Quality of life in adolescents with heavy menstrual bleeding: Validation of the Adolescent Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire (aMBQ).

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) affects 34% to 37% of adolescent girls. The Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire (MBQ) is a validated measure of menstrual bleeding-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for women aged ≥18 years. No similar measure existed for adolescents with HMB. PATIENTS/METHODS: HMB was defined by the Pictorial Bleeding Assessment Chart (PBAC) score ≥100. In Phase 1, a focus group of adolescents with HMB adapted the MBQ, to generate the Adolescent MBQ (aMBQ). In phase 2, participants with and without HMB were recruited from clinics and self-referral. Each participant completed 3 questionnaires (aMBQ, Pediatric Quality of Life module [PedsQL]©, PBAC) at two time points. Validity of the aMBQ was assessed by Pearson's correlation with the PedsQL©. Reliability was calculated using intra-class correlation (ICC) in those without HMB. The receiver operating characteristic curve assessed the aMBQ's ability to identify those with HMB. RESULTS: Phase 1 included five girls with a mean age of 17.1 (13-18) years. The aMBQ was adapted from the MBQ by substituting four words/phrases that altered 8 of the 20 questions and by adding 1 new question. The 21-item aMBQ has a score range of 0 to 77 (77 = worst HRQoL). Phase 2 included 52 participants: 20 with and 32 without HMB, with a mean age of 14.8 (11-17) years. The validity of the aMBQ was confirmed by a moderate correlation with PedsQL© (r = -0.63; P < .001). Test-retest reliability was substantial (ICC = 0.73; P = .04). An aMBQ score of >30 identified those with HMB with excellent discrimination (area under the curve = 0.82; sensitivity, 70.0%; specificity, 84.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The aMBQ is a valid and reliable tool to assess HRQoL in adolescents with HMB.

Using Individual Residents' Learning Trajectories to Better Understand the Impact of Gaps in Practice.

PURPOSE: To optimize learning, health professional training programs need to achieve the right balance between depth of practice (gaining more experience with particular skills) and breadth of practice (spreading experience across an array of activities). Better understanding how training for a particular skill set is impacted by periods of focus on a different skill set would allow improved curriculum and assessment design, thereby enhancing the efficiency of training and effectiveness of care. To this end, learning curves were used to compare performance in surgery after prolonged periods of practice to performance after gaps in surgical training. METHOD: Daily operative assessments from the Dalhousie obstetrics and gynecology program were analyzed retrospectively and learning curves were generated. In addition to examining the variability in learning trajectories, the impact of gaps was systematically assessed by comparing resident scores after 2 successive months in which they were not assessed operatively to those collected after 2 successive months in which they were assessed at least once. RESULTS: Four thousand four hundred sixteen scores for 33 residents over a 10-year period were analyzed. Trajectories and peak performances were identified. Residents performed better during their third sequential month of being assessed (mean = 4.40, 95% CI = 4.33-4.46) relative to during months following a period of being away from the operating room for at least 2 months (mean = 4.21, 95% CI = 4.13-4.29; P < .01; d = 0.7). However, maximum performance achieved was more strongly related to the number of times residents experienced a gap in training (r = 0.50) than to the number of times residents experienced 3 consecutive months of training (r = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: Distinct patterns of development exist for individual residents. Time away from surgical practice and assessment negatively impacted short-term performance, but may improve long-term learning trajectories. This speaks to the value of spaced education and is important for the design of longitudinal skills-based training programs.

No. 275-Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Gynaecologic Procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence and provide recommendations on antibiotic prophylaxis for gynaecologic procedures. OUTCOMES: Outcomes evaluated include need and effectiveness of antibiotics to prevent infections in gynaecologic procedures. EVIDENCE: Medline and The Cochrane Library were searched for articles published between January 1978 and January 2011 on the topic of antibiotic prophylaxis in gynaecologic procedures. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/ controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to June 2011. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES: The quality of evidence obtained was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventative Health Care (Table 1). BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Guideline implementation should result in a reduction of cost and related harm of administering antibiotics when not required and a reduction of infection and related morbidities when antibiotics have demonstrated a proven benefit.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Adolescent Births in Nova Scotia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to examine the maternal characteristics and outcomes of adolescent births in Nova Scotia. METHODS: The investigators conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database. Maternal characteristics and maternal and neonatal outcomes of singleton live births between 2006 and 2015 were compared between adolescent (aged 12 to 19) and adult (aged 20 to 35) women. Associations were examined using log-binomial regression models. RESULTS: Of the 35 111 births that occurred during the study period, 11% were to adolescent mothers. Compared with adult women, adolescents had higher rates of smoking and substance abuse and were of lower socioeconomic status. Adolescent mothers were more than twice as likely as women aged 20 to 35 to smoke during pregnancy. Adolescent women were significantly less likely to have gestational diabetes, need induction of labour, have an assisted vaginal delivery, require a Caesarean section, have a large-for-gestational age infant, or breastfeed at discharge compared with the 20 to 35 age group. Birth of a small-for-gestational age infant and other adverse neonatal outcomes were more frequently seen in adolescents compared with adult women in the unadjusted models, but this difference vanished in models adjusted for sociodemographic factors and smoking. CONCLUSION: This study highlights disparities in socioeconomic characteristics and health behaviours between births in adolescent and adult mothers and suggests that a targeted multidisciplinary approach would be valuable for the pregnant adolescent. The role of antenatal support for pregnant adolescents is reinforced because sociodemographic factors and smoking accounted for differences in neonatal outcomes relative to adult women.

No. 247-Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Obstetric Procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence and provide recommendations on antibiotic prophylaxis for obstetrical procedures. OUTCOMES: Outcomes evaluated include need and effectiveness of antibiotics to prevent infections in obstetrical procedures. EVIDENCE: Published literature was retrieved through searches of Medline and The Cochrane Library on the topic of antibiotic prophylaxis in obstetrical procedures. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. Searches were updated on a regular basis and articles published from January 1978 to June2009 were incorporated in the guideline. Current guidelines published by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology were also incorporated. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES: The evidence obtained was reviewed and evaluated by the Infectious Diseases Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada under the leadership of the principal authors, and recommendations were made according to guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Implementation of this guideline should reduce the cost and harm resulting from the administration of antibiotics when they are not required and the harm resulting from failure to administer antibiotics when they would be beneficial. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: RECOMMENDATIONS.

No. 233-Antibiotic Therapy in Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence and provide recommendations on the use of antibiotics in preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM). OUTCOMES: Outcomes evaluated include the effect of antibiotic treatment on maternal infection, chorioamnionitis, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. EVIDENCE: Published literature was retrieved through searches of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library, using appropriate controlled vocabulary and key words (PPROM, infection, and antibiotics). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no date or language restrictions. Searches were updated on a regular basis and new material incorporated in the guideline to July 2008. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES: The evidence obtained was reviewed and evaluated by the Infectious Diseases Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) under the leadership of the principal authors, and recommendations were made according to guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Guideline implementation should assist the practitioner in developing an approach to the use of antibiotics in women with PPROM. Patients will benefit from appropriate management of this condition. VALIDATION: This guideline has been reviewed and approved by the Infectious Diseases Committee and the Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee of the SOGC, and approved by the Executive and Council of the SOGC. SPONSOR: The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.

N° 341-Diagnostic et prise en charge de la torsion annexielle chez les filles, les adolescentes et les femmes adultes.

OBJECTIF: Passer en revue les connaissances scientifiques actuelles et formuler des recommandations relatives au diagnostic et à la prise en charge de la torsion annexielle chez les filles, les adolescentes et les femmes adultes. ISSUES: L'étude porte sur les facteurs de risque, la précision diagnostique, les options de prise en charge et les issues de la torsion annexielle. RéSULTATS: Nous avons examiné les études publiées en faisant des recherches dans MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL et la Bibliothèque Cochrane à l'aide d'une terminologie contrôlée et de mots-clés appropriés (« adnexal torsion ¼, « ovarian torsion ¼). Nous avons limité les résultats aux revues systématiques, aux essais contrôlés aléatoires, aux essais cliniques contrôlés et aux études d'observation. Nous avons refait les recherches de façon régulière et intégré de nouvelles données à la directive jusqu'en décembre 2014. Nous avons également étudié la littérature grise (non publiée) trouvée sur les sites Web d'organismes d'évaluation des technologies de la santé et d'autres organismes connexes, dans des collections de directives cliniques et dans des registres d'essais cliniques, et obtenue auprès d'associations nationales et internationales de médecins spécialistes. VALEURS: Les résultats ont été examinés et évalués par le comité CANPAGO de la Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada (SOGC), sous la direction des auteures principales. Les recommandations ont été classées selon les critères établis par le Groupe d'étude canadien sur les soins de santé préventifs. AVANTAGES, DéSAVANTAGES ET COûTS: L'application de la directive devrait aider les praticiens à adopter une approche de diagnostic et de prise en charge optimale en matière de torsion annexielle, à réduire au minimum les effets néfastes et à améliorer l'issue qui attend les patientes. VALIDATION: La présente directive a été évaluée et approuvée par le Comité de pratique - gynécologie de la SOGC, et approuvée par le Conseil de la SOGC. Parrainé par la Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada. DéCLARATIONS SOMMAIRES: RECOMMANDATIONS.

No. 341-Diagnosis and Management of Adnexal Torsion in Children, Adolescents, and Adults.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence and provide recommendations on the diagnosis and management of adnexal torsion in children, adolescents, and women. OUTCOMES: Elements evaluated include the risk factors, diagnostic accuracy, management options, and outcomes of adnexal torsion. EVIDENCE: Published literature was retrieved through searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library using appropriate controlled vocabulary and key words ("adnexal torsion," "ovarian torsion"). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. Searches were updated on a regular basis and new material incorporated in the guideline to December 2014. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES: The evidence obtained was reviewed and evaluated by the Canadian Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology and Obstetrics Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) under the leadership of the principal authors. Recommendations were made according to guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Guideline implementation should assist the practitioner in developing an optimal approach to the diagnosis and management of adnexal torsion while minimizing harm and improving patient outcomes. VALIDATION: These guidelines have been reviewed and approved by the Gynaecology Committee of the SOGC and approved by the council of the SOGC. SPONSOR: The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada SUMMARY STATEMENTS: RECOMMENDATIONS.

An Advisory Committee for the Regulation of Innovation in Gynaecologic Practice: Development and Implementation.

The fundamental precepts that underpin the delivery of all medical care are safety and efficacy. Although these precepts, in theory, are accepted without challenge, in many settings where clinical care is delivered, there is a lack of formal oversight necessary to ensure their implementation in practice. Even though most medical specialties have national bodies that provide guidelines for good medical practice, and hospital accreditation makes reference to dissemination of such guidelines, there is usually not a mechanism to monitor medical uptake and adherence to good practice in the day-to-day delivery of care. Most hospitals require approval by an institutional review board before research protocols can be undertaken, but regional health authorities and hospitals do not usually have formal processes in place to regulate the adoption of new technologies into clinical practice. Recognizing the lack of a formal process at the hospital level to guide and regulate the introduction of new technologies or procedures, we set out to establish an oversight process to fill this gap. A committee was established to oversee innovation in the Gynaecology Division of our hospital. We describe here the establishment of this committee, the tools the committee used, and the processes used for the committee to do its work. We conclude that formal, local oversight of medical innovation is indispensible for ensuring the high standards of medical practice necessary to optimize patient safety.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in gynaecologic procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence and provide recommendations on antibiotic prophylaxis for gynaecologic procedures. OUTCOMES: Outcomes evaluated include need and effectiveness of antibiotics to prevent infections in gynaecologic procedures. EVIDENCE: Medline and The Cochrane Library were searched for articles published between January 1978 and January 2011 on the topic of antibiotic prophylaxis in gynaecologic procedures. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to June 2011. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES: The quality of evidence obtained was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventative Health Care (Table 1). BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Guideline implementation should result in a reduction of cost and related harm of administering antibiotics when not required and a reduction of infection and related morbidities when antibiotics have demonstrated a proven benefit. RECOMMENDATIONS: (1) All women undergoing an abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy should receive antibiotic prophylaxis. (I-A) (2) All women undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy or laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy should receive prophylactic antibiotics. (III-B) (3) The choice of antibiotic for hysterectomy should be a single dose of a first-generation cephalosporin. If patients are allergic to cephalosporin, then clindamycin, erythromycin, or metronidazole should be used. (I-A) (4) Prophylactic antibiotics should be administered 15 to 60 minutes prior to skin incision. No additional doses are recommended. (I-A) (5) If an open abdominal procedure is lengthy (e.g., > 3 hours), or if the estimated blood loss is > 1500 mL, an additional dose of the prophylactic antibiotic may be given 3 to 4 hours after the initial dose. (III-C) (6) Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for laparoscopic procedures that involve no direct access from the abdominal cavity to the uterine cavity or vagina. (l-E) (7) All women undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse and/or stress urinary incontinence should receive a single dose of first-generation cephalosporin. (III-B) (8) Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for hysteroscopic surgery. (II-2D) (9) All women undergoing an induced (therapeutic) surgical abortion should receive prophylactic antibiotics to reduce the risk of post-abortal infection. (I-A) (10) Prophylactic antibiotics are not suggested to reduce infectious morbidity following surgery for a missed or incomplete abortion. (I-E) (11) Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for insertion of an intrauterine device. (I-E) However, health care professionals could consider screening for sexually transmitted infections in high-risk populations. (III-C) (12) There is insufficient evidence to support the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for an endometrial biopsy. (III-L) (13) The best method to prevent infection after hysterosalpingography is unknown. Women with dilated tubes found at the time of hysterosalpingography are at highest risk, and prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline) should be given. (II-3B) (14) Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for urodynamic studies in women at low risk, unless the incidence of urinary tract infection post-urodynamics is > 10%. (1-E) (15) In patients with morbid obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m²), doubling the antibiotic dose may be considered. (III-B) (16) Administration of antibiotics solely to prevent endocarditis is not recommended for patients who undergo a genitourinary procedure. (III-E).

Ovarian fibromas in pediatric patients with basal cell nevus (Gorlin) syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Gorlin syndrome is a rare genetic condition consisting of multiple basal cell nevi associated with other entities such as medulloblastoma, skeletal abnormalities, and ovarian fibromas. CASE: A 15-year-old girl presented with abdominal discomfort. Magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple bilateral solid adnexal masses, the largest measuring 5.5 cm × 6.1 cm × 5.6 cm. At laparoscopy, 10 ovarian fibromas, ranging from 3 mm to 7 cm in size, were removed from each ovary. Concurrent with her gynecologic course, she was found to have maxillary sinus cysts and multiple basal cell nevi. The patient's history was also significant for a medulloblastoma as an infant. Given this constellation of findings, a diagnosis of Gorlin syndrome was made. CONCLUSION: The development of ovarian fibromas in the pediatric population is rare. When diagnosed, the possibility of Gorlin syndrome must be considered. Furthermore, females with Gorlin syndrome would benefit from regular gynecologic surveillance.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in obstetric procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence and provide recommendations on antibiotic prophylaxis for obstetrical procedures. OUTCOMES: Outcomes evaluated include need and effectiveness of antibiotics to prevent infections in obstetrical procedures. EVIDENCE: Published literature was retrieved through searches of Medline and The Cochrane Library on the topic of antibiotic prophylaxis in obstetrical procedures. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. Searches were updated on a regular basis and articles published from January 1978 to June 2009 were incorporated in the guideline. Current guidelines published by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology were also incorporated. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES: The evidence obtained was reviewed and evaluated by the Infectious Diseases Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada under the leadership of the principal authors, and recommendations were made according to guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Implementation of this guideline should reduce the cost and harm resulting from the administration of antibiotics when they are not required and the harm resulting from failure to administer antibiotics when they would be beneficial. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: 1. Available evidence does not support the use of prophylactic antibiotics to reduce infectious morbidity following operative vaginal delivery. (II-1) 2. There is insufficient evidence to argue for or against the use of prophylactic antibiotics to reduce infectious morbidity for manual removal of the placenta. (III) 3. There is insufficient evidence to argue for or against the use of prophylactic antibiotics at the time of postpartum dilatation and curettage for retained products of conception. (III) 4. Available evidence does not support the use of prophylactic antibiotics to reduce infectious morbidity following elective or emergency cerclage. (II-3) RECOMMENDATIONS: 1. All women undergoing elective or emergency Caesarean section should receive antibiotic prophylaxis. (I-A) 2. The choice of antibiotic for Caesarean section should be a single dose of a first-generation cephalosporin. If the patient has a penicillin allergy, clindamycin or erythromycin can be used. (I-A) 3. The timing of prophylactic antibiotics for Caesarean section should be 15 to 60 minutes prior to skin incision. No additional doses are recommended. (I-A) 4. If an open abdominal procedure is lengthy (>3 hours) or estimated blood loss is greater than 1500 mL, an additional dose of the prophylactic antibiotic may be given 3 to 4 hours after the initial dose. (III-L) 5. Prophylactic antibiotics may be considered for the reduction of infectious morbidity associated with repair of third and fourth degree perineal injury. (I-B) 6. In patients with morbid obesity (BMI>35), doubling the antibiotic dose may be considered. (III-B) 7. Antibiotics should not be administered solely to prevent endocarditis for patients who undergo an obstetrical procedure of any kind. (III-E).

Immunization in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence and provide recommendations on immunization in pregnancy. OUTCOMES: Outcomes evaluated include effectiveness of immunization, and risks and benefits for mother and fetus. EVIDENCE: The Medline and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published up to June 2007 on the topic of immunization in pregnancy. VALUES: The evidence obtained was reviewed and evaluated by the Infectious Diseases Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) under the leadership of the principal authors, and recommendations were made according to guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: Implementation of the recommendations in this guideline should result in more appropriate immunization of pregnant and breastfeeding women, decreased risk of contraindicated immunization, and better disease prevention. Recommendations 1. All women of childbearing age should be evaluated for the possibility of pregnancy before immunization. (III-A) 2. Health care providers should obtain an immunization history from all women accessing prenatal care. (III-A) 3. In general, live and/or live-attenuated virus vaccines are contraindicated during pregnancy, as there is a, largely theoretical, risk to the fetus. (II-3) 4. Women who have inadvertently received immunization with live or live-attenuated vaccines during pregnancy should not be counselled to terminate the pregnancy because of a teratogenic risk. (II-2) 5. Non-pregnant women immunized with a live or live-attenuated vaccine should be counselled to delay pregnancy for at least four weeks. (III) 6. Inactivated viral vaccines, bacterial vaccines, and toxoids are considered safe in pregnancy. (II-1) 7. Women who are breastfeeding can still be immunized (passive-active immunization, live or killed vaccines). (II-1) 8. Pregnant women should be offered the influenza vaccine when pregnant during the influenza season. (II-1).

Clinical features, investigations and management of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is defined as chronic anovulation with evidence of hyperandrogenism, after the exclusion of secondary causes. It is commonly linked to obesity and the presence of the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVES: To review the clinical features and medical assessment of adolescents referred for PCOS to gynecology or endocrinology services at The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto, Ontario). METHODS: A chart review was conducted of all adolescents with PCOS referred during a one-year period. Measures included clinical findings, investigations and management. RESULTS: Forty-one adolescent girls, with a mean age +/- SD of 14.7+/-1.5 years, were reviewed. Common presenting complaints were menstrual irregularities in 35 of 41 girls (85%) and hirsutism in 28 of 41 girls (68%), with 32 of 41 adolescents (78%) having more than one complaint. The majority (31 of 38 [82%]) were overweight or obese. Features associated with the metabolic syndrome (hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and obesity) were identified in some adolescents, but were not consistently assessed. Blood pressure was assessed in 38 adolescents, fasting plasma glucose in 27, triglycerides in 22 and cholesterol in 21. Only four of 28 adolescents (15%) who underwent pelvic ultrasound demonstrated ovarian cysts. Investigations and management differed somewhat between endocrinologists and gynecologists. Most adolescents (34 of 41 [83%]) received pharmacological treatment: oral contraceptive pill (21 of 34 [62%]); intermittent medroxyprogesterone acetate to induce withdrawal bleeding (nine of 34 [26%]); metformin (two of 34 [6%]); or oral contraceptive pill and antiandrogen (two of 34 [6%]). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with PCOS are at risk of developing metabolic abnormalities. Polycystic ovaries were not a consistent finding. The most commonly prescribed treatment was the oral contraceptive pill. Greater attention should be placed on screening adolescents with PCOS for diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia, allowing for earlier identification and management of potentially modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.