Controversies in point-of-care 3D printing for oncological and reconstructive surgery with free software in oral and maxillofacial surgery: European regulations, costs, and timeframe.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the controversies surrounding the most recent European regulations, as well as the cost, for a 3D printing workflow using free-source software in the context of a tertiary level university hospital in the Spanish public health system. Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) for head and neck oncological surgery with the printing of biomodels, cutting guides, and patient-specific implants has made it possible to simplify and make this type of highly complex surgery more predictable. This technology is not without drawbacks, such as increased costs and the lead times when planning with the biomedical industry. A review of the current European legislation and the literature on this subject was performed, and comparisons made with the authors' in-house 3D printing setup using free software and different 3D printers. The cost analysis revealed that for the cheapest setup with free software, it would be possible to amortize the investment from case 2, and in all cases the initial investment would be amortized before case 9. The timeframe ranged from 2 weeks with the biomedical industry to 72 h with point-of-care 3D printing. It is now possible to develop point-of-care 3D printing in any hospital with almost any budget.

Short communication: Heat stress does not affect induced luteolysis in Holstein cows.

Heat stress (HS) has deleterious effects on bovine reproduction, including prolongation of the luteal phase in Holstein cows, perhaps due to compromised luteolysis. The objective was to characterize effects of HS on luteolytic responses of nonlactating Holstein cows given 25 or 12.5 mg of PGF2α on d 7 of the estrous cycle. Cows were randomly distributed into 2 environments: thermoneutral (n = 12; 25°C) or HS (n = 12; 36°C). In each environment, cows were treated with 2 mL of saline, 25 or 12.5 mg of PGF2α (n = 4 cows per group). The HS environment induced a significant increase in rectal temperature and respiratory rate compared with the thermoneutral environment. Heat stress did not have significant effects on luteolytic responses or circulating progesterone concentrations. Rapid and complete luteolysis occurred in all cows given 25 mg of PGF2α and in 4 of 8 cows given 12.5 mg; the other 4 cows given 12.5 mg had partial luteolysis, with circulating progesterone concentrations initially suppressed, but subsequently rebounding. Therefore, we conclude that HS does not change corpus luteum sensitivity to PGF2α.

Increased aridity drives post-fire recovery of Mediterranean forests towards open shrublands.

Recent observations suggest that repeated fires could drive Mediterranean forests to shrublands, hosting flammable vegetation that regrows quickly after fire. This feedback supposedly favours shrubland persistence and may be strengthened in the future by predicted increased aridity. An assessment was made of how fires and aridity in combination modulated the dynamics of Mediterranean ecosystems and whether the feedback could be strong enough to maintain shrubland as an alternative stable state to forest. A model was developed for vegetation dynamics, including stochastic fires and different plant fire-responses. Parameters were calibrated using observational data from a period up to 100 yr ago, from 77 sites with and without fires in Southeast Spain and Southern France. The forest state was resilient to the separate impact of fires and increased aridity. However, water stress could convert forests into open shrublands by hampering post-fire recovery, with a possible tipping point at intermediate aridity. Projected increases in aridity may reduce the resilience of Mediterranean forests against fires and drive post-fire ecosystem dynamics toward open shrubland. The main effect of increased aridity is the limitation of post-fire recovery. Including plant fire-responses is thus fundamental when modelling the fate of Mediterranean-type vegetation under climate-change scenarios.

Hiperparatiroidismo persistente debido a paratiromatosis / Persistent hyperparathyroidism due to parathyromatosis

RESUMEN La paratiromatosis se describe como una dolencia en la que existen múltiples nódulos de tejido paratiroideo hiperfuncionante diseminados por cuello y el mediastino, en la cual las pruebas de imagen no son efectivas para localizar las glándulas paratiroides y requiere de la combinación de un tratamiento médico y quirúrgico que en ocasiones se presenta como un desafío. Describimos el caso de una mujer de 61 años con hiperparatiroidismo primario recurrente a la que se le extirpan un total de 9 glándulas paratiroideas en 3 cirugías diferentes, y realizamos revisión de la literatura.

ABSTRACT Parathyromatosis is described as a condition in which there are multiple nodules of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue disseminated by the neck and mediastinum. Imaging tests are not effective in locating the parathyroid glands and requires the combination of medical and surgical treatment that sometimes is challenging. We describe the case of a 61-year-old woman with recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism. A total of 9 parathyroid glands where removed in 3 different surgeries. We also reviewed the literature.

Redirecting fire-prone Mediterranean ecosystems toward more resilient and less flammable communities.

The extensive abandonment of agricultural lands in the Mediterranean basin has led to large landscapes being dominated by early-successional species, characterized by high flammability and an increasing fire risk. This fact promotes fire occurrence and places ecosystems in a state of arrested succession. In this work, we assessed the effectiveness of several restoration actions in redirecting these ecosystems toward more resilient communities dominated by resprouting species. These actions included the mechanical clearing of early-successional species, the plantation of resprouting species, and the combination of both treatments. For 13 years, we assessed shifts in the successional trajectory and ecosystem flammability by changes in: species composition, species richness, ecosystem evenness, the natural colonization of resprouting species, total biomass and proportion of dead biomass. We observed that the plantation and clearing combination was a suitable strategy to promote resilience. Species richness increased as well as the presence of the resprouting species introduced by planting. The natural colonization of the resprouting species was also enhanced. These changes in the successional trajectory were accompanied by a possible reduction of fire risk by reducing dead fuel proportion. These findings are relevant for the management of Mediterranean basin areas, but also suggest new tools for redirecting systems in fire-prone areas worldwide.

Differential effects of FXR or TGR5 activation in cholangiocarcinoma progression.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive tumor type affecting cholangiocytes. CCAs frequently arise under certain cholestatic liver conditions. Intrahepatic accumulation of bile acids may facilitate cocarcinogenic effects by triggering an inflammatory response and cholangiocyte proliferation. Here, the role of bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 in CCA progression was evaluated. METHODS: FXR and TGR5 expression was determined in human CCA tissues and cell lines. An orthotopic model of CCA was established in immunodeficient mice and tumor volume was monitored by magnetic resonance imaging under chronic administration of the specific FXR or TGR5 agonists, obeticholic acid (OCA) or INT-777 (0,03% in chow; Intercept Pharmaceuticals), respectively. Functional effects of FXR or TGR5 activation were evaluated on CCA cells in vitro. RESULTS: FXR was downregulated whereas TGR5 was upregulated in human CCA tissues compared to surrounding normal liver tissue. FXR expression correlated with tumor differentiation and TGR5 correlated with perineural invasion. TGR5 expression was higher in perihilar than in intrahepatic CCAs. In vitro, FXR was downregulated and TGR5 was upregulated in human CCA cells compared to normal human cholangiocytes. OCA halted CCA growth in vivo, whereas INT-777 showed no effect. In vitro, OCA inhibited CCA cell proliferation and migration which was associated with decreased mitochondrial energy metabolism. INT-777, by contrast, stimulated CCA cell proliferation and migration, linked to increased mitochondrial energy metabolism. CONCLUSION: Activation of FXR inhibits, whereas TGR5 activation may promote, CCA progression by regulating proliferation, migration and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Modulation of FXR or TGR5 activities may represent potential therapeutic strategies for CCA.

Synthesis and functionalization of dextran-based single-chain nanoparticles in aqueous media.

Water-dispersible dextran-based single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCPNs) were prepared in aqueous media and under mild conditions. Radiolabeling of the resulting biocompatible materials allowed the study of lung deposition of aqueous aerosols after intratracheal nebulization by means of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), demonstrating their potential use as imaging contrast agents.

Integrating knowledge exchange and the assessment of dryland management alternatives - A learning-centered participatory approach.

The adoption of sustainable land management strategies and practices that respond to current climate and human pressures requires both assessment tools that can lead to better informed decision-making and effective knowledge-exchange mechanisms that facilitate new learning and behavior change. We propose a learning-centered participatory approach that links land management assessment and knowledge exchange and integrates science-based data and stakeholder perspectives on both biophysical and socio-economic attributes. We outline a structured procedure for a transparent assessment of land management alternatives, tailored to dryland management, that is based on (1) principles of constructivism and social learning, (2) the participation of stakeholders throughout the whole assessment process, from design to implementation, and (3) the combination of site-specific indicators, identified by local stakeholders as relevant to their particular objectives and context conditions, and science-based indicators that represent ecosystem services of drylands worldwide. The proposed procedure follows a pattern of eliciting, challenging, and self-reviewing stakeholder perspectives that aims to facilitate learning. The difference between the initial baseline perspectives and the final self-reviewed stakeholder perspectives is used as a proxy of learning. We illustrate the potential of this methodology by its application to the assessment of land uses in a Mediterranean fire-prone area in East Spain. The approach may be applied to a variety of socio-ecological systems and decision-making and governance scales.

Letalidad y sobrevida de pacientes con tuberculosis hospitalizados en el Instituto Nacional del Tórax / Fatality rate and survival amongst discharged inpatients with tuberculosis, Instituto Nacional del Torax, Chile

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) still is a public health issue in Chile. In the year 2015 TB incidence rate was 16 cases per 100.000 habitants and case fatality rate reached 10,8% of patients belonging to the last TB treatment follow-up of pulmonary cases cohort (2013). It is well noted higher case fatality rate in TB hospitalized patients. The aim of this study is to determine our hospital case-fatality rate, recognize main risks factors involved and establish survival at 6 months since hospital discharge. Methods: We conducted an observational retrospective study in the Instituto Nacional del Tórax (INT) including inpatients adults over 15 years old between July 2012 and June 2015 whose diagnosis at discharge time was tuberculosis. Demographic data, comorbidities, laboratory, microbiological and radiological test, hospital stay, treatment, complications and mortality at 6 months were recorded. We used a logistic regression model to identify mortality-associated factors and to analyze the survival using Kaplan-Meier’s method. Results: 100 patients whose average age was 46 ± 19 years-old were included. 64% were male. Pulmonary tuberculosis predominated (79 cases). The hospital stay was 27 ± 32 days. In-hospital case fatality rate was higher in pulmonary TB compared to other TB forms (11.4% and 8% respectively). Survival at 6 months was 91%. Multivariate analysis showed that increased case fatality rate was associated with albumin ≤ 3.0 g/dL, thrombocytopenia, and shock. Conclusions: case fatality rate in our hospitalized TB patients is similar to that described in the country. We must pay attention in pulmonary TB inpatients, which have decreased levels of albumin and platelet, or develop septic shock.

Introducción: La Tuberculosis (TBC) aún es un problema de salud pública en Chile. El 2015, la incidencia en todas las formas fue 16 casos x 100.000 habitantes, y en la cohorte de casos de TBC pulmonar adultos en tratamiento, la letalidad fue 10,8% (2013). Un subgrupo de estos pacientes requieren hospitalización y tienen mayor morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Conocer la letalidad hospitalaria, los factores riesgo y determinar la sobrevida a 6 meses del diagnóstico e inicio del tratamiento. Método: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional que incluyó a todos los pacientes >15 años, hospitalizados en el Instituto Nacional del Tórax (INT) entre el 1 julio 2012 al 30 Junio 2015 y cuyo diagnóstico de egreso fue TBC. Se registraron datos demográficos, comorbilidades, exámenes de laboratorio, microbiológicos, radiológicos, estadía hospitalaria, tratamiento, complicaciones y letalidad a 6 meses. Para identificar factores asociados a letalidad, utilizamos un modelo de regresión logística y para sobrevida se utilizó la curva de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Se incluyeron 100 pacientes, edad 46 ± 19 años, 64% varones. Predominó la TBC pulmonar (79%). La estadía hospitalaria fue 27 ± 32 días. La letalidad intrahospitalaria fue 8% en TBC y 11,4% en TBC pulmonar. La sobrevida a los 6 meses fue 91 %>. El análisis multivariado mostró que la letalidad se asoció estadísticamente con niveles de albúmina ≤ 3,0 g/dl, trombocitopenia y shock séptico. Conclusiones: La letalidad en pacientes hospitalizados con TBC es similar a la descrita en el país. Se debe poner especial atención en pacientes con TBC pulmonar que tienen hipoalbuminemia, trombocitopenia al ingreso, o desarrollan shock séptico.

Ion beam induced 18F-radiofluorination: straightforward synthesis of gaseous radiotracers for the assessment of regional lung ventilation using positron emission tomography.

A simple, straightforward and efficient method for the synthesis of [18F]CF4 and [18F]SF6 based on an ion beam-induced isotopic exchange reaction is presented. Positron emission tomography ventilation studies in rodents using [18F]CF4 showed a uniform distribution of the radiofluorinated gas within the lungs and rapid elimination after discontinuation of the administration.

Fire-induced pine woodland to shrubland transitions in Southern Europe may promote shifts in soil fertility.

Since the mid of the last century, fire recurrence has increased in the Iberian Peninsula and in the overall Mediterranean basin due to changes in land use and climate. The warmer and drier climate projected for this region will further increase the risk of wildfire occurrence and recurrence. Although the impact of wildfires on soil nutrient content in this region has been extensively studied, still few works have assessed this impact on the basis of fire recurrence. This study assesses the changes in soil organic C and nutrient status of mineral soils in two Southern European areas, Várzea (Northern Portugal) and Valencia (Eastern Spain), affected by different levels of fire recurrence and where short fire intervals have promoted a transition from pine woodlands to shrublands. At the short-term (<1year), the amount of soil organic matter was higher in burned than in unburned soils while its quality (represented as labile to total organic matter) was actually lower. In any case, total and labile soil organic matter showed decreasing trends with increasing fire recurrence (one to four fires). At the long-term (>5years), a decline in overall soil fertility with fire recurrence was also observed, with a drop between pine woodlands (one fire) and shrublands (two and three fires), particularly in the soil microsites between shrubs. Our results suggest that the current trend of increasing fire recurrence in Southern Europe may result in losses or alterations of soil organic matter, particularly when fire promotes a transition from pine woodland to shrubland. The results also point to labile organic matter fractions in the intershrub spaces as potential early warning indicators for shifts in soil fertility in response to fire recurrence.

Variation in soil enzyme activity as a function of vegetation amount, type, and spatial structure in fire-prone Mediterranean shrublands.

Fire-prone Mediterranean shrublands may be seriously threatened by land degradation due to progressive opening of the vegetation cover driven by increasing drought and fire recurrence. However, information about the consequences of this opening process for critical ecosystem functions is scant. In this work, we studied the influence of vegetation amount, type, and spatial pattern in the variation of extracellular soil enzyme activity (acid phosphatase, ß-glucosidase, and urease) in fire-prone shrublands in eastern Spain. Soil was sampled in vegetation-patch and open-interpatch microsites in 15 shrubland sites affected by large wildfires in 1991. On average, the activities of the three enzymes were 1.5 (ß-glucosidase and urease) to 1.7 (acid phosphatase) times higher in soils under vegetation patches than in adjacent interpatches. In addition, phosphatase activity for both microsites significantly decreased with the fragmentation of the vegetation. This result was attributed to a lower influence of roots -the main source of acid phosphatase- in the bigger interpatches of the sites with lower patch cover, and to feedbacks between vegetation pattern, redistribution of resources, and soil quality during post-fire vegetation dynamics. Phosphatase activity was also 1.2 times higher in patches of resprouter plants than in patches of non-resprouters, probably due to the faster post-fire recovery and older age of resprouter patches in these fire-prone ecosystems. The influence on the studied enzymes of topographic and climatic factors acting at the landscape scale was insignificant. According to our results, variations in the cover, pattern, and composition of vegetation patches may have profound impacts on soil enzyme activity and associated nutrient cycling processes in fire-prone Mediterranean shrublands, particularly in those related to phosphorus.

Trasplante pulmonar en pacientes portadores de fibrosis pulmonar: caracterización de una cohorte de 87 pacientes / Lung transplantation in 87 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease. Lung transplantation is the only effective therapy for a group of patients. Objective: To evaluate results of lung transplantation for fibrosis up to a 5 years of follow up. Methodology: Retrospective review of clinical records of patients subjected to lung transplantation from Clínica Las Condes and Instituto Nacional del Tórax. Demographic data, type of transplant, baseline and post-transplant spirometry and 6 min walked distance (6MWT), early and late complications and long-term survival rate were analyzed. Results: From 1999 to 2015, 87patients with pulmonary fibrosis were transplanted, in average they were 56 years old, 56% were male, 89% of patients were subjected to a single lung transplant. 16% of them were in urgency. Baseline and 1-3-5 years for FVC were 49-73-83 and 78% of the reference values and for 6MWT were 280, 485, 531 and 468 meters respectively. Predominant complications < 1 year post-transplant were: acute rejection (30%) and infections (42%). Complications after 1 year of transplantation were chronic graft dysfunction (DCI) 57% and neoplasms (15%). The main causes of mortality > 1 year were DCI (45%) and neoplasms (11%). The estimated 1, 3 and 5 year survival rate were 84, 71 and 58% respectively. Conclusions: Lung transplantation in patients with pulmonary fibrosis improves their quality of life and survival rate. The monopulmonary technique is efficient in the long term. Acute rejection and infection were the most common early complications and chronic graft dysfunction was the prevalent long-term complication.

La Fibrosis pulmonar es una enfermedad progresiva y el trasplante constituye una terapia efectiva para un grupo de pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del trasplante pulmonar por fibrosis a 5 años. Metodología: Revisión retrospectiva de registros de trasplante pulmonar de la Clínica Las Condes e Instituto Nacional del Tórax. Se analizaron datos demográficos, tipo de trasplante, función pulmonar basal y post-trasplante, complicaciones precoces y tardías y sobrevida a largo plazo. Resultados: Entre 1999 y 2015 ambos centros trasplantaron 87 pacientes por fibrosis pulmonar. Los pacientes tenían una edad promedio de 56 años, 56% eran del género masculino y se usó técnica monopulmonar en 89% de ellos. 16% de los pacientes se encontraba en urgencia. Los resultados espirométricos y la distancia caminada en 6 minutos (T6 min) basales y a 1- 3 - 5 años fueron: CVF 49- 73- 83 y 78% del valor teórico y T6 min fue 280, 485, 531 y 468 metros respectivamente. Complicaciones predominantes < 1 año fueron: rechazo agudo 30% e infecciones 42%. Complicaciones > 1 año fueron: disfunción crónica del injerto (DCI) 57% y neoplasias 15%. Las causas de mortalidad > 1 año fueron DCI 45% y neoplasias 11%. La sobrevida estimada a uno, 3 y 5 años fue 84, 71 y 58% respectivamente. Conclusiones: El trasplante en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar, permite mejorar la calidad de vida y sobrevida de estos pacientes. La técnica monopulmonar es eficiente a largo plazo. En las complicaciones precoces predominaron el rechazo agudo e infecciones y a largo plazo la DCI.

Targeted diagnostic magnetic nanoparticles for medical imaging of pancreatic cancer.

Highly aggressive cancer types such as pancreatic cancer possess a mortality rate of up to 80% within the first 6months after diagnosis. To reduce this high mortality rate, more sensitive diagnostic tools allowing an early stage medical imaging of even very small tumours are needed. For this purpose, magnetic, biodegradable nanoparticles prepared using recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) and incorporated iron oxide (maghemite, γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were developed. Galectin-1 has been chosen as target receptor as this protein is upregulated in pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions but not in healthy pancreatic tissue nor in pancreatitis. Tissue plasminogen activator derived peptides (t-PA-ligands), that have a high affinity to galectin-1 have been chosen as target moieties and were covalently attached onto the nanoparticle surface. Improved targeting and imaging properties were shown in mice using single photon emission computed tomography-computer tomography (SPECT-CT), a handheld gamma camera, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Neuroprotective actions of progesterone in an in vivo model of retinitis pigmentosa.

Progesterone has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in experimental acute brain injury models, but little is known about the effects of steroid sex hormones in models of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The aim of this study was to asses whether progesterone had a protective effect in one animal model of RP (the rd1 mice), and whether its action was due at least in part, to its ability to reduce free radical damage or to increase antioxidant defences. Rd1 and wild type (wt) mice received an oral administration of 100 mg/kg body/weight of progesterone on alternate days starting at postnatal day 7 (PN7) and were sacrificed at different postnatal days. Our results show that progesterone decreases cell death, as the number of TUNEL-positive cells were decreased in the ONL of the retina from treated rd1 mice. At PN15, treatment with progesterone increased values of ERG b-wave amplitude (p<0,5) when compared with untreated mice. Progesterone also decreased the observed gliosis in RP, though this effect was transient. Treatment with progesterone significantly reduced retinal glutamate concentrations at PN15 and PN17. To clarify the mechanism by which progesterone is able to decrease retinal glutamate concentration, we examined expression levels of glutamine synthase (GS). Our results showed a significant increase in GS in rd1 treated retinas at PN13. Treatment with progesterone, significantly increase not only GSH but also oxidized glutathione retinal concentrations, probably because progesterone is able to partially increase glutamate cysteine ligase c subunit (GCLC) at PN15 and PN17 (p<0,05). In summary, our results demonstrate that oral administration of progesterone appears to act on multiple levels to delay photoreceptor death in this model of RP.

Ingresos por celulitis facial odontogénica en un hospital de Madrid. Características clínicas y tratamiento / Pediatric facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin admitted in one secondary level hospital in Madrid. Clinical characteristics and treatment

Introducción: Las celulitis faciales no son una consulta excepcional en urgencias hospitalarias en pediatría. El diagnóstico médico es eminentemente clínico. No suelen precisarse exploraciones complementarias de imagen, salvo por sospecha de complicaciones y las necesarias para el tratamiento odontológico específico. Deben diferenciarse las celulitis de origen dentario de las orbitarias y las de otro origen. El propósito de este estudio retrospectivo era analizar las características clínicas de las celulitis faciales de origen odontogénico (CFO) en los pacientes que ingresaron en nuestro hospital. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de las CFO de los pacientes ingresados en un hospital de segundo nivel, con un seguimiento telefónico tras el alta. Las variables estudiadas fueron las siguientes: edad, sexo, localización de la celulitis, síntomas de infección, analítica, tiempo de evolución en el momento del ingreso, utilización de pruebas complementarias y manejo posterior al alta del paciente. La estadística descriptiva se realizó con los programas Microsoft Excel 2010 y Epidat 3.1. Resultados: Durante el curso 2013-2014 ingresaron en nuestro hospital 9 pacientes con diagnóstico final de CFO, que representó el 0,8% de todos los ingresos de la planta de pediatría. El criterio de ingreso mayoritario fue la rápida progresión de la inflamación. Dos pacientes (22,2%) eran varones, la media de edad (± desviación estándar) era de 8,48 ± 3,4 años (rango: 5-13); el 55,5% (5) tenía ≤6 años de edad. En 7 casos (77,8%) se observaron caries en la exploración intraoral inicial, y en los 2 casos restantes se observó durante el ingreso la existencia de abscesos dentales y otras lesiones orales. Se apreció una extensión hasta la región periorbitaria, preseptal (edema), en 4 de ellos (44,4%). La alteración analítica más frecuente fue la neutrofilia, en 8 casos (88,9%). La estancia media hospitalaria fue de 4,2 ± 2,7 días (rango: 3-11). Ante la sospecha de complicaciones, o para valorar el posible origen otorrinolaringológico, se realizó una prueba de imagen en 4 casos (44,4%): tomografía computarizada, ecografía y radiología simple. El tratamiento incluyó amoxicilina-clavulánico i.v. en todos los casos, y corticoides i.v. en 4 (44,4%). Ninguno precisó traslado hospitalario. Tras el alta se pudo contactar telefónicamente con 8 pacientes (88,9%). Todos ellos recibieron tratamiento odontológico, y en 5 casos (55,5%) se extrajo la pieza. Conclusiones: Deben remitirse para considerar su ingreso los pacientes con CFO de rápida progresión, con trismus, afectación general o fracaso del tratamiento antibiótico oral. Establecer un diagnóstico correcto y precoz (con antibioterapia y tratamiento dental apropiados) es clave para una resolución rápida de las infecciones faciales odontogénicas. Se recomienda realizar más estudios sobre este tema (AU)

Introduction: Facial cellulitis is frequently seen in children’s hospitals at emergency department. The diagnosis is essentially clinical. Complementary explorations of image aren’t required, except if complications are suspected, and those necessary for the specific dental treatment. The differential diagnosis of cellulitis of dental origin, orbital cellulitis, and those of another source is conclusive. This retrospective study’s purpose was to describe the clinical characteristics of odontogenic-based facial cellulitis admitted in our hospital. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective review that included facial cellulitis of odontogenic origin admitted in our secondary level urban hospital, with follow-up phone call. Clinical investigations included age, sex, location of cellulitis, symptoms of infection, white blood cell count, timing of evolution at admission, and management after discharge. Database and descriptive statistical analysis were made with Microsoft Excel 2010 and Epidat 3.1. Results: A total of 9 patients (2 males) with odontogenic facial cellulitis as final diagnosis were admitted, in the past one year (2013 July to 2014 June). Percentage: 0.8% of all pediatric hospital population. Admission criteria was rapidly progressive swelling of the face. The mean age (± standard deviation) was 8.48 ± 3.4 years (range: 5-13), 5 cases (55.5%) were 6 years old or younger. In 77.8% caries was diagnosed at admission, and in the other 2 patients dental abscess was seen during stay. Mild anterior orbital edema was seen in 4 (44.4%). Neutrophilia was the most frequent finding, 8 cases (88.9%). The mean length of hospitalization was 4.2 ± 2.7 days (range: 3-11). In order to assess the possibility of complications or origin ENT, imaging techniques was needed in 4 (44.4%), including CT, ultrasounds and x-Ray. Antibiotic parenteral therapy was amoxicillin-clavulanate in all patients, and corticosteroid in 4 (44.4%). No one patient needed maxillofacial derivation. Phone contact was achieved in 88.9% patients, with dental intervention after infection control in all cases. Conclusions: It should be considered admission in case of CFO of rapid progression, trismus, general involvement or failure of oral antibiotic treatment. With early and correct diagnosis, antibiotic treatment and appropriate timing for dental interventions, rapid resolution of the facial infection of odontogenic origin is expected. More studies are recommended (AU)

Ensayo Xpert MTB/RIF en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis / Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for tuberculosis diagnosis

Xpert MTB/RF is an automatic methodology that uses the polymerase chain reaction to detect in less than two hours the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and also informs about the sensibility to rifampicin. This technology has good sensibility and even better specificity in respiratory samples. In non-respiratory samples the sensibility is lower. We analyzed the results of samples sent to the Laboratory of Tuberculosis of the Instituto Nacional del Tórax-Chile (National Thorax Institute) during the last two years since we started to use this technology. We analyzed 529 samples, 384 (73%) of them were respiratory in origin and 145 (27%) were non-respiratory. Only 43 samples were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 33 from respiratory samples, and 10 from other sources. 17 smear negative samples were culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis; 15 of them were detected by Xpert; 351 samples were culture negative, 17 of them were positive by Xpert, the majority in patients under treatment for tuberculosis or with old tuberculosis. Ten of 10 culture positive patients from non-respiratory samples were positive with Xpert. The interpretation of Rifampicin resistance, when its prevalence in a given population is low, like is the case in Chile, requires confirmation by using standard methods.

Xpert MTB/RIF es un método automatizado basado en la reacción de la polimerasa en cadena que permite en menos de dos horas detectar la presencia de ADN de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y, además, informa la susceptibilidad a la Rifampicina. Esta técnica, que está disponible en el Instituto Nacional del Tórax (INT) desde hace dos años, tiene una buena sensibilidad y una mejor especificidad en muestras respiratorias. En muestras no respiratorias el rendimiento, aunque inferior, sigue siendo clínicamente útil. Se analizaron 529 muestras enviadas al Laboratorio de Tuberculosis del INT, comparándolas con el cultivo de Koch en medio sólido que es el "gold standard". El 73% (384) de las muestras fueron respiratorias y sólo 145 (27%) no respiratorias (líquido pleural, orina y líquido cefalorraquídeo). Del total de las muestras, 43 resultaron positivas para tuberculosis, de ellas, 33 eran de origen respiratorio y 10 no respiratorio. Todos los pacientes que tenían baciloscopias positivas fueron confirmados por el Xpert. De los 17 enfermos con baciloscopias negativas y cultivos positivos, 15 fueron detectados con el Xpert. De los 351 pacientes con cultivos negativos de las muestras respiratorias, 17 resultaron positivos por el Xpert, pero 8 de éstos estaban en tratamiento o habían tenido una tuberculosis anteriormente. En las muestras no respiratorias, de 10 pacientes con cultivos positivos el Xpert detectó los 10, demostrando también una excelente sensibilidad. En cuanto a la resistencia a Rifampicina, cuando la prevalencia de ésta en una población es baja, como ocurre en Chile, requiere confirmación por las técnicas estándar.

Straightforward synthesis of radioiodinated Cc-substituted o-carboranes: towards a versatile platform to enable the in vivo assessment of BNCT drug candidates.

Due to their high boron content and rich chemistry, dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes (carboranes) are promising building blocks for the development of drug candidates with application in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. However, the non-invasive determination of their pharmacokinetic properties to predict therapeutic efficacy is still a challenge. Herein, we have reported the unprecedented preparation of mono-[(125)I] iodinated decaborane via a catalyst-assisted isotopic exchange. Subsequent reactions of the radiolabelled species with acetylenes in acetonitrile under microwave heating yield the corresponding (125)I-labelled, Cc-substituted o-carboranes with good overall radiochemical yields in short reaction times. The same synthetic strategy was successfully applied to the preparation of (131)I-labelled analogues, and further extension to other radioisotopes of iodine such as (124)I (positron emitter) or (123)I (gamma emitter) can be envisaged. Hence, the general strategy reported here is suitable for the preparation of a wide range of radiolabelled Cc-substituted o-carborane derivatives. The labelled compounds might be subsequently investigated in vivo by using nuclear imaging techniques such as Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography or Positron Emission Tomography.

Visualisation of dual radiolabelled poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle degradation in vivo using energy-discriminant SPECT.

The determination of nanoparticle (NP) stability and degradation in vivo is essential for the accurate evaluation of NP biodistribution in medical applications and for understanding their toxicological effects. Such determination is particularly challenging because NPs are extremely difficult to detect and quantify once distributed in a biological system. Radiolabelling with positron or gamma emitters and subsequent imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) are some of the few valid alternatives. However, NPs that degrade or radionuclides that detach or are released from the NPs can cause artefact. Here, submicron-sized poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) stabilised with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were dual radiolabelled using gamma emitters with different energy spectra incorporated into the core and coating. To label the core, 111In-doped iron oxide NPs were encapsulated inside PLGA-NPs during NP preparation, and the BSA coating was labelled by electrophilic substitution using 125I. After intravenous administration into rats, energy-discriminant SPECT resolved each radioisotope independently. Imaging revealed different fates for the core and coating, with a fraction of the two radionuclides co-localising in the liver and lungs for long periods of time after administration, suggesting that NPs are stable in these organs. Organ harvesting followed by gamma counting corroborated the SPECT results. The general methodology reported here represents an excellent alternative for visualising the degradation process of multi-labelled NPs in vivo and can be extended to a wide range of engineered NPs.