. Overall AMC showed no trend change after the intervention. For neonatology a28.8% (-36.8% to -20.9%) reduction was observed. Overall anti-pseudomonal cephalosporin use showed a -51.2% (-57.0% to -45.4%) reduction. Decreasing trends were observed for carbapenem use, with a quarterly per cent change (QPC) of -2.4% (-4.3% to -0.4%) and BSI-related CDR (QPC=-3.6%; -5.4% to -1.7%) through the study period. Healthcare-associated multi-drug-resistant BSI remained stable (QPC=2.1; -0.6 to 4.9). CONCLUSIONS: Intensification of counselling educational activities within an ASP suggests to improve QOP and to partially reduce AMC in paediatric patients. The decreasing trends in mortality remained unchanged.

Implementation of a PCR-based strategy to control an outbreak by Serratia marcescens in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological impact of a new molecular surveillance strategy based on qPCR to control an outbreak by Serratia marcescens in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). METHODS: We design a specific qPCR for the detection of S. marcescens in rectal swabs of patients admitted to a NICU. We divided the surveillance study into two periods: (a) the pre-PCR, from the outbreak declaration to the qPCR introduction, and (b) the PCR period, from the introduction of the qPCR until the outbreak was solved. In all cases, S. marcescens isolates were recovered and their clonal relationship was analysed by PFGE. Control measures were implemented during the outbreak. Finally, the number of bloodstream infections (BSI) was investigated in order to evaluate the clinical impact of this molecular strategy. RESULTS: Nineteen patients colonized/infected by S. marcescens were detected in the pre-PCR period (October 2020-April 2021). On the contrary, after the PCR implementation, 16 new patients were detected. The PFGE revealed 24 different pulsotypes belonging to 7 different clonal groups, that were not overlapping at the same time. Regarding the clinical impact, 18 months after the qPCR implementation, no more outbreaks by S. marcescens have been declared in the NICU of our hospital, and only 1 episode of BSI has occurred, compared with 11 BSI episodes declared previously to the outbreak control. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of this qPCR strategy has proved to be a useful tool to control the nosocomial spread of S. marcescens in the NICU.

Three double-dose reinforced hepatitis B revaccination scheme for patients with cirrhosis unresponsive to the standard regimen: an open-label randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the response rates between two different hepatitis B virus vaccination schedules for cirrhotic subjects who were non-responders to the first three 40 µg doses (month 0-1-2), and identify factors associated with the final response. DESIGN: A total of 120 cirrhotic patients (72.5% decompensated) were randomised at a 1:1 ratio to receive a single 40 µg booster vaccination at month 6 (classical arm) versus an additional round of three new 40 µg doses administered at monthly intervals (experimental arm). The main outcome was the rate of postvaccinal anti-hepatitis B surface antibodies levels ≥10 mIU/mL. RESULTS: Efficacy by ITT analysis was higher in the experimental arm (46.7%) than in the classical one (25%); OR 2.63, p=0.013. The experimental arm increased response rates compared with the classical one from 31% to 68% (OR 4.72; p=0.007), from 24.4% to 50% (OR 3.09; p=0.012) and from 24.4% to 53.8% (OR 3.62; p=0.007), in Child A, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) <15 and MELD-Na<15 patients, respectively. Patients with more advanced liver disease did not benefit from the reinforced scheme. Both regimens showed similar safety profiles. Multivariable analysis showed that the experimental treatment was independently response associated when adjusted across three logistic regression models indicating equivalent cirrhosis severity. CONCLUSION: For cirrhotic patients, the revaccination of non-responders to the first three dose cycle, with three additional 40 µg doses, achieved significantly better response rates to those obtained with an isolated 40 µg booster dose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01884415.

Hospital costs associated with nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit / Coste asociado a la infección nosocomial en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos

Objective: To estimate the additional cost attributable to nosocomial infection (NI) in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and related factors. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in all children admitted to the PICU of a tertiary-care pediatric hospital between 2008 and 2009. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted of total direct costs due to PICU stay and medical procedures in patients with and without NI. A log-linear regression model was performed to determine the factors associated with higher total cost. Results: A total of 443 patients were studied and the prevalence of NI was 11.3%. The difference in the median total cost was €30,791.4 per patient between groups with and without NI. The median cost of PICU length of stay in patients with NI was almost eight times higher than the median cost of patients without NI. In patients with NI, the highest costs related to medical procedures were associated with antibiotics, enteral and parenteral feeding, and imaging tests. In the multivariate model, the factors associated with higher cost were infection, the performance of cardiovascular surgery, urgent admission, a higher pediatric risk mortality score, and the presence of immunosuppression. By contrast, older children and those with surgical admission generated lower cost. Conclusions: NI was associated with an increase in total cost, which implies that the prevention of these infections through specific interventions could be cost-effective and would help to increase the safety of healthcare systems (AU)

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es estimar el coste adicional atribuible a la infección nosocomial (IN) en una Unidad Pediátrica de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIP) y sus factores asociados. Método: estudio de cohortes prospectivo de todos los pacientes ingresados en una UCIP de tercer nivel entre 2008 y 2009. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y bivariante del coste total asociados a estancia en UCIP y procedimientos en pacientes con y sin IN. Mediante regresión lineal múltiple, se estimaron los factores asociados al incremento del coste total. Resultados: se estudiaron 443 pacientes, la incidencia de IN fue 11,3%. La diferencia de las medianas en el coste total fue de 30.791,4€ por paciente entre los grupos con y sin IN. El coste mediano de la estancia de pacientes con IN fue casi ocho veces mayor que el coste mediano de los pacientes sin IN. En pacientes con IN, el coste asociado a procedimientos más elevado fue el de antibióticos, nutrición enteral y parenteral y pruebas de imagen. En el modelo multivariante los factores asociados con un mayor coste fueron: presencia de infección nosocomial, cirugía cardiovascular, tipo ingreso urgente, mayor índice pronóstico de mortalidad al ingreso y la presencia de inmunosupresión. Por el contrario, los de mayor edad y aquellos ingresados por cirugía presentaron un menor coste. Conclusiones: La IN está asociada al incremento del coste total, lo que implica que la prevención de estas infecciones mediante intervenciones específicas podría resultar costo-efectiva, redundando en sistemas de salud más seguros (AU)

Hospital costs associated with nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the additional cost attributable to nosocomial infection (NI) in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and related factors. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in all children admitted to the PICU of a tertiary-care pediatric hospital between 2008 and 2009. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted of total direct costs due to PICU stay and medical procedures in patients with and without NI. A log-linear regression model was performed to determine the factors associated with higher total cost. RESULTS: A total of 443 patients were studied and the prevalence of NI was 11.3%. The difference in the median total cost was €30,791.4 per patient between groups with and without NI. The median cost of PICU length of stay in patients with NI was almost eight times higher than the median cost of patients without NI. In patients with NI, the highest costs related to medical procedures were associated with antibiotics, enteral and parenteral feeding, and imaging tests. In the multivariate model, the factors associated with higher cost were infection, the performance of cardiovascular surgery, urgent admission, a higher pediatric risk mortality score, and the presence of immunosuppression. By contrast, older children and those with surgical admission generated lower cost. CONCLUSIONS: NI was associated with an increase in total cost, which implies that the prevention of these infections through specific interventions could be cost-effective and would help to increase the safety of healthcare systems.

Monitorización de la calidad percibida tras la implantación de una vía clínica / Monitoring perceived quality after implementing a clinical pathway

Objetivo: Detectar aquellos aspectos susceptibles de mejora en la vía clínica de prostatectomía radical realizando un seguimiento de la calidad percibida por los enfermos. Material y método: A través de una encuesta de satisfacción se analizó la calidad percibida por los enfermos incluidos en vía clínica de prostatectomía radical durante los años 2001 y 2002. Se exploran hostelería, información, atención y resultados de la atención sanitaria, mediante 13 parejas de ítems que valoran percepciones y expectativas de los enfermos, en una escala de 1 a 10. Se recogieron sugerencias de los enfermos a través de dos preguntas abiertas. Se comprobó el grado de ajuste entre las expectativas iniciales y lo finalmente percibido construyendo índices de satisfacción (razón percepciones/expectativas), y se fijó como estándar aceptable un 90 por ciento. La encuesta fue autoadministrada antes del alta del paciente, y se garantizó el anonimato. Resultados: La cobertura de la encuesta fue del 65 por ciento en 2001 y del 76,5 por ciento en 2002. Los dibujos informativos fueron valorados con 9 puntos. Tanto en la información del proceso como en el trato recibido por enfermería, el índice de satisfacción supera el 90 por ciento en el 80 por ciento de los pacientes en los años 2001 y 2002. En la mejoría del dolor tras cirugía y el respeto al descanso, el porcentaje de enfermos con índice de satisfacción 90 por ciento fue bajo (50 y 55,6 por ciento, respectivamente, en el año 2002). En la satisfacción global, tanto el grado de recomendación del servicio como el ajuste recibido/esperado obtuvieron de 7 a 10 puntos en más del 90 por ciento de pacientes, y no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el 2001 y el 2002. Conclusiones: De manera particular, se observa un profundo interés de los enfermos en recibir información sobre su proceso asistencial, así como también se detecta la necesidad de medir y controlar la mejoría del dolor posquirúrgico. Sin embargo, globalmente vemos que los enfermos abstraen las deficiencias y califican alto el ajuste de sus expectativas. El seguimiento de la calidad percibida como parte del proceso asistencial supone un enfoque necesario hacia la mejora continua (AU)