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Am J Respir Crit Care Med ; 188(9): 1110-6, 2013 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24032348

ABSTRACT

RATIONALE: Gene promoter methylation detected in sputum predicts lung cancer risk in smokers. Compared with non-Hispanic whites (NHW), Hispanics have a lower age-standardized incidence for lung cancer. OBJECTIVES: This study compared the methylation prevalence in sputum of NHWs with Hispanics using the Lovelace Smokers cohort (n = 1998) and evaluated the effect of Native American ancestry (NAA) and diet on biomarkers for lung cancer risk. METHODS: Genetic ancestry was estimated using 48 ancestry markers. Diet was assessed by the Harvard University Dietary Assessment questionnaire. Methylation of 12 genes was measured in sputum using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The association between NAA and risk for methylation was assessed using generalized estimating equations. The ethnic difference in the association between pack-years and risk for lung cancer was assessed in the New Mexico lung cancer study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Overall Hispanics had a significantly increased risk for methylation across the 12 genes analyzed (odds ratio, 1.18; P = 0.007). However, the risk was reduced by 32% (P = 0.032) in Hispanics with high versus low NAA. In the New Mexico lung cancer study, Hispanic non-small cell lung cancer cases have significantly lower pack-years than NHW counterparts (P = 0.007). Furthermore, compared with NHW smokers, Hispanic smokers had a more rapidly increasing risk for lung cancer as a function of pack-years (P = 0.058). CONCLUSIONS: NAA may be an important risk modifier for methylation in Hispanic smokers. Smoking intensity may have a greater impact on risk for lung cancer in Hispanics compared with NHWs.


Subject(s)
American Indian or Alaska Native/genetics , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/ethnology , DNA Methylation/physiology , Diet , Hispanic or Latino/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/ethnology , Smoking/ethnology , Aged , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics , Cohort Studies , Female , Folic Acid/physiology , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , New Mexico , Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology , Risk Factors , Smoking/genetics , Sputum/chemistry
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