Surgical correction of cubitus varus in children with a lateral closing-wedge osteotomy: a comparison between two different techniques.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of the present study is to compare the radiographic outcomes and complications of two different techniques for lateral closing-wedge osteotomy in pediatric patients with cubitus varus. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients treated at five tertiary care institutions: 17 underwent the Kirschner-wire (KW) technique, and 15 patients were treated with the mini external fixator (MEF) technique. Demographic data, previous treatment, pre- and postoperative carrying angle (CA), complications and additional procedures were recorded. Radiographic evaluation included assessment of the humerus-elbow-wrist angle (HEW), and the lateral prominence index (LPI). RESULTS: Patients treated with both KW and MEF achieved significant improvements in clinical alignment (mean pre-op CA -16 ± 6.1 degrees to mean post-op 8.9 ± 5.3 degrees, P < 0.001). There were no differences in final radiographic alignment or radiographic union time; however, time to achieve full elbow motion was faster in the MEF group (13.6 versus 34.3 weeks, P = 0.4547). Two patients (11.8%) in the KW group experienced complications, including one superficial infection and one failed correction that required unplanned revision surgery. Eleven patients in the MEF group underwent a planned second surgical procedure for hardware removal. CONCLUSIONS: Both fixation techniques are effective at correcting cubitus varus in the pediatric population. The MEF technique may have the advantage of shorter recovery of elbow range of motion but may require sedation for hardware removal. The KW technique may present a slightly higher complication rate.

PROXIMAL HUMERAL LOCKING PLATE: A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE FOR FIXATION OF DISTAL FEMORAL FRACTURES IN CHILDREN.

Distal femoral metaphyseal fractures are rare in children, and the proximity of the fracture to the growth plate makes their approach challenging. Objective: Evaluate outcomes and complications of treatment of distal femoral metaphyseal fractures in children with proximal humeral locking plates. Method: Retrospective study between 2018 and 2021, including seven patients. The analysis included general characteristics, trauma mechanism, classification, clinical and radiographic outcomes, and complications. Results: The mean follow-up was 20 months, the average age was nine years, five patients were boys, and six fractured on the right side. Five fractures were caused by car accidents, one by falling from their own height and one by playing soccer. Five fractures were classified as 33-M/3.2 and two as 33-M/3.1. Three fractures were open, Gustilo IIIA. All seven patients recovered mobility and resumed their pre-trauma activities. All seven healed, and one fracture was reduced to 5 degrees valgus, without any other complications. Six patients had the implant removed and did not present refracture. Conclusion: Treatment of distal femoral metaphyseal fractures with proximal humeral locking plates is a viable option that offers good results and fewer complications, saving the epiphyseal cartilage. Level of Evidence II; Controlled study without randomization.

As fraturas metafisárias distais do fêmur são raras em crianças, a proximidade da fratura com a placa de crescimento torna a sua abordagem desafiadora. Objetivo: Avaliar resultados e complicações do tratamento das fraturas da metáfise distal do fêmur em crianças com placas de úmero proximal. Método: Estudo retrospectivo entre 2018 e 2021 incluindo sete pacientes. A análise incluiu características gerais, mecanismo do trauma, classificação, resultados clínicos, radiográficos e complicações. Resultados: A média do acompanhamento foi de 20 meses, a idade média foi de nove anos, cinco pacientes eram meninos e seis fraturas do lado direito. Cinco fraturas por acidentes automobilísticos, uma por queda da própria altura e uma jogando futebol. Cinco fraturas classificadas como 33-M/3,2 e duas como 33-M/3,1. Três fraturas foram expostas, Gustilo IIIA. Todos os sete pacientes recuperaram a mobilidade e retomaram às atividades anteriores ao trauma. Todas as sete fraturas consolidaram, uma fratura foi reduzida com valgo de 5 graus, e não houveram outras complicações. Seis pacientes tiveram o implante removido e não apresentaram refratura. Conclusão: O tratamento das fraturas da metáfise distal do fêmur com placas de úmero proximal é uma opção viável que oferece bons resultados com poucas complicações, poupando a cartilagem epifisária. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo controlado sem randomização.

Proximal humeral locking plate: a viable alternative for fixation of distal femoral fractures in children / Placa de fixação de úmero proximal: uma alternativa para fixação de fraturas do fêmur distal em criança

ABSTRACT Distal femoral metaphyseal fractures are rare in children, and the proximity of the fracture to the growth plate makes their approach challenging. Objective Evaluate outcomes and complications of treatment of distal femoral metaphyseal fractures in children with proximal humeral locking plates. Method Retrospective study between 2018 and 2021, including seven patients. The analysis included general characteristics, trauma mechanism, classification, clinical and radiographic outcomes, and complications. Results The mean follow-up was 20 months, the average age was nine years, five patients were boys, and six fractured on the right side. Five fractures were caused by car accidents, one by falling from their own height and one by playing soccer. Five fractures were classified as 33-M/3.2 and two as 33-M/3.1. Three fractures were open, Gustilo IIIA. All seven patients recovered mobility and resumed their pre-trauma activities. All seven healed, and one fracture was reduced to 5 degrees valgus, without any other complications. Six patients had the implant removed and did not present refracture. Conclusion Treatment of distal femoral metaphyseal fractures with proximal humeral locking plates is a viable option that offers good results and fewer complications, saving the epiphyseal cartilage. Level of Evidence II; Controlled study without randomization.

RESUMO As fraturas metafisárias distais do fêmur são raras em crianças, a proximidade da fratura com a placa de crescimento torna a sua abordagem desafiadora. Objetivo Avaliar resultados e complicações do tratamento das fraturas da metáfise distal do fêmur em crianças com placas de úmero proximal. Método Estudo retrospectivo entre 2018 e 2021 incluindo sete pacientes. A análise incluiu características gerais, mecanismo do trauma, classificação, resultados clínicos, radiográficos e complicações. Resultados A média do acompanhamento foi de 20 meses, a idade média foi de nove anos, cinco pacientes eram meninos e seis fraturas do lado direito. Cinco fraturas por acidentes automobilísticos, uma por queda da própria altura e uma jogando futebol. Cinco fraturas classificadas como 33-M/3,2 e duas como 33-M/3,1. Três fraturas foram expostas, Gustilo IIIA. Todos os sete pacientes recuperaram a mobilidade e retomaram às atividades anteriores ao trauma. Todas as sete fraturas consolidaram, uma fratura foi reduzida com valgo de 5 graus, e não houveram outras complicações. Seis pacientes tiveram o implante removido e não apresentaram refratura. Conclusão O tratamento das fraturas da metáfise distal do fêmur com placas de úmero proximal é uma opção viável que oferece bons resultados com poucas complicações, poupando a cartilagem epifisária. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo controlado sem randomização.

Avascular Necrosis After Modified Dunn Surgery for the Treatment of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis.

Objective The present study analyzed the incidence of epiphyseal avascular necrosis in patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) treated using a modified Dunn technique. In addition, this study determined the correlation of other variables with this incidence and described treatment complications. Methods This is a retrospective study with 20 patients treated by the same surgical team from 2009 to 2019 and followed up for 2 to 12 years. The analysis included general features, time from presentation to surgical procedure, classification, and intraoperative blood perfusion of the epiphysis, as well as complications and their treatment. Results All cases were severe; 65% were acute on chronic, and 55% of the SCFEs were unstable. Our complication rate was 45%, with 5 cases of avascular necrosis, 2 cases of deep infection, 1 case of material failure, and 1 case of joint instability. The statistical analysis revealed that the risk of necrosis was higher when the surgery occurred after a long hospitalization time and there was no intraoperative epiphyseal perfusion. Four necrosis cases happened within the first 5 years, and 1 case in the last 5 years of the study. Conclusion Our study showed that necrosis was the most common complication. It also revealed that surgery delay and lack of intraoperative epiphysis perfusion potentially predispose to avascular necrosis. Although with no statistical significance, coxofemoral instability occurred in chronic SCFE, and surgical fixation with threaded wires was less effective than fixation with a cannulated screw. The modified Dunn procedure should be reserved for severe cases in which other techniques are not feasible and performed by an experienced, trained, and qualified team.

Avascular Necrosis After Modified Dunn Surgery for the Treatment of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis* / Necrose avascular pós-cirurgia de Dunn modificada no tratamento do escorregamento da epífise proximal do fêmur*

Abstract Objective The present study analyzed the incidence of epiphyseal avascular necrosis in patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) treated using a modified Dunn technique. In addition, this study determined the correlation of other variables with this incidence and described treatment complications. Methods This is a retrospective study with 20 patients treated by the same surgical team from 2009 to 2019 and followed up for 2 to 12 years. The analysis included general features, time from presentation to surgical procedure, classification, and intraoperative blood perfusion of the epiphysis, as well as complications and their treatment. Results All cases were severe; 65% were acute on chronic, and 55% of the SCFEs were unstable. Our complication rate was 45%, with 5 cases of avascular necrosis, 2 cases of deep infection, 1 case of material failure, and 1 case of joint instability. The statistical analysis revealed that the risk of necrosis was higher when the surgery occurred after a long hospitalization time and there was no intraoperative epiphyseal perfusion. Four necrosis cases happened within the first 5 years, and 1 case in the last 5 years of the study. Conclusion Our study showed that necrosis was the most common complication. It also revealed that surgery delay and lack of intraoperative epiphysis perfusion potentially predispose to avascular necrosis. Although with no statistical significance, coxofemoral instability occurred in chronic SCFE, and surgical fixation with threaded wires was less effective than fixation with a cannulated screw. The modified Dunn procedure should be reserved for severe cases in which other techniques are not feasible and performed by an experienced, trained, and qualified team.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a incidência da necrose avascular da epífise no tratamento do escorregamento da epífise proximal do fêmur pela técnica de Dunn modificada, correlacionando-a com outras variáveis. Como objetivo secundário, descrevemos outras complicações encontradas. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com 20 pacientes tratados entre 2009 e 2019, com seguimento de 2 a 12 anos, tratados pela mesma equipe cirúrgica. A análise incluiu características gerais, tempo entre apresentação e procedimento cirúrgico, classificação, presença de perfusão sanguínea intraoperatória da epífise, avaliação das complicações e seus respectivos tratamentos. Resultados Todos os casos eram graves, 65% crônicos agudizados e 55% dos escorregamentos eram instáveis. Nossa taxa de complicações foi de 45%, sendo 5 casos de necrose avascular, 2 de infecção profunda, uma falha do material e uma instabilidade articular. Pacientes operados com maior tempo após a internação e os sem perfusão intraoperatória da epífise tiveram maior risco de necrose na análise estatística. Considerando o tempo do estudo, tivemos 4 casos de necrose nos primeiros 5 anos e 1 caso nos últimos 5 anos. Conclusão Nosso estudo demonstrou que a necrose foi a complicação mais comum e que o atraso para a realização da cirurgia e a ausência de perfusão da epífise no intraoperatório podem predispor à necrose avascular. Embora não estatisticamente significante, a instabilidade coxofemoral foi observada na forma de apresentação crônica e a fixação cirúrgica com fios rosqueados se mostrou menos eficaz que a fixação com parafuso canulado. Este procedimento deve ser reservado para casos graves nos quais outras técnicas não sejam possíveis e realizado por equipe experiente, treinada e capacitada.

TREATMENT OF TRIPLANE FRACTURE ANKLE FRACTURES ASSOCIATED WITH IPSILATERAL TIBIAL FRACTURES USING A NOVEL APPROACH.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to purpose a novel approach to the concomitant triplanar and tibial shaft fracture. METHODS: Retrospective study between 2001 and 2019. We collected the patients' general information, clinical and radiographic data, and complications after the following three-step treatment: (1) fixation of the Salter-Harris II fracture of the triplane fracture, (2) fixation of the Salter-Harris II/IV fracture with cannulated screws, and (3) fixation of the tibial fracture with flexible titanium nails. RESULTS: The study included seven patients (six males) with a mean age of 14 years and a mean follow-up of 6.4 years (minimum two years). Five triplane fractures had two fragments and two had three fragments. Five fractures were classified as Salter-Harris II and two as Salter-Harris IV. Three tibial fractures were long oblique, three were spiral, and one had a third fragment. Six fractures affected the middle third and one affected the distal third of the tibia. All triplane and tibial fractures consolidated without significant displacement. No physeal damage was identified. CONCLUSIONS: This study described the association of tibial fractures with triplane ankle fractures managed by our proposed treatment, which proved to be effective for this fracture association. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

OBJETIVO: Propor uma nova abordagem para fraturas concomitantes da diáfise da tíbia e triplanares do tornozelo. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo entre 2001 e 2019. Foram coletadas informações gerais: dados clínicos, radiográficos e complicações. As fraturas seguiram três passos no tratamento: (1) fixação do fragmento Salter-Harris tipo III da fratura triplanar; (2) fixação do fragmento Salter-Harris II/IV com parafuso canulado; e (3) fixação da fratura diafisária da tíbia com hastes flexíveis. RESULTADOS: O estudo incluiu sete pacientes (seis homens) com idade média de 14 anos e seguimento médio de 6.4 anos (mínimo de dois anos). Cinco fraturas triplanares tinham dois fragmentos principais e duas tinham três fragmentos. Cinco fraturas na radiografia em perfil foram classificadas como Salter-Harris II e duas como Salter-Harris IV. Três fraturas diafisárias tibiais tinham traço obliquo longo, três traço espiral e uma fratura com terceiro fragmento. Seis fraturas eram do terço médio e uma fratura do terço distal da tíbia. Todas as fraturas triplanares e tibiais consolidaram sem desvio significativo e não tivemos nenhuma lesão fisária. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo descreveu a associação da fratura da tíbia com a fratura triplanar do tornozelo e nossa proposta de tratamento, que se mostrou uma boa opção no tratamento dessa fratura especial. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de casos.

Treatment of triplane fracture ankle fractures associated with ipsilateral tibial fractures using a novel approach / Fratura triplanar do tornozelo concomitante a fratura ipsilateral da tíbia. uma nova abordagem

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study is to purpose a novel approach to the concomitant triplanar and tibial shaft fracture. Methods: Retrospective study between 2001 and 2019. We collected the patients' general information, clinical and radiographic data, and complications after the following three-step treatment: (1) fixation of the Salter-Harris II fracture of the triplane fracture, (2) fixation of the Salter-Harris II/IV fracture with cannulated screws, and (3) fixation of the tibial fracture with flexible titanium nails. Results: The study included seven patients (six males) with a mean age of 14 years and a mean follow-up of 6.4 years (minimum two years). Five triplane fractures had two fragments and two had three fragments. Five fractures were classified as Salter-Harris II and two as Salter-Harris IV. Three tibial fractures were long oblique, three were spiral, and one had a third fragment. Six fractures affected the middle third and one affected the distal third of the tibia. All triplane and tibial fractures consolidated without significant displacement. No physeal damage was identified. Conclusions: This study described the association of tibial fractures with triplane ankle fractures managed by our proposed treatment, which proved to be effective for this fracture association. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Propor uma nova abordagem para fraturas concomitantes da diáfise da tíbia e triplanares do tornozelo. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo entre 2001 e 2019. Foram coletadas informações gerais: dados clínicos, radiográficos e complicações. As fraturas seguiram três passos no tratamento: (1) fixação do fragmento Salter-Harris tipo III da fratura triplanar; (2) fixação do fragmento Salter-Harris II/IV com parafuso canulado; e (3) fixação da fratura diafisária da tíbia com hastes flexíveis. Resultados: O estudo incluiu sete pacientes (seis homens) com idade média de 14 anos e seguimento médio de 6.4 anos (mínimo de dois anos). Cinco fraturas triplanares tinham dois fragmentos principais e duas tinham três fragmentos. Cinco fraturas na radiografia em perfil foram classificadas como Salter-Harris II e duas como Salter-Harris IV. Três fraturas diafisárias tibiais tinham traço obliquo longo, três traço espiral e uma fratura com terceiro fragmento. Seis fraturas eram do terço médio e uma fratura do terço distal da tíbia. Todas as fraturas triplanares e tibiais consolidaram sem desvio significativo e não tivemos nenhuma lesão fisária. Conclusão: O estudo descreveu a associação da fratura da tíbia com a fratura triplanar do tornozelo e nossa proposta de tratamento, que se mostrou uma boa opção no tratamento dessa fratura especial. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de casos.

Tarsal coalition.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Tarsal coalitions may cause painful pes planovalgus and recurrent sprains, and can lead to arthrosis if improperly managed. In this review, we discuss the current topics related to talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular coalitions. RECENT FINDINGS: Tarsal coalitions are initially managed with conservative therapy, and when this approach fails, surgery is performed. Treatment of calcaneonavicular coalitions involves resection of the coalition and interposition of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle or fat, and in cases of marked valgus deformity, correction of the deformity. In talocalcaneal coalitions, recommendations include coalition resection for those affecting less than 50% of the area of the posterior facet and with a less than 16° valgus, coalition resection and valgus correction for those affecting less than 50% of the area and valgus greater than 16°, and isolated valgus correction for those affecting more than 50% of the area and with a more than or less than 16° valgus. Arthrodesis is reserved as a salvage procedure. SUMMARY: Talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular coalitions can cause painful pes planovalgus. Their diagnoses are confirmed by plain radiograph, computed tomography, and, in cases of fibrous or cartilaginous coalitions, MRI. Initial treatment is conservative, and when symptoms persist, resection of the coalition is recommended along with tissue graft interposition with or without associated valgus correction. Arthrodesis is indicated as a salvage procedure whenever treatment fails or with advanced arthrosis.

CHRONIC MONTEGGIA FRACTURE-DISLOCATION IN CHILDREN SURGICAL STRATEGY AND RESULTS.

OBJECTIVE: To report surgical techniques and results in the treatment of chronic Monteggia fracture-dislocation in children. METHODS: Six pediatric patients who had undergone a procedure involving the following 6 crucial surgical steps were retrospectively evaluated: 1- extended lateral approach, 2- fibrotic removal, 3-proximal ulnar osteotomy, 4- reduction of the radial head and transcapitellar temporary fixation, 5- ulnar fixation with a straight plate shaped according to the deformity generated by temporary fixation, and 6- transcapitellar Kirschner wire removal. RESULTS: Four patients were women, and four showed the right-sided compromise. The mean age of patients was 8 years, and the minimum follow-up period was 12 months. The mean time from the onset of fracture to treatment was 6 months. Six patients underwent complete flexo/extension, and one patient had a complete prono-supination. In four patients, we observed loss of pronation (by 10° in two, 15° in one, and 20° in one), and one patient had a 15° decrease in supination. We did not observe any redislocation of the radial head in the follow-up evaluation. No complications were observed; the only complaint was salience of the ulnar plate. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated an effective option for the treatment of chronic Monteggia fracture-dislocation in children, even with a small study sample, following the presented technical and surgical strategies. Level of evidence IV, Therapeutic Studies.

OBJETIVO: Relatar a técnica cirúrgica e os resultados no tratamento da fratura-luxação de Monteggia crônica nas crianças. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de seis pacientes submetidos à técnica com seis passos cirúrgicos, a saber: acesso único lateral estendido para o bordo lateral da ulna; capsulotomia e retirada da fibrose e do tecido interposto; osteotomia proximal transversa da ulna; redução da cabeça radial no capítulo e fixação temporária transcapitelar; fixação da ulna com placa reta moldada a deformidade gerada da ulna; retirada do fio de Kirschnner transcapitelar. RESULTADOS: Quatro pacientes eram do sexo feminino, e em quatro o lado direito foi o acometido. O seguimento mínimo foi de 12 meses, e o tempo médio entre a fratura e o tratamento foi de 6 meses. Os seis pacientes obtiveram flexo/extensão completa; em quatro deles, foi observada perda da pronação (dois 10°, um 15° e um 20°) e um paciente teve diminuição de 15° da supinação. Em todos os pacientes, foi obtida redução da cabeça do rádio sem reluxação até o seguimento avaliado. CONCLUSÕES: Mesmo considerando uma pequena amostra, nossos resultados, pela técnica e pelas estratégias cirúrgicas apresentadas, demonstraram opção eficaz no tratamento da fratura-luxação de Monteggia crônica em crianças. Nível de evidência IV, estudo do tipo terapêutico.

Chronic monteggia fracture-dislocation in children surgical strategy and results / Fratura-luxação de monteggia crônica em crianças: estratégia cirúrgica e resultados

ABSTRACT Objective: To report surgical techniques and results in the treatment of chronic Monteggia fracture-dislocation in children. Methods: Six pediatric patients who had undergone a procedure involving the following 6 crucial surgical steps were retrospectively evaluated: 1- extended lateral approach, 2- fibrotic removal, 3-proximal ulnar osteotomy, 4- reduction of the radial head and transcapitellar temporary fixation, 5- ulnar fixation with a straight plate shaped according to the deformity generated by temporary fixation, and 6- transcapitellar Kirschner wire removal. Results: Four patients were women, and four showed the right-sided compromise. The mean age of patients was 8 years, and the minimum follow-up period was 12 months. The mean time from the onset of fracture to treatment was 6 months. Six patients underwent complete flexo/extension, and one patient had a complete prono-supination. In four patients, we observed loss of pronation (by 10° in two, 15° in one, and 20° in one), and one patient had a 15° decrease in supination. We did not observe any redislocation of the radial head in the follow-up evaluation. No complications were observed; the only complaint was salience of the ulnar plate. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated an effective option for the treatment of chronic Monteggia fracture-dislocation in children, even with a small study sample, following the presented technical and surgical strategies. Level of evidence IV, Therapeutic Studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar a técnica cirúrgica e os resultados no tratamento da fratura-luxação de Monteggia crônica nas crianças. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de seis pacientes submetidos à técnica com seis passos cirúrgicos, a saber: acesso único lateral estendido para o bordo lateral da ulna; capsulotomia e retirada da fibrose e do tecido interposto; osteotomia proximal transversa da ulna; redução da cabeça radial no capítulo e fixação temporária transcapitelar; fixação da ulna com placa reta moldada a deformidade gerada da ulna; retirada do fio de Kirschnner transcapitelar. Resultados: Quatro pacientes eram do sexo feminino, e em quatro o lado direito foi o acometido. O seguimento mínimo foi de 12 meses, e o tempo médio entre a fratura e o tratamento foi de 6 meses. Os seis pacientes obtiveram flexo/extensão completa; em quatro deles, foi observada perda da pronação (dois 10°, um 15° e um 20°) e um paciente teve diminuição de 15° da supinação. Em todos os pacientes, foi obtida redução da cabeça do rádio sem reluxação até o seguimento avaliado. Conclusões: Mesmo considerando uma pequena amostra, nossos resultados, pela técnica e pelas estratégias cirúrgicas apresentadas, demonstraram opção eficaz no tratamento da fratura-luxação de Monteggia crônica em crianças. Nível de evidência IV, estudo do tipo terapêutico.

Chronic Monteggia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The chronic Monteggia may lead to pain, mobility limitation, progressive valgus deformity, lateral elbow instability, late ulnar nerve paralysis, and degenerative changes. In this review, we discuss the current procedures in the literature focused on correcting chronic Monteggia to avoid these complications. RECENT FINDINGS: Correction of the ulnar deformity with elongation and angulation of the ulna in the opposite direction of the dislocation of the radial head is the most important factor for the reduction and consequent preservation of the radial head. This correction reestablishes the relation of the ulna with the radius and increases the space of the interosseous membrane, providing greater stability after the reduction. The correction may be performed in the acute phase and stabilized with a properly molded plate and screws, or done progressively with an external fixator. SUMMARY: The chronic Monteggia may occur along with undiagnosed lesions, such as plastic deformation of the ulna with radial head dislocation, or after an unsuccessfully treated acute Monteggia lesion. This condition may go unnoticed, thus requiring attention to the physical examination and imaging tests. Chronic Monteggia may be treated by ulnar osteotomy with progressive correction with an external fixator. However, the most common treatment is transverse proximal ulnar osteotomy, capsulotomy and removal interposed tissue, reduction of the radial head to the capitellum and temporary transcapitellar fixation, ulnar fixation with a straight plate molded to the ulnar deformity, which is usually deviated dorsally, removal of the transcapitellar Kirschner-wire, stability test, and, if necessary, annular ligament reconstruction.

Surgical treatment of femoral head fractures through previously controlled hip luxation: four case series and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To report a series of cases of patients treated by fracture of the femoral head through the Ganz pathway with controlled dislocation of the hip. METHOD: All patients who were surgically treated with a Ganz access route for femoral head fractures were identified in a tertiary referral service for trauma. A review of medical records with X-rays and CT scans was carried out. The radiographic evaluation was classified according to Pipkin and the functional evaluation was performed through the application of the modified Harris Hip Score. Data regarding the quality of reduction, type of fixation, and postoperative complications were collected. RESULTS: The sample consisted of three men and one woman, with a mean age of 30 years (20-51). Regarding Pipkin's classification, two cases were type I, one type II, and one type IV. Regarding the Harris Hip Score, an average of 65.75 points was obtained (range: 20-86). All cases had anatomical reduction in the intraoperative period. One case presented post-traumatic sciatic nerve praxis and evolved with infection at the surgical site. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of femoral head fractures through controlled hip dislocation is a viable option and can be considered an alternative to classical approaches.

OBJETIVO: Relatar uma série de casos de pacientes com fratura da cabeça femoral tratados através da via de Ganz com luxação controlada do quadril. MÉTODO: Identificaram-se todos os pacientes tratados cirurgicamente com via de acesso de Ganz para fraturas da cabeça femoral em um serviço terciário referência em trauma. Fez-se uma revisão de prontuários com as radiografias e tomografias computadorizada. A avaliação radiográfica foi classificada de acordo com Pipkin e a avaliação funcional foi feita com o Harris Hip Score modificado. Foram coletados dados referentes à qualidade de redução, ao tipo de fixação e às complicações pós-operatórias. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por três homens e uma mulher, com média de 30 anos (20-51). Em relação à classificação de Pipkin, dois casos eram do tipo I, um do tipo II e um do tipo IV. Em relação ao Harris Hip Score, observou-se uma média de 65,75 pontos (20 a 86). Todos os casos obtiveram redução anatômica no intraoperatório. Um caso apresentou praxia do nervo ciático pós-trauma e evoluiu com infecção do sítio cirúrgico. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas da cabeça do fêmur através da luxação controlada do quadril é uma opção viável e pode ser considerada uma opção às vias clássicas de abordagem.

Surgical treatment of femoral head fractures through previously controlled hip luxation: four case series and literature review / Tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas da cabeça femoral através da luxação anterior controlada do quadril - Série de quatro casos e revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Objective To report a series of cases of patients treated by fracture of the femoral head through the Ganz pathway with controlled dislocation of the hip. Method All patients who were surgically treated with a Ganz access route for femoral head fractures were identified in a tertiary referral service for trauma. A review of medical records with X-rays and CT scans was carried out. The radiographic evaluation was classified according to Pipkin and the functional evaluation was performed through the application of the modified Harris Hip Score. Data regarding the quality of reduction, type of fixation, and postoperative complications were collected. Results The sample consisted of three men and one woman, with a mean age of 30 years (20-51). Regarding Pipkin's classification, two cases were type I, one type II, and one type IV. Regarding the Harris Hip Score, an average of 65.75 points was obtained (range: 20-86). All cases had anatomical reduction in the intraoperative period. One case presented post-traumatic sciatic nerve praxis and evolved with infection at the surgical site. Conclusion Surgical treatment of femoral head fractures through controlled hip dislocation is a viable option and can be considered an alternative to classical approaches.

RESUMO Objetivo Relatar uma série de casos de pacientes com fratura da cabeça femoral tratados através da via de Ganz com luxação controlada do quadril. Método Identificaram-se todos os pacientes tratados cirurgicamente com via de acesso de Ganz para fraturas da cabeça femoral em um serviço terciário referência em trauma. Fez-se uma revisão de prontuários com as radiografias e tomografias computadorizada. A avaliação radiográfica foi classificada de acordo com Pipkin e a avaliação funcional foi feita com o Harris Hip Score modificado. Foram coletados dados referentes à qualidade de redução, ao tipo de fixação e às complicações pós-operatórias. Resultados A amostra foi composta por três homens e uma mulher, com média de 30 anos (20-51). Em relação à classificação de Pipkin, dois casos eram do tipo I, um do tipo II e um do tipo IV. Em relação ao Harris Hip Score, observou-se uma média de 65,75 pontos (20 a 86). Todos os casos obtiveram redução anatômica no intraoperatório. Um caso apresentou praxia do nervo ciático pós-trauma e evoluiu com infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Conclusão O tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas da cabeça do fêmur através da luxação controlada do quadril é uma opção viável e pode ser considerada uma opção às vias clássicas de abordagem.

Surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement after slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) post slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) may lead to degenerative changes on the hip. We have reviewed the current procedures in the literature, aiming to correct the SCFE to prevent FAI and the ones that treat FAI post SCFE. RECENT FINDINGS: The trends of managing moderated or severe SCFE is to correct the displacement by reduction and fixation with articular hematoma decompression in unstable hips and Dunn modified procedure even for unstable and stable situations. However, after FAI is settled, the options are osteochondroplasty by arthroscopy or surgical hip dislocation, associated or not to subtrocanteric osteotomy. SUMMARY: Femoroacetabular impingement may occur in mild slips and certainly occur in cases of moderate and severe slips. The initial management depends on the severity and the stability of the slip.The modified Dunn procedure is a good option for the treatment of unstable SCFEs. Gentle closed reduction with capsulotomy (Parsch) may be considered whenever the surgeon is not comfortable with the modified Dunn procedure.Hips with open physis and stable moderate or severe SCFE, the modified Dunn procedure can be indicated. Cases with closed physis are managed with intertrochanteric osteotomy combined with osteoplasty.In the presence of symptomatic FAI secondary to SCFE, one should consider arthroscopic osteoplasty or surgical hip dislocation (with or without osteotomies) as treatment options.

Surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement using controlled hip dislocation after occurrence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

OBJECTIVE: To present our experience and preliminary results from using controlled hip dislocation to treat cam-like femoroacetabular impingement, in teenagers and young adults with sequelae of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis on 15 patients who were treated in a tertiary-level hospital between 2011 and 2013. The following data were collected for analysis from these patients' files: demographic data, surgical procedure reports, joint mobility evaluations, patients' perceptions regarding clinical improvement and whether they would choose to undergo the operation again, previous hip surgery and complications. The exclusion criteria were: follow-up shorter than six months, the presence of any other hip disease, osteotomy of the proximal femur performed at the same time as the osteochondroplasty and incomplete medical files with regard to the information needed for the present study. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (17 hips) who underwent osteochondroplasty to treat femoroacetabular impingement were evaluated. Nine of them were women, the mean age was 18 years old and the minimum follow-up was two years. Two patients underwent osteochondroplasty bilaterally; eight patients were operated on the left side and five on the right side. In 14 cases, the greater trochanter was lowered (relative lengthening of the neck) in association with the osteochondroplasty. For 13 patients, their previous surgery consisted of fixation of an occurrence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis; for six patients (eight hips), flexor osteotomy was performed previously; and for one patient, hip arthroscopy was performed previously. Fourteen patients presented improvement of mobility and hip pain relief, in comparison with before the operation, and they said that they would undergo the operation again. Two complications were observed: one of loosening of the fixation of the greater trochanter and one of heterotopic ossification. CONCLUSION: The preliminary results from this study suggest that osteochondroplasty through controlled surgical hip dislocation is a good option for treating femoroacetabular impingement. Through this method, the patients reported achieving improvement of joint mobility and hip pain, with few complications.

OBJETIVO: Relatar nossa experiência e os resultados preliminares com a luxação cirúrgica controlada do quadril no tratamento do impacto femoroacetabular (IFA) tipo CAM em adolescentes e adultos jovens com sequela de epifisiólise femoral proximal. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de 15 pacientes tratados em hospital terciário, onde foram selecionados prontuários de pacientes que fizeram o procedimento de 2011 até 2013. Os dados coletados para análise foram: dados demográficos, descrição do procedimento cirúrgico, avaliação da mobilidade articular, impressão subjetiva do paciente no que se refere à melhoria clínica e se optariam por fazer a cirurgia novamente, cirurgias anteriores no quadril e complicações. Foram excluídos pacientes com seguimento menor do que seis meses, portadores de outras doenças do quadril, submetidos a osteotomias do fêmur proximal no mesmo momento da osteocondroplastia e cujo prontuário estivesse incompleto quanto às informações necessárias para o presente estudo. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 15 pacientes e 17 quadris submetidos a osteocondroplastia para o tratamento do IFA, nove pacientes eram do sexo feminino, média de 18 anos e seguimento mínimo de dois anos. Quanto à lateralidade, oito pacientes foram operados do lado esquerdo e cinco do lado direito, além de dois pacientes nos quais a osteocondroplastia foi feita de forma bilateral. Em 14 casos, abaixamento do trocânter maior (alongamento relativo do colo) foi associado à osteocondroplastia. Treze pacientes tinham como cirúrgia prévia a fixação da epifisiólise, em seis (oito quadris) foi feita osteotomia flexora prévia e um fez uma artroscopia do quadril. Em 14 pacientes houve melhoria da mobilidade e da dor no quadril, quando comparada com o pré-operatório. Esses 14 pacientes relataram que fariam a cirurgia novamente. Foram observadas duas complicações, uma soltura da fixação do trocânter maior e uma ossificação heterotópica. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados preliminares deste estudo sugerem que a osteocondroplastia pela técnica da luxação cirúrgica controlada do quadril é uma boa opção no tratamento do impacto femoroacetabular. Por esse método os pacientes relataram melhoria da mobilidade articular e dor no quadril e tiveram poucas complicações.

Surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement using controlled hip dislocation after occurrence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis / Tratamento cirúrgico do impacto femoroacetabular pós- epifisiólise pelo método da luxação controlada do quadril

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To present our experience and preliminary results from using controlled hip dislocation to treat cam-like femoroacetabular impingement, in teenagers and young adults with sequelae of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis on 15 patients who were treated in a tertiary-level hospital between 2011 and 2013. The following data were collected for analysis from these patients' files: demographic data, surgical procedure reports, joint mobility evaluations, patients' perceptions regarding clinical improvement and whether they would choose to undergo the operation again, previous hip surgery and complications. The exclusion criteria were: follow-up shorter than six months, the presence of any other hip disease, osteotomy of the proximal femur performed at the same time as the osteochondroplasty and incomplete medical files with regard to the information needed for the present study. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (17 hips) who underwent osteochondroplasty to treat femoroacetabular impingement were evaluated. Nine of them were women, the mean age was 18 years old and the minimum follow-up was two years. Two patients underwent osteochondroplasty bilaterally; eight patients were operated on the left side and five on the right side. In 14 cases, the greater trochanter was lowered (relative lengthening of the neck) in association with the osteochondroplasty. For 13 patients, their previous surgery consisted of fixation of an occurrence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis; for six patients (eight hips), flexor osteotomy was performed previously; and for one patient, hip arthroscopy was performed previously. Fourteen patients presented improvement of mobility and hip pain relief, in comparison with before the operation, and they said that they would undergo the operation again. Two complications were observed: one of loosening of the fixation of the greater trochanter and one of heterotopic ossification. CONCLUSION: The preliminary results from this study suggest that osteochondroplasty through controlled surgical hip dislocation is a good option for treating femoroacetabular impingement. Through this method, the patients reported achieving improvement of joint mobility and hip pain, with few complications.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Relatar nossa experiência e os resultados preliminares com a luxação cirúrgica controlada do quadril no tratamento do impacto femoroacetabular (IFA) tipo CAM em adolescentes e adultos jovens com sequela de epifisiólise femoral proximal. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de 15 pacientes tratados em hospital terciário, onde foram selecionados prontuários de pacientes que fizeram o procedimento de 2011 até 2013. Os dados coletados para análise foram: dados demográficos, descrição do procedimento cirúrgico, avaliação da mobilidade articular, impressão subjetiva do paciente no que se refere à melhoria clínica e se optariam por fazer a cirurgia novamente, cirurgias anteriores no quadril e complicações. Foram excluídos pacientes com seguimento menor do que seis meses, portadores de outras doenças do quadril, submetidos a osteotomias do fêmur proximal no mesmo momento da osteocondroplastia e cujo prontuário estivesse incompleto quanto às informações necessárias para o presente estudo. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 15 pacientes e 17 quadris submetidos a osteocondroplastia para o tratamento do IFA, nove pacientes eram do sexo feminino, média de 18 anos e seguimento mínimo de dois anos. Quanto à lateralidade, oito pacientes foram operados do lado esquerdo e cinco do lado direito, além de dois pacientes nos quais a osteocondroplastia foi feita de forma bilateral. Em 14 casos, abaixamento do trocânter maior (alongamento relativo do colo) foi associado à osteocondroplastia. Treze pacientes tinham como cirúrgia prévia a fixação da epifisiólise, em seis (oito quadris) foi feita osteotomia flexora prévia e um fez uma artroscopia do quadril. Em 14 pacientes houve melhoria da mobilidade e da dor no quadril, quando comparada com o pré-operatório. Esses 14 pacientes relataram que fariam a cirurgia novamente. Foram observadas duas complicações, uma soltura da fixação do trocânter maior e uma ossificação heterotópica. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados preliminares deste estudo sugerem que a osteocondroplastia pela técnica da luxação cirúrgica controlada do quadril é uma boa opção no tratamento do impacto femoroacetabular. Por esse método os pacientes relataram melhoria da mobilidade articular e dor no quadril e tiveram poucas complicações.

Analysis on the risk of contralateral proximal femoral epiphyseal slippage using the modified Oxford score.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the application of the modified Oxford score among patients with proximal femoral epiphyseal slippage (PFES) as an aid to indicating prophylactic surgical treatment on the contralateral hip. METHODS: Retrospective analysis on the medical files of patients attended at the institution where the authors work. From these, patients attended between 2008 and 2011 who presented unilateral PFES and were followed up for a minimum of two years were selected. Patients were excluded if they presented endocrine disease, metabolic disease, Down syndrome or radiographs that were inadequate for determining the modified Oxford score. The initial radiographs received scores ranging from 16 to 26. Statistical analysis was used to determine whether the scoring was predictive of future development of contralateral slippage. RESULTS: Among the 15 patients with unilateral PFES that were selected, five (33.3%) evolved with contralateral slippage. The patients were divided into two groups. Four patients were considered to present risk and three of them developed contralateral slippage. In the group that was considered not to present risk, there were 11 patients and two of these evolved with contralateral slippage. Thus, there was a tendency for the patients in the group that developed the disease to differ from the group that did not develop it, in relation to the risk classification. CONCLUSION: Although application of the modified Oxford score was not statistically significant in our sample, we noted a tendency toward contralateral slippage among hips with low scores.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a aplicação do escore de Oxford modificado em pacientes com escorregamento epifisário femoral proximal (EEFP) no auxílio da indicação do tratamento cirúrgico profilático dos quadris contralaterais. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários dos pacientes atendidos na instituição na qual os autores trabalham. Foram selecionados aqueles com um tempo de seguimento mínimo de dois anos, atendidos de 2008 até 2011, que apresentaram EEPF unilateral. Os critérios de exclusão foram pacientes com doença endócrina ou metabólica, síndrome de Down e aqueles com radiografias inadequadas para determinar a pontuação no escore de Oxford modificado. As radiografias iniciais receberam uma pontuação que varia de 16 a 26. A análise estatística foi usada para determinar se a pontuação foi preditiva do desenvolvimento futuro de deslizamento contralateral. RESULTADOS: Dos 15 pacientes selecionados com EEFP unilateral, cinco (33,3%) evoluíram para o escorregamento contralateral. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, quatro pacientes foram considerados de risco e desses três desenvolveram o escorregamento contralateral. No grupo sem risco havia 11 pacientes, dois evoluíram para o escorregamento contralateral. Nota-se assim uma tendência de que pacientes do grupo que desenvolveu a doença difiram do grupo que não desenvolveu em relação à classificação de risco. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de na nossa amostra a aplicação do escore de Oxford modificado não ter sido estatisticamente significativa, notamos uma tendência para o escorregamento contralateral nos quadris com escore baixo.

Análise do risco do escorregamento epifisário femoral proximal contralateral pelo escore de Oxford modificado / Analysis on the risk of contralateral proximal femoral epiphyseal slippage using the modified Oxford score

Objetivo: Determinar a aplicacão do escore de Oxford modificado em pacientes com escorre gamento epifisário femoral proximal (EEFP) no auxílio da indicacão do tratamento cirúrgico profilático dos quadris contralaterais. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários dos pacientes atendidos na instituicão na qual os autores trabalham. Foram selecionados aqueles com um tempo de seguimento mínimo de dois anos, atendidos de 2008 até 2011, que apresentaram EEPF unilateral. Os cri térios de exclusão foram pacientes com doenca endócrina ou metabólica, síndrome de Down e aqueles com radiografias inadequadas para determinar a pontuacão no escore de Oxford modificado. As radiografias iniciais receberam uma pontuacão que varia de 16 a 26. A aná lise estatística foi usada para determinar se a pontuacão foi preditiva do desenvolvimento futuro de deslizamento contralateral. Resultados: Dos 15 pacientes selecionados com EEFP unilateral, cinco (33,3%) evoluíram para o escorregamento contralateral. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, qua tro pacientes foram considerados de risco e desses três desenvolveram o escorregamento contralateral. No grupo sem risco havia 11 pacientes, dois evoluíram para o escorregamento contralateral. Nota-se assim uma tendência de que pacientes do grupo que desenvolveu a doenca difiram do grupo que não desenvolveu em relacão à classificacão de risco. Conclusão: Apesar de na nossa amostra a aplicacão do escore de Oxford modificado não ter sido estatisticamente significativa, notamos uma tendência para o escorregamento contra lateral nos quadris com escore baixo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the application of the modified Oxford score among patients with proximal femoral epiphyseal slippage (PFES) as an aid to indicating prophylactic surgical treatment on the contralateral hip. METHODS: Retrospective analysis on the medical files of patients attended at the institution where the authors work. From these, patients attended between 2008 and 2011 who presented unilateral PFES and were followed up for a minimum of two years were selected. Patients were excluded if they presented endocrine disease, metabolic disease, Down syndrome or radiographs that were inadequate for determining the modified Oxford score. The initial radiographs received scores ranging from 16 to 26. Statistical analysis was used to determine whether the scoring was predictive of future development of contralateral slippage. RESULTS: Among the 15 patients with unilateral PFES that were selected, five (33.3%) evolved with contralateral slippage. The patients were divided into two groups. Four patients were considered to present risk and three of them developed contralateral slippage. In the group that was considered not to present risk, there were 11 patients and two of these evolved with contralateral slippage. Thus, there was a tendency for the patients in the group that developed the disease to differ from the group that did not develop it, in relation to the risk classification. CONCLUSION: Although application of the modified Oxford score was not statistically significant in our sample, we noted a tendency toward contralateral slippage among hips with low scores.

Fraturas instáveis do fêmur em crianças tratadas com hastes intramedulares elásticas de titânio / Unstable femoral fractures treated with titanium elastic intramedullary nails, in children

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as indicações, epidemiologia, lesões associadas, complicações e prognóstico das fraturas diafisárias instáveis do fêmur na criança tratadas com hastes intramedulares elásticas de titânio. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo composto por 24 pacientes com fraturas diafisárias instáveis do fêmur com idade entre cinco e 12 anos, submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com hastes intramedulares elásticas de titânio no Hospital Universitário Cajuru - Curitiba, PR. Pacientes atendidos no período de abril de 2002 a março de 2008, com seguimento mínimo de 36 meses, submetidos à avaliação de dados epidemiológicos, desvios angulares, encurtamento e consolidação óssea. RESULTADOS: Foram reavaliados os prontuários de 113 casos operados de abril de 2002 a março de 2008, destes, incluídos no estudo 24 casos com fraturas de fêmur diafisárias instáveis tratadas com hastes intramedulares elásticas de titânio com inserção retrógrada. Apresentando duas fraturas bilaterais, duas fraturas expostas, sete pacientes do sexo feminino e 17 masculinos, com idade média de 8,3 anos. Apresentaram, ao final do estudo: encurtamento, desvios em varo ou valgo, retrocurvato ou antecurvato final igual a zero, não havendo ainda presença de retardo de consolidação ou pseudartrose. CONCLUSÕES: As hastes intramedulares elásticas de titânio são de fácil colocação e remoção. Consideramos a utilização das hastes intramedulares elásticas de titânio uma boa opção para a fixação de fraturas instáveis do fêmur em crianças.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the indications, epidemiology, associated lesions, complications and prognosis among children with unstable femoral diaphysis fractures who were treated with titanium elastic intramedullary nails. METHOD: This was a retrospective analysis on 24 patients aged 5-12 years with unstable femoral diaphysis fractures who underwent surgical treatment with elastic titanium intramedullary nails at the Cajuru University Hospital, Curitiba-PR between April 2002 and March 2008, with a minimum follow-up of 36 months. The epidemiological data, angular deviations, leg shortening and bone consolidation were evaluated. RESULTS: The medical files of 113 cases operated between April 2002 and March 2008 were reassessed. From these, 24 cases of unstable femoral diaphysis fractures treated with elastic titanium intramedullary nails with retrograde insertion were included in the study. There were two bilateral fractures and two exposed fractures. Seven patients were female and 17 were male, and the mean age was 8.3 years. The following were presented at the end of the study: shortening, varus or valgus displacement, final retrocurvatum or antecurvatum of zero, and absence of delayed consolidation or pseudarthrosis. CONCLUSIONS: The elastic titanium intramedullary nails were easily placed and removed. We believe that using elastic titanium intramedullary nails is a good option for fixation of unstable femoral fractures in children.