Pylephlebitis and Right-Sided Endocarditis: A Rare Complication of an Intra-abdominal Infection.

Right-sided infective endocarditis is less common than left-sided endocarditis and can be a difficult clinical diagnosis. The presence of intracardiac devices is a major risk factor. The presentation is less clear than left-sided forms because of the presence of respiratory symptoms and the absence of systemic embolization. Pylephlebitis, or septic thrombosis of the portal vein, is a serious infectious condition that often delays diagnosis. It is a complication of intraabdominal or pelvic infections. Streptococcus gallolyticus (S. gallolyticus) can cause infective endocarditis and is associated with colon neoplasia and hepatobiliary disease. In this case report, we describe the case of a 76-year-old male with a history of rectal adenocarcinoma who presented with different episodes of fever of unknown origin (FUO), one of which occurred after pacemaker implantation. Ultimately, he was diagnosed with S. gallolyticus-mediated tricuspid valve endocarditis with underlying pylephlebitis. Investigations did not show evidence of pacemaker lead endocarditis.

A case of vitamin B12 deficiency neurological syndrome in a young adult due to late-onset cobalamin C (CblC) deficiency: a diagnostic challenge.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can present with neurologic and psychiatric symptoms without macrocytic anaemia. We describe a case of late-onset cobalamin C deficiency which typically presents with normal serum vitamin B12 concentrations, posing an additional diagnostic challenge. A 23-year-old woman with decreased muscle strength and hallucinations was diagnosed with 'catatonic depression' and admitted to a residential mental health facility. She was referred to our hospital for further investigation 3 months later. Heteroanamnesis revealed that the symptoms had been evolving progressively over several months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed diffuse symmetrical white matter lesions in both hemispheres. Routine laboratory tests including vitamin B12 and folic acid were normal except for a slight normocytic, normochromic anaemia. Over the next 6 weeks her symptoms deteriorated, and she became unresponsive to stimuli. A new MRI scan showed progression of the white matter lesions. The neurologist requested plasma homocysteine (Hcys) which was more than 8 times the upper limit of normal. Further testing revealed increased methylmalonic acid and the patient was diagnosed with adult-onset cobalamin C deficiency. This case illustrates that Hcys and/or methylmalonic acid should be determined in patients presenting with neuropsychiatric symptoms suggestive of vitamin B12 deficiency with a normal serum vitamin B12 to rule out a late-onset cobalamin C deficiency.

Efficacy and safety of cold snare polypectomy for sessile serrated polyps ≥ 10 mm: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cold snare polypectomy (CSP) is a promising technique for the removal of sessile serrated polyps (SSPs) ≥ 10 mm. However, the efficacy and safety of this technique remain undetermined. AIMS: We aimed to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and safety of CSP for SSPs ≥ 10 mm. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched up to January 2021. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies consisting of 1727 SSPs (range, 10-40 mm) from 1021 patients were included. The overall rates of technical success, adverse events (AEs) and residual SSPs were 100%, 0.7% and 2.9%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the rates of technical success and AEs were comparable between CSP and cold endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) (99.9% vs. 100% and 1.3% vs. 0.5%, respectively), between the proximal and distal colon (100% vs. 99.9% and 0.3% vs. 0, respectively), and between polyps of 10-19 mm and ≥20 mm (99.8% vs. 100% and 0.9% vs. 0, respectively). However, subgroup analysis showed that the rate of residual SSPs was slightly lower in CSP compared with cold EMR (1.3% vs. 3.9%), as well as in polyps of 10-19 mm compared with those ≥20 mm (3.1% vs. 4.7%). CONCLUSION: CSP was an effective and safe technique for removing SSPs ≥ 10 mm.

Belgian experience with direct acting antivirals in people who inject drugs.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hepatitis C viral infection (HCV) has become a curable disease due to the development of direct acting antivirals (DAA). The WHO has set a target to eliminate HCV completely. Therefore, people who inject drugs (PWID) also need to be treated. In this study, we compared the real-life uptake and outcome of DAA treatment for HCV in PWID and non-PWID. METHODS: We performed a nation-wide, retrospective cohort study in 15 hospitals. All patients who were treated with simeprevir-sofosbuvir, daclatasvir-sofosbuvir, or ombitasvir/paritaprevir ritonavir-dasabuvir between December 2013 and November 2015 were included. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 579 patients: 115 PWID (19.9%) and 464 non-PWID (80.1%). Of the PWID 18 were active PWID (15.6%), 35 still received opiate substitution therapy (OST) (30.4%) and 62 were former PWID without OST (53.9%). PWID were more infected with genotype 1a and 3 (p=0.001). There were equal rates of side-effects (44.7% vs. 46.6%; p=0.847), similar rates of treatment completion (95.7% vs 98.1%; p=0.244) and SVR (93.0% vs 94.8%; p=0.430) between PWID and non-PWID, respectively. CONCLUSION: PWID, especially active users, are underserved for DAA treatment in real life in Belgium. Reimbursement criteria based on fibrosis stage make it difficult to treat PWID. Treatment adherence is similar in PWID and the general population, even in patients with active abuse. DAA were safe and effective in PWID despite the higher prevalence of difficult-to-treat genotypes. Based on these data more efforts to treat PWID are needed and policy changes are necessary to reach the WHO targets.

Liver failure after long-limb gastric bypass.

Liver failure is reported with increasing frequency in patients who underwent bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. In most cases, liver transplantation is the only possible treatment to avoid fatal outcome. Although most cases are observed after older bariatric surgery techniques characterized by high malabsorption rates, we report on a 38-year-old woman who developed liver failure seven months after long-limb gastric bypass.