Dolor del recién nacido expuesto a procedimientos de enfermería en la unidad de neonatología de un hospital clínico chileno / Pain in the newborn in a neonatology unit of a clinical chilean hospital

El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la intensidad del dolor en los recién nacidos frente a procedimientos de enfermería, que les fueron realizados con ocasión de los cuidados y tratamiento. Se sustentó desde la visión humanista del cuidado de Jean Watson. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo-correlacional, de corte transversal, cuya población estuvo constituida por recién nacidos hospitalizados en la Unidad de Neonatología del Hospital Clínico Herminda Martín de Chillán, en el período de junio a septiembre del año 2015. Para Valorar el dolor se aplicó la escala de valoración del dolor de Susan Givens Bell y un cuestionario semiestructurado de variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 52 Recién Nacidos en un porcentaje igual de hombres y mujeres. El mayor número de procedimientos realizados fueron instalación de sonda orogástrica, punción venosa y arterial, siendo esta última la causante de dolor moderado en el R.N. El nivel de dolor presentado por la muestra, fue en un 42,3% dolor intenso, el 23,1% dolor moderado y en un 34,6 % no presentó dolor. El Instrumento presentó una confiabilidad con un alfa de Crombach de 0,802. Conclusiones: Los prematuros menores de 37 semanas sintieron mayor dolor que los RN de término.El peso de nacimiento se observó que a mayor peso mayor es el dolor. El APGAR de nacimiento en el estudio se observó que hay una relación directa, pero débil, que a mayor APGAR al nacer, mayor es dolor (AU)

This study was aimed to assess the intensity of pain in newborns against nursing treatments, which were performed during care and treatment. This was sustained from the humanist view of Jean Watson. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive-correlational study, whose population consisted of newborns hospitalized at the Neonatology Unit of the Herminda Martin Clinical Hospital of Chillán, Chile, in the period between June and September, 2015. In order to assess pain, Susan Givens Bell Assessment Scale was applied, as well as a semi-structured Questionnaire of sociodemographic variables. Results: The sample consisted of 52 newborns in an equal percentage of men and women. The greatest number of procedures was the nasogastric tube insetion, venipuncture and arterial puncture, being the latter the cause of moderate pain in newborns. The level of pain presented by the sample was 42.3% intense pain, 23.1% moderate pain and in 34.6% no pain was presented. The instrument presented reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.802. Conclusions: Premature infants under 37 weeks felt greater pain than full-term newborns. Regarding Barth weight, it was observed that the greater the weight, the grater the pain. Birth APGAR in the study indicated that there is a direct but weak relation and the higher APGAR at birth, the greater the pain (AU)

[Causes of underreporting of occupational injuries and adverse events in Chile]. / Causas de subnotificación de accidentes de trabajo y eventos adversos en Chile.

Objective To describe the causes of underreporting of occupational injuries and adverse events as identified in the international literature and by key informants in the area of health and risk prevention in Chile. Methods The study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. This includes a systematized literature review that follows the SALSA method (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis) and is in line with the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). In addition, interviews were conducted with informants in the area of health and risk prevention in Chile. Results The leading causes of underreporting of occupational injuries as described in the literature and by key informants were economic factors and ignorance. With regard to adverse events, the principal causes indicated were fear of sanctions, limited support provided by the authorities, lack of knowledge, and excessive workload. Conclusions It is important to continue working to strengthen the reporting of occupational injuries and adverse events and to implement measures aimed at minimizing factors that appear to be the leading causes of underreporting. In the case of occupational injuries, this means making sure that economic factors are not an impediment but rather an incentive to reporting. With respect to adverse events, steps should be taken to eliminate the fear of sanctions and to develop recommendations, focusing more on systemic improvements than on individuals, to promote joint learning. In both cases it will be necessary to combat ignorance through continuous, systematic training and support.

Causas de subnotificación de accidentes de trabajo y eventos adversos en Chile / Causes of underreporting of occupational injuries and adverse events in Chile

Objetivo. Describir las causas de subnotificación de accidentes de trabajo (AT) y eventos adversos EA) reportados por la literatura internacional e informantes claves del área de la salud y prevención de riesgos en Chile. Métodos. Estudio de abordaje cualitativo y descriptivo, que incluye una revisión sistematizada de la literatura siguiendo el método SALSA de revisión (por sus siglas en inglés Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analyses; búsqueda, evaluación, síntesis y análisis) y ajustado a la Declaración PRISMA (por sus siglas en inglés, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses; ítems de reporte preferidos para las revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis), y entrevistas a informantes clave del área de la salud y prevención de riesgos en Chile. Resultados. Las principales causas de subnotificación de AT reportados por la literatura y por informantes clave fueron el factor económico y el desconocimiento. En cuanto a los EA, las principales causas señaladas fueron el temor a las sanciones, el escaso apoyo de las jefaturas, la falta de conocimiento y la sobrecarga de trabajo. Conclusiones. Es importante seguir avanzando en el tema de la notificación de AT y EA e implementar medidas dirigidas a minimizar las que podrían ser las causas principales de subnotificación. En el caso de los AT, que el factor económico no sea un impedimento, sino un aliciente y en los EA, erradicar el temor a las sanciones y elaborar recomendaciones centradas en mejoras hacia el sistema, más que hacia la persona, en pro de un aprendizaje conjunto. En ambos casos, combatir el desconocimiento mediante capacitación y apoyo permanente y sistemático.

Objective. To describe the causes of underreporting of occupational injuries and adverse events as identified in the international literature and by key informants in the area of health and risk prevention in Chile. Methods. The study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. This includes a systematized literature review that follows the SALSA method (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis) and is in line with the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). In addition, interviews were conducted with informants in the area of health and risk prevention in Chile. Results. The leading causes of underreporting of occupational injuries as described in the literature and by key informants were economic factors and ignorance. With regard to adverse events, the principal causes indicated were fear of sanctions, limited support provided by the authorities, lack of knowledge, and excessive workload. Conclusions. It is important to continue working to strengthen the reporting of occupational injuries and adverse events and to implement measures aimed at minimizing factors that appear to be the leading causes of underreporting. In the case of occupational injuries, this means making sure that economic factors are not an impediment but rather an incentive to reporting. With respect to adverse events, steps should be taken to eliminate the fear of sanctions and to develop recommendations, focusing more on systemic improvements than on individuals, to promote joint learning. In both cases it will be necessary to combat ignorance through continuous, systematic training and support.

Causas de subnotificación de accidentes de trabajo y eventos adversos en Chile / Causes of underreporting of occupational injuries and adverse events in Chile

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir las causas de subnotificación de accidentes de trabajo (AT) y eventos adversos EA) reportados por la literatura internacional e informantes claves del área de la salud y prevención de riesgos en Chile. Métodos Estudio de abordaje cualitativo y descriptivo, que incluye una revisión sistematizada de la literatura siguiendo el método SALSA de revisión (por sus siglas en inglés Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analyses; búsqueda, evaluación, síntesis y análisis) y ajustado a la Declaración PRISMA (por sus siglas en inglés, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses; ítems de reporte preferidos para las revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis), y entrevistas a informantes clave del área de la salud y prevención de riesgos en Chile. Resultados Las principales causas de subnotificación de AT reportados por la literatura y por informantes clave fueron el factor económico y el desconocimiento. En cuanto a los EA, las principales causas señaladas fueron el temor a las sanciones, el escaso apoyo de las jefaturas, la falta de conocimiento y la sobrecarga de trabajo. Conclusiones Es importante seguir avanzando en el tema de la notificación de AT y EA e implementar medidas dirigidas a minimizar las que podrían ser las causas principales de subnotificación. En el caso de los AT, que el factor económico no sea un impedimento, sino un aliciente y en los EA, erradicar el temor a las sanciones y elaborar recomendaciones centradas en mejoras hacia el sistema, más que hacia la persona, en pro de un aprendizaje conjunto. En ambos casos, combatir el desconocimiento mediante capacitación y apoyo permanente y sistemático.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the causes of underreporting of occupational injuries and adverse events as identified in the international literature and by key informants in the area of health and risk prevention in Chile. Methods The study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. This includes a systematized literature review that follows the SALSA method (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis) and is in line with the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). In addition, interviews were conducted with informants in the area of health and risk prevention in Chile. Results The leading causes of underreporting of occupational injuries as described in the literature and by key informants were economic factors and ignorance. With regard to adverse events, the principal causes indicated were fear of sanctions, limited support provided by the authorities, lack of knowledge, and excessive workload. Conclusions It is important to continue working to strengthen the reporting of occupational injuries and adverse events and to implement measures aimed at minimizing factors that appear to be the leading causes of underreporting. In the case of occupational injuries, this means making sure that economic factors are not an impediment but rather an incentive to reporting. With respect to adverse events, steps should be taken to eliminate the fear of sanctions and to develop recommendations, focusing more on systemic improvements than on individuals, to promote joint learning. In both cases it will be necessary to combat ignorance through continuous, systematic training and support.

Comportamientos del cuidado percibidos por estudiantes de enfermería y receptores del cuidado / Nusing students and care receivers' perceptions of caring behavior

Objetivo: Determinar los comportamientos del cuidado percibido por estudiantes de último año de la carrera y la congruencia con la percepción de los mismos, por los usuarios receptores del cuidado. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado el año 2012 en estudiantes de Enfermería de Internado y receptores del cuidado de éstos, de tres instituciones de formación universitaria, comuna de Concepción, Chile. Muestra conformada por 96 internas/os y 96 receptores del cuidado. Se utilizó el Cuestionario CBI de Zane Wolf, basado en la Teoría del cuidado humano de Jean Watson, versiones estudiante y usuario. Resultados: Los estudiantes presentan edades entre 21 y 33 años, cursaron entre 8 y 6 años antes de alcanzar el 5° nivel. Los estudiantes de las universidades 2 y 3 desarrollaron práctica en servicios generales, en tanto los de la universidad 1 lo hicieron en unidades de especialidad. El promedio de edad de los usuarios fue de 54,6 años. En relación a los comportamientos del cuidado brindado, referidos por internos para las dimensiones 1, 2 y 5, existió una sobreestimación de percepción de los estudiantes acerca del cuidado brindado, por sobre la percepción referida por usuarios. En la dimensión 4, "conocimiento y destreza profesional", los estudiantes de las universidades 2 y 3 subestiman sus comportamientos de cuidado respecto a lo percibido por usuarios. Conclusión: Los usuarios estarían en condiciones de evaluar asertivamente comportamientos del cuidado humanizado en dimensiones 1, 2, 3 y 5, y no así, el conocimiento y destreza profesional de la dimensión 4.

Objective: To analyze nursing students and care receiver's perceptions of caring behavior. Method: Descriptive study carried out in 2012, on nursing students' internship and care receivers from three institutions of higher education located in Concepción, Chile. Data were collected from a sample of 96 interns and 96 care receivers. Caring Behaviours Inventory (CBI) developed by Zane Wolf and based on the theory of human caring proposed by Jean Watson, was used in a version for students and another of users. Results: Students aged 21 to 33 years who studied between 8 and 6 years before reaching the fifth level. Students from the university 2 and 3 performed a practice in general services while the students of university 1 did it in (health) specialist units. The average age of the users was 54.6 years old. In relation to the behaviors of the care provided, refered by interns there was an overestimation of the students' perceptions about the care provided above the perception reported by the users for dimensions 1, 2 and 5. In dimension 4, "professional knowledge and skills", the students form universities 2 and 3 underestimate their caring behaviors in relation to the users' perception. Conclusion: Users would be able to assertively evaluate behaviors of humanized care in the dimensions 1, 2, 3, and 5. But concerning dimension 4 "professional knowledge and skills", would not.

Distributed service-based approach for sensor data fusion in IoT environments.

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables the communication among smart objects promoting the pervasive presence around us of a variety of things or objects that are able to interact and cooperate jointly to reach common goals. IoT objects can obtain data from their context, such as the home, office, industry or body. These data can be combined to obtain new and more complex information applying data fusion processes. However, to apply data fusion algorithms in IoT environments, the full system must deal with distributed nodes, decentralized communication and support scalability and nodes dynamicity, among others restrictions. In this paper, a novel method to manage data acquisition and fusion based on a distributed service composition model is presented, improving the data treatment in IoT pervasive environments.