ABSTRACT
The Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) has reviewed and updated the recommendations for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in critically ill patients published by the Group in 2011, with the primary aim of helping decision making in daily clinical practice. The recommendations have been formulated by an expert panel with broad experience in nutritional and metabolic support in critically ill patients, and were drafted between March 2016 and February 2019. A level of evidence has been provided for each of the recommendations, based on the GRADE methodology (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group). A grade of recommendation has also been produced, taking into account the clinical impact of the recommendation, regardless of the level of evidence established by the GRADE scale.
ABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Critical Care/standards , Societies, Medical/standards , Nutritional Support , Evidence-Based Medicine/methods , Enteral Nutrition/standards , Parenteral Nutrition, Total/standards , Nutritional StatusABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Intensive Care Units , Nutrition Surveys , Refeeding Syndrome/epidemiology , Malnutrition/diet therapy , Malnutrition/diagnosis , Nutritional Status , Phosphorus/blood , Prescriptions , Refeeding Syndrome/etiology , Societies, Medical , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/etiology , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/prevention & controlSubject(s)
Intensive Care Units , Nutrition Surveys , Refeeding Syndrome/epidemiology , Critical Care/organization & administration , Humans , Malnutrition/diagnosis , Malnutrition/diet therapy , Nutrition Assessment , Nutritional Status , Phosphorus/blood , Prescriptions , Refeeding Syndrome/etiology , Risk , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Societies, Medical , Spain , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/etiology , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/prevention & controlABSTRACT
La estandarización de la medicina intensiva puede mejorar el tratamiento del paciente crítico. No obstante, estos programas de estandarización no se han aplicado de forma generalizada en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). El objetivo de este trabajo es elaborar las recomendaciones para la estandarización del tratamiento de los pacientes críticos. Se seleccionó un panel de expertos de los trece grupos de trabajo (GT) de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC), elegido por su experiencia clínica y/o científica para la realización de las recomendaciones. Se analizó la literatura publicada entre 2002 y 2016 sobre diferentes tópicos de los pacientes críticos. En reuniones de cada GT los expertos discutieron las propuestas y sintetizaron las conclusiones, que fueron finalmente aprobadas por los GT después de un amplio proceso de revisión interna realizado entre diciembre de 2015 y diciembre de 2016. Finalmente, se elaboraron un total de 65 recomendaciones, 5 por cada uno de los 13 GT. Estas recomendaciones se basan en la opinión de expertos y en el conocimiento científico y pretenden servir de guía para los intensivistas como una ayuda en el manejo de los pacientes críticos (AU)
The standardization of the Intensive Care Medicine may improve the management of the adult critically ill patient. However, these strategies have not been widely applied in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The aim is to elaborate the recommendations for the standardization of the treatment of critical patients. A panel of experts from the thirteen working groups (WG) of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) was selected and nominated by virtue of clinical expertise and/or scientific experience to carry out the recommendations. Available scientific literature in the management of adult critically ill patients from 2002 to 2016 was extracted. The clinical evidence was discussed and summarised by the experts in the course of a consensus finding of every WG and finally approved by the WGs after an extensive internal review process that was carried out between December 2015 and December 2016. A total of 65 recommendations were developed, of which 5 corresponded to each of the 13 WGs. These recommendations are based on the opinion of experts and scientific knowledge, and are intended as a guide for the intensivists in the management of critical patients (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Critical Care/standards , Critical Illness/therapy , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Intensive Care Units/standards , Coronary Care Units/standards , Withholding Treatment/standards , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/standardsABSTRACT
The standardization of the Intensive Care Medicine may improve the management of the adult critically ill patient. However, these strategies have not been widely applied in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The aim is to elaborate the recommendations for the standardization of the treatment of critical patients. A panel of experts from the thirteen working groups (WG) of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) was selected and nominated by virtue of clinical expertise and/or scientific experience to carry out the recommendations. Available scientific literature in the management of adult critically ill patients from 2002 to 2016 was extracted. The clinical evidence was discussed and summarised by the experts in the course of a consensus finding of every WG and finally approved by the WGs after an extensive internal review process that was carried out between December 2015 and December 2016. A total of 65 recommendations were developed, of which 5 corresponded to each of the 13 WGs. These recommendations are based on the opinion of experts and scientific knowledge, and are intended as a guide for the intensivists in the management of critical patients.
Subject(s)
Critical Care/standards , Adult , Combined Modality Therapy , Critical Care/methods , Critical Illness/therapy , Decision Making , Disease Management , Humans , Intensive Care Units/standards , Life Support Care/standards , Monitoring, Physiologic/standards , Palliative Care , Patient Care Team , Registries , Societies, Medical , Spain , Terminal Care/standards , Truth DisclosureABSTRACT
The Recommendations for Specialized Nutritional Support in Critically-Ill patients were drafted by the Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) in 2005. Given the time elapsed since then, these recommendations have been reviewed and updated as a Consensus Document in collaboration with the Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SENPE). The primary aim of these Recommendations was to evaluate the best available scientific evidence for the indications of specialized nutritional and metabolic support in critically-ill patients. The Recommendations have been formulated by an expert panel with broad experience in nutritional and metabolic support in critically-ill patients and were drafted between October 2009 and March 2011. The studies analyzed encompassed metaanalyses, randomized clinical trials, observational studies, systematic reviews and updates relating to critically-ill adults in MEDLINE from 1966 to 2010, EMBASE reviews from 1991 to 2010 and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews up to 2010. The methodological criteria selected were those established in the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network and the Agency for Health Care policy and Research, as well as those of the Jadad Quality Scale. Adjustment for the level of evidence and grade of recommendation was performed following the proposal of the GRADE group (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group). Sixteen pathological scenarios were selected and each of them was developed by groups of three experts. A feedback system was established with the five members of the Editorial Committee and with the entire Working Group. All discrepancies were discussed and consensus was reached over several meetings, with special emphasis placed on reviewing the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. The Editorial Committee made the final adjustments before the document was approved by all the members of the Working Group. Finally, the document was submitted to the Scientific Committees of the two Societies participating in the Consensus for final approval. The present Recommendations aim to serve as a guide for clinicians involved in the management and treatment of critically-ill patients and for any specialists interested in the nutritional treatment of hospitalized patients (AU)
El Grupo de trabajo de Metabolismo y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC) elaboró en 2005 unas recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional especializado del paciente crítico. Dado el tiempo transcurrido se consideró oportuno la revisión y actualización de dichas recomendaciones, planificándolas como un documento de consenso con la Sociedad Española de Nutrición parenteral y Enteral (SENpE). El objetivo primario planteado para el establecimiento de las recomendaciones fue evaluar la mejor evidencia científica disponible para las indicaciones del soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado en el paciente crítico. Las recomendaciones se han realizado por un panel de expertos con amplia experiencia en el soporte nutricional y metabólico de los pacientes en situación crítica y se han llevado a cabo entre octubre de 2009 y marzo de 2011. Se analizaron metaanálisis, estudios clínicos aleatorizados y observacionales, revisiones sistemáticas y puestas al día referentes a pacientes críticos en edad adulta en MEDLINE de 1966 a 2010, EMBASE reviews de 1991 a 2010 y Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews hasta 2010. Se seleccionaron los criterios metodológicos establecidos en la Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network y los de la Agency for Health Care policy and Research, además de la escala de valoración de la calidad de Jadad, ajustando la gradación de la evidencia y la potencia de las recomendaciones siguiendo la propuesta del Grupo GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group). Se seleccionaron 16 situaciones patológicas que fueron desarrolladas, cada una, por grupos de 3 expertos, estableciéndose un sistema de feedback con los 5 miembros del Comité de Redacción y con la totalidad del Grupo de trabajo. En diferentes reuniones se discutieron y consensuaron todas las discrepancias, poniéndose especial énfasis en el repaso de los niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación establecidos. El Comité de Redacción procedió al ajuste final para su presentación y aprobación definitiva por todos los miembros del Grupo de trabajo. Finalmente el documento se presentó a los comités científicos de las dos sociedades participantes del consenso para su aprobación definitiva. Las presentes recomendaciones pretenden servir de guía para los clínicos con responsabilidades en el manejo y tratamiento de los pacientes críticos y para todos los especialistas interesados en el tratamiento nutricional del paciente hospitalizado (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Critical Illness/therapy , Nutritional Support/methods , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Evidence-Based Practice/methodsABSTRACT
Hyperglycemia is one of the main metabolic disturbances in critically-ill patients and is associated within creased morbidity and mortality. Consequently, blood glucose levels must be safely and effectively controlled, that is, maintained within a normal range, avoiding hypoglycemia on the one hand and elevated glucose concentrations on the other. To accomplish this aim, insulin is often required, avoiding protocols designed to achieve tight glycemic control.To prevent hyperglycemia and its associated complications, energy intake should be adjusted to patients requirements, avoiding over nutrition and excessive glucose intake. Protein intake should be adjusted to the degree of metabolic stress. Whenever patients require artificial feeding, the enteral route , if not contraindicated, should be used since parenteral nutrition is associated with a higher frequency of hyperglycemia and greater insulin requirements. Enteral nutrition should be administered early, preferably within the first 24 hours of admission to the intensive care unit, after hemodynamic stabilization. Specific diets for hyperglycemia, containing low glycemic index carbohydrates and fibre and enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids, can achieve good glycemic control with lower insulin requirements (AU)
La hiperglucemia es una de las alteraciones metabólicas predominantes en los pacientes críticos y se asocia con un aumento de la morbimortalidad. por ello, es necesario realizar un control efectivo y a su vez seguro de la glucemia, esto es, mantener la normoglucemia en un rango que evite el riesgo de desarrollar hipoglucemia, por un lado, y las cifras elevadas de glucemia, por otro. Para conseguirlo, en la mayoría de los casos es necesario el tratamiento con insulina evitando protocolos dirigidos a conseguir cifras estrictas de glucemias. Con el fin de prevenir la hiperglucemia y sus complicaciones asociadas, el aporte energético debe adecuarse al os requerimientos de los pacientes, evitando la sobre nutrición y el aporte excesivo de glucosa. El aporte proteicos e ajustará al nivel de estrés metabólico. Siempre que el enfermo requiera nutrición artificial y no esté contraindicada debe emplearse la vía enteral, ya que la nutrición parenteral se asocia a mayor frecuencia de hiperglucemia y mayores necesidades de insulina. La administración de la nutrición enteral debe ser precoz, preferiblemente dentro de las primeras 24 h de ingreso en UCI, tras la estabilización hemodinámica. Las dietas específicas para hiperglucemia que contienen hidratos de carbono de bajo índice glucémico, fibra y ricas en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados podrían conseguir un mejor control glucémico con menores necesidades de insulina (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Hyperglycemia/diet therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/diet therapy , Diet, Diabetic/methods , Critical Illness/therapy , Nutritional Support/methods , Evidence-Based Practice/methods , Practice Patterns, Physicians'ABSTRACT
Nutritional metabolic management, together with other treatment and support measures used, is one of the mainstays of the treatment of septic patients. Nutritional support should be started early, after initial life support measures, to avoid the consequences of malnutrition, to provide adequate nutritional intake and to prevent the development of secondary complications such as superinfection or multiorgan failure. As in other critically-ill patients, when the enteral route cannot be used to ensure calorie-protein requirements, the association of parenteral nutrition has been shown to be safe in this subgroup of patients. Studies evaluating the effect of specific pharmaconutrients in septic patients are scarce and are insufficient to allow recommendations to be made. To date, enteral diets with a mixture of substrates with distinct pharmaconutrient properties do not seem to be superior to standard diets in altering the course of sepsis, although equally there is no evidence that these diets are harmful. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of glutamine in septic patients receiving parenteral nutrition. However, given the good results and absence of glutamine-related adverse effects in the various studies performed in the general population of critically-ill patients, these patients could benefit from the use of this substance. Routine use of omega-3 fatty acids cannot be recommended until further evidence has been gathered, although the use of lipid emulsions with a high omega-6 fatty acid content should be avoided. Septic patients should receive an adequate supply of essential trace elements and vitamins. Further studies are required before the use of high-dose selenium can be recommended (AU)
El manejo metabólico nutricional constituye, junto al resto de medidas de tratamiento y soporte, uno de los pilares del tratamiento del paciente séptico. Debe iniciarse precozmente, tras la resucitación inicial, con el objetivo de evitar las consecuencias de la desnutrición, proveer el adecuado aporte de nutrientes y prevenir el desarrollo de complicaciones secundarias como la sobreinfección y el fracaso multiorgánico. Al igual que en el resto de pacientes críticos, cuando la ruta enteral es insuficiente para asegurar las necesidades caloricoproteicas, la asociación de nutrición parenteral ha demostrado ser segura en este subgrupo de pacientes. Los estudios que evalúan el efecto de farmaconutrientes específicos en el paciente séptico son escasos y no permiten establecer recomendaciones al respecto. Respecto a las dietas enterales con mezcla de sustratos con diferente capacidad farmaconutriente, su uso no parece aportar, hasta el momento actual, beneficios claros sobre la evolución de la sepsis respecto a las dietas estándar, aunque tampoco hay clara evidencia de que sean perjudiciales. A pesar de que no hay suficiente evidencia para recomendar el empleo de glutamina en el paciente séptico que recibe nutrición parenteral, este podría beneficiarse de su uso, dados los buenos resultados y la ausencia de efectos adversos atribuible a la glutamina en los diferentes estudios llevados a cabo en el conjunto de pacientes críticos. No se puede recomendar el empleo rutinario de ácidos grasos ω-3 hasta que dispongamos de mayor evidencia, aunque debe evitarse en estos pacientes el empleo de emulsiones lipídicas con alto contenido en ácidos grasos ω-6. El paciente séptico debe recibir un adecuado aporte de oligoelementos y vitaminas. El empleo de selenio a dosis altas requiere de mas estudios para poder recomendarlo (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Sepsis/diet therapy , Nutrition Disorders/diet therapy , Parenteral Nutrition Solutions/pharmacology , Shock, Septic/diet therapy , Critical Illness/therapy , Nutritional Support/methods , Evidence-Based Practice/methods , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Arginine/analysis , Glutamine/analysisABSTRACT
El Grupo de Trabajo de Metabolismo y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC) elaboró en 2005 unas recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional especializado del paciente crítico. Dado el tiempo transcurrido se consideró oportuno la revisión y actualización de dichas recomendaciones, planificándolas como un documento de consenso con la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral (SENPE). El objetivo primario planteado para el establecimiento de las recomendaciones fue evaluar la mejor evidencia científica disponible para las indicaciones del soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado en el paciente crítico. Las recomendaciones se han realizado por un panel de expertos con amplia experiencia en el soporte nutricional y metabólico de los pacientes en situación crítica y se han llevado a cabo entre octubre de 2009 y marzo de 2011. Se analizaron metaanálisis, estudios clínicos aleatorizados y observacionales, revisiones sistemáticas y puestas al día referentes a pacientes críticos en edad adulta en MEDLINE de 1966 a 2010, EMBASE reviews de 1991 a 2010 y Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews hasta 2010. Se seleccionaron los criterios medotodológicos establecidos en la Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network y los de la Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, además de la escala de valoración de la calidad de Jadad, ajustando la gradación de la evidencia y la potencia de las recomendaciones siguiendo la propuesta del Grupo GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group). Se seleccionaron 16 situaciones patológicas que fueron desarrolladas, cada una, por grupos de 3 expertos, estableciéndose un sistema de feedback con los 5 miembros del Comité de Redacción y con la totalidad del Grupo de Trabajo. En diferentes reuniones se discutieron y consensuaron todas las discrepancias, poniéndose especial énfasis en el repaso de los niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación establecidos. El Comité de Redacción procedió al ajuste final para su presentación y aprobación definitiva por todos los miembros del Grupo de Trabajo. Finalmente, el documento se presentó a los comités científicos de las dos sociedades participantes del consenso para su aprobación definitiva. Las presentes recomendaciones pretenden servir de guía para los clínicos con responsabilidades en el manejo y tratamiento de los pacientes críticos y para todos los especialistas interesados en el tratamiento nutricional del paciente hospitalizado (AU)
The Recommendations for Specialized Nutritional Support in Critically-Ill patients were drafted by the Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) in 2005. Given the time elapsed since then, these recommendations have been reviewed and updated as a Consensus Document in collaboration with the Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SENPE). The primary aim of these Recommendations was to evaluate the best available scientific evidence for the indications of specialized nutritional and metabolic support in critically-ill patients. The Recommendations have been formulated by an expert panel with broad experience in nutritional and metabolic support in critically-ill patients and were drafted between October 2009 and March 2011. The studies analyzed encompassed metaanalyses, randomized clinical trials, observational studies, systematic reviews and updates relating to critically-ill adults in MEDLINE from 1966 to 2010, EMBASE reviews from 1991 to 2010 and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews up to 2010. The methodological criteria selected were those established in the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network and the Agency for Health Care policy and Research, as well as those of the Jadad Quality Scale. Adjustment for the level of evidence and grade of recommendation was performed following the proposal of the GRADE group (Grading of RecommendationsAssessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group). Sixteen pathological scenarios were selected and each of them was developed by groups of three experts. A feedback system was established with the five members of the Editorial Committee and with the entire Working Group. All discrepancies were discussed and consensus was reached over several meetings, with special emphasis placed on reviewing the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. The Editorial Committee made the final adjustments before the document was approved by all the members of the Working Group. Finally, the document was submitted to the Scientiic Committees of the two Societies participating in the Consensus for final approval. The present Recommedations aim to serve as a guide for clinicians involved in the management and treatment of critically-ill patients and for any specialists interested in the nutritional treatment of hospitalized patients (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Consensus Development Conferences as Topic , Enteral Nutrition/standards , Critical Care , Parenteral Nutrition/standards , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Societies, Medical/standards , Societies, Scientific/standards , Critical Illness/therapy , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Evidence-Based Medicine , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Parenteral Nutrition/methods , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , SpainABSTRACT
La hiperglucemia es una de las alteraciones metabólicas predominantes en los pacientes críticos y se asocia con un aumento de la morbimortalidad. Por ello, es necesario realizar un control efectivo y a su vez seguro de la glucemia, esto es, mantener la normoglucemia en un rango que evite el riesgo de desarrollar hipoglucemia, por un lado, y las cifras elevadas de glucemia, por otro. Para conseguirlo, en la mayoría de los casos es necesario el tratamiento con insulina evitando protocolos dirigidos a conseguir cifras estrictas de glucemias. Con el fin de prevenir la hiperglucemia y sus complicaciones asociadas, el aporte energético debe adecuarse a los requerimientos de los pacientes, evitando la sobrenutrición y el aporte excesivo de glucosa. El aporte proteico se ajustará al nivel de estrés metabólico. Siempre que el enfermo requiera nutrición artificial y no esté contraindicada debe emplearse la vía enteral, ya que la nutrición parenteral se asocia a mayor frecuencia de hiperglucemia y mayores necesidades de insulina. La administración de la nutrición enteral debe ser precoz, preferiblemente dentro de las primeras 24 h de ingreso en UCI, tras la estabilización hemodinámica. Las dietas específicas para hiperglucemia que contienen hidratos de carbono de bajo índice glucémico, fibra y ricas en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados podrían conseguir un mejor control glucémico con menores necesidades de insulina (AU)
Hyperglycemia is one of the main metabolic disturbances in critically-ill patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Consequently, blood glucose levels must be safely and effectively controlled, that is, maintained within a normal range, avoiding hypoglycemia on the one hand and elevated glucose concentrations on the other. To accomplish this aim, insulin is often required, avoiding protocols designed to achieve tight glycemic control. To prevent hyperglycemia and its associated complications, energy intake should be adjusted to patients requirements, avoiding over nutrition and excessive glucose intake. Protein intake should be adjusted to the degree of metabolic stress. Whenever patients require artificial feeding, the enteral route , if not contraindicated, should be used since parenteral nutrition is associated with a higher frequency of hyperglycemia and greater insulin requirements. Enteral nutrition should be administered early, preferably within the first 24 hours of admission to the intensive care unit, after hemodynamic stabilization. Specific diets for hyperglycemia, containing low glycemic index carbohydrates and fibre and enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids, can achieve good glycemic control with lower insulin requirements (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus/therapy , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Enteral Nutrition/standards , Hyperglycemia/drug therapy , Hyperglycemia/etiology , Hyperglycemia/prevention & control , Hyperglycemia/therapy , Critical Care/methods , Blood Glucose/analysis , Clinical Trials as Topic , Critical Illness/therapy , Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Energy Intake , Energy Metabolism , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/administration & dosage , Glutamine/administration & dosage , Glutamine/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Insulin Resistance , Multicenter Studies as Topic , Nutritional Requirements , Overnutrition/prevention & control , Spain , Societies, Medical/standards , Societies, Scientific/standards , Parenteral Nutrition/methodsABSTRACT
El manejo metabólico nutricional constituye, junto al resto de medidas de tratamiento y soporte, uno de los pilares del tratamiento del paciente séptico. Debe iniciarse precozmente, tras la resucitación inicial, con el objetivo de evitar las consecuencias de la desnutrición, proveer el adecuado aporte de nutrientes y prevenir el desarrollo de complicaciones secundarias como la sobreinfección y el fracaso multiorgánico. Al igual que en el resto de pacientes críticos, cuando la ruta enteral es insuficiente para asegurar las necesidades caloricoproteicas, la asociación de nutrición parenteral ha demostrado ser segura en este subgrupo de pacientes. Los estudios que evalúan el efecto de farmaconutrientes específicos en el paciente séptico son escasos y no permiten establecer recomendaciones al respecto. Respecto a las dietas enterales con mezcla de sustratos con diferente capacidad farmaconutriente, su uso no parece aportar, hasta el momento actual, beneficios claros sobre la evolución de la sepsis respecto a las dietas estándar, aunque tampoco hay clara evidencia de que sean perjudiciales. A pesar de que no hay suficiente evidencia para recomendar el empleo de glutamina en el paciente séptico que recibe nutrición parenteral, éste podría beneficiarse de su uso, dados los buenos resultados y la ausencia de efectos adversos atribuible a la glutamina en los diferentes estudios llevados a cabo en el conjunto de pacientes críticos. No se puede recomendar el empleo rutinario de ácidos grasos w-3 hasta que dispongamos de mayor evidencia, aunque debe evitarse en estos pacientes el empleo de emulsiones lipídicas con alto contenido en ácidos grasos w-6. El paciente séptico debe recibir un adecuado aporte de oligoelementos y vitaminas. El empleo de selenio a dosis altas requiere de más estudios para poder recomendarlo (AU)
Nutritional metabolic management, together with other treatment and support measures used, is one of the mainstays of the treatment of septic patients. Nutritional support should be started early, after initial life support measures, to avoid the consequences of malnutrition, to provide adequate nutritional intake and to prevent the development of secondary complications such as superinfection or multiorgan failure. As in other critically-ill patients, when the enteral route cannot be used to ensure calorie-protein requirements, the association of parenteral nutrition has been shown to be safe in this subgroup of patients. Studies evaluating the effect of specific pharmaconutrients in septic patients are scarce and are insuficient to allow recommendations to be made. To date, enteral diet s with a mixture of substrat es with distinct pharmaconutrient properties do not seem to be superior to standard diets in altering the course of sepsis, although equally there is no evidence that these diets are harmful. There is insuficient evidence to recommend the use of glutamine in septic patients receiving parenteral nutrition. However, given the good results and absence of glutamine-related adverse effects in the various studies performed in the general population of critically-ill patients , these patients could benefit from the use of this substance. Routine use of omega-3 fatty acids cannot be recommended until further evidence has been gathered, although the use of lipid emulsions with a high omega-6 fatty acid content should be avoided. Septic patients should receive an adequate supply of essential trace elements and vitamins. Further studies are required before the use of high-dose selenium can be recommended (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Micronutrients/administration & dosage , Nutritional Requirements , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/etiology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/prevention & control , Sepsis/metabolism , Sepsis/therapy , Critical Care/methods , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Enteral Nutrition/adverse effects , Food, Formulated , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Arginine/administration & dosage , Arginine/adverse effects , Arginine/therapeutic use , Clinical Trials as Topic , Critical Illness/therapy , Fat Emulsions, Intravenous , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids, Omega-3 , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Selenium/administration & dosage , Selenium/therapeutic use , Shock, Septic/therapy , Glutamine/administration & dosage , Glutamine/therapeutic use , Societies, Medical/standards , Societies, Scientific/standardsABSTRACT
The Recommendations for Specialized Nutritional Support in Critically-Ill patients were drafted by the Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) in 2005. Given the time elapsed since then, these recommendations have been reviewed and updated as a Consensus Document in collaboration with the Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SENPE). The primary aim of these Recommendations was to evaluate the best available scientific evidence for the indications of specialized nutritional and metabolic support in critically-ill patients. The Recommendations have been formulated by an expert panel with broad experience in nutritional and metabolic support in critically-ill patients and were drafted between October 2009 and March 2011. The studies analyzed encompassed metaanalyses, randomized clinical trials, observational studies, systematic reviews and updates relating to critically-ill adults in MEDLINE from 1966 to 2010, EMBASE reviews from 1991 to 2010 and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews up to 2010. The methodological criteria selected were those established in the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network and the Agency for Health Care policy and Research, as well as those of the Jadad Quality Scale. Adjustment for the level of evidence and grade of recommendation was performed following the proposal of the GRADE group (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group). Sixteen pathological scenarios were selected and each of them was developed by groups of three experts. A feedback system was established with the five members of the Editorial Committee and with the entire Working Group. All discrepancies were discussed and consensus was reached over several meetings, with special emphasis placed on reviewing the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. The Editorial Committee made the final adjustments before the document was approved by all the members of the Working Group. Finally, the document was submitted to the Scientific Committees of the two Societies participating in the Consensus for final approval. The present Recommendations aim to serve as a guide for clinicians involved in the management and treatment of critically-ill patients and for any specialists interested in the nutritional treatment of hospitalized patients.
Subject(s)
Critical Illness/therapy , Guidelines as Topic , Nutritional Support/methods , Consensus , Humans , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Research Design , Terminology as TopicABSTRACT
Hyperglycemia is one of the main metabolic disturbances in critically-ill patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Consequently, blood glucose levels must be safely and effectively controlled, that is, maintained within a normal range, avoiding hypoglycemia on the one hand and elevated glucose concentrations on the other. To accomplish this aim, insulin is often required, avoiding protocols designed to achieve tight glycemic control. To prevent hyperglycemia and its associated complications, energy intake should be adjusted to patients' requirements, avoiding overnutrition and excessive glucose intake. Protein intake should be adjusted to the degree of metabolic stress. Whenever patients require artificial feeding, the enteral route, if not contraindicated, should be used since parenteral nutrition is associated with a higher frequency of hyperglycemia and greater insulin requirements. Enteral nutrition should be administered early, preferably within the first 24 hours of admission to the intensive care unit, after hemodynamic stabilization. Specific diets for hyperglycemia, containing low glycemic index carbohydrates and fibre and enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids, can achieve good glycemic control with lower insulin requirements.
Subject(s)
Critical Illness/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/therapy , Hyperglycemia/therapy , Nutritional Support/methods , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Consensus , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage , Energy Intake , Enteral Nutrition , Glutamine/administration & dosage , Glycemic Index , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/administration & dosage , Insulin/therapeutic use , Parenteral Nutrition/methods , Trace Elements/administration & dosage , Vitamins/administration & dosage , gamma-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Nutritional metabolic management, together with other treatment and support measures used, is one of the mainstays of the treatment of septic patients. Nutritional support should be started early, after initial life support measures, to avoid the consequences of malnutrition, to provide adequate nutritional intake and to prevent the development of secondary complications such as superinfection or multiorgan failure. As in other critically-ill patients, when the enteral route cannot be used to ensure calorie-protein requirements, the association of parenteral nutrition has been shown to be safe in this subgroup of patients. Studies evaluating the effect of specific pharmaconutrients in septic patients are scarce and are insufficient to allow recommendations to be made. To date, enteral diets with a mixture of substrates with distinct pharmaconutrient properties do not seem to be superior to standard diets in altering the course of sepsis, although equally there is no evidence that these diets are harmful. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of glutamine in septic patients receiving parenteral nutrition. However, given the good results and absence of glutamine-related adverse effects in the various studies performed in the general population of critically-ill patients, these patients could benefit from the use of this substance. Routine use of omega-3 fatty acids cannot be recommended until further evidence has been gathered, although the use of lipid emulsions with a high omega-6 fatty acid content should be avoided. Septic patients should receive an adequate supply of essential trace elements and vitamins. Further studies are required before the use of high-dose selenium can be recommended.
Subject(s)
Critical Illness/therapy , Nutritional Support/methods , Sepsis/therapy , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Arginine/adverse effects , Arginine/therapeutic use , Consensus , Diet , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Dietary Proteins/metabolism , Enteral Nutrition , Fat Emulsions, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Fat Emulsions, Intravenous/therapeutic use , Glutamine/administration & dosage , Humans , Multiple Organ Failure/therapy , Nutritional Requirements , Nutritional Support/standards , Parenteral Nutrition/adverse effects , Shock, Septic/therapyABSTRACT
The Recommendations for Specialized Nutritional Support in Critically-Ill patients were drafted by the Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) in 2005. Given the time elapsed since then, these recommendations have been reviewed and updated as a Consensus Document in collaboration with the Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SENPE). The primary aim of these Recommendations was to evaluate the best available scientific evidence for the indications of specialized nutritional and metabolic support in critically-ill patients. The Recommendations have been formulated by an expert panel with broad experience in nutritional and metabolic support in critically-ill patients and were drafted between October 2009 and March 2011. The studies analyzed encompassed metaanalyses, randomized clinical trials, observational studies, systematic reviews and updates relating to critically-ill adults in MEDLINE from 1966 to 2010, EMBASE reviews from 1991 to 2010 and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews up to 2010. The methodological criteria selected were those established in the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network and the Agency for Health Care policy and Research, as well as those of the Jadad Quality Scale. Adjustment for the level of evidence and grade of recommendation was performed following the proposal of the GRADE group (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group). Sixteen pathological scenarios were selected and each of them was developed by groups of three experts. A feedback system was established with the five members of the Editorial Committee and with the entire Working Group. All discrepancies were discussed and consensus was reached over several meetings, with special emphasis placed on reviewing the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. The Editorial Committee made the final adjustments before the document was approved by all the members of the Working Group. Finally, the document was submitted to the Scientific Committees of the two Societies participating in the Consensus for final approval. The present Recommendations aim to serve as a guide for clinicians involved in the management and treatment of critically-ill patients and for any specialists interested in the nutritional treatment of hospitalized patients.
Subject(s)
Consensus Development Conferences as Topic , Critical Care , Enteral Nutrition/standards , Parenteral Nutrition/standards , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Societies, Medical/standards , Societies, Scientific/standards , Critical Illness/therapy , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Evidence-Based Medicine , Humans , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Parenteral Nutrition/methods , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , SpainABSTRACT
Hyperglycemia is one of the main metabolic disturbances in critically-ill patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Consequently, blood glucose levels must be safely and effectively controlled, that is, maintained within a normal range, avoiding hypoglycemia on the one hand and elevated glucose concentrations on the other. To accomplish this aim, insulin is often required, avoiding protocols designed to achieve tight glycemic control. To prevent hyperglycemia and its associated complications, energy intake should be adjusted to patients' requirements, avoiding overnutrition and excessive glucose intake. Protein intake should be adjusted to the degree of metabolic stress. Whenever patients require artificial feeding, the enteral route, if not contraindicated, should be used since parenteral nutrition is associated with a higher frequency of hyperglycemia and greater insulin requirements. Enteral nutrition should be administered early, preferably within the first 24 hours of admission to the intensive care unit, after hemodynamic stabilization. Specific diets for hyperglycemia, containing low glycemic index carbohydrates and fibre and enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids, can achieve good glycemic control with lower insulin requirements.
Subject(s)
Critical Care , Diabetes Mellitus/therapy , Enteral Nutrition/standards , Hyperglycemia/therapy , Parenteral Nutrition/standards , Societies, Medical/standards , Societies, Scientific/standards , Blood Glucose/analysis , Clinical Trials as Topic , Critical Care/methods , Critical Illness/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/etiology , Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Energy Intake , Energy Metabolism , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/administration & dosage , Glutamine/administration & dosage , Glutamine/therapeutic use , Humans , Hyperglycemia/drug therapy , Hyperglycemia/etiology , Hyperglycemia/prevention & control , Insulin/therapeutic use , Insulin Resistance , Multicenter Studies as Topic , Nutritional Requirements , Overnutrition/prevention & control , Parenteral Nutrition/methods , SpainABSTRACT
Nutritional metabolic management, together with other treatment and support measures used, is one of the mainstays of the treatment of septic patients. Nutritional support should be started early, after initial life support measures, to avoid the consequences of malnutrition, to provide adequate nutritional intake and to prevent the development of secondary complications such as superinfection or multiorgan failure. As in other critically-ill patients, when the enteral route cannot be used to ensure calorie-protein requirements, the association of parenteral nutrition has been shown to be safe in this subgroup of patients. Studies evaluating the effect of specific pharmaconutrients in septic patients are scarce and are insufficient to allow recommendations to be made. To date, enteral diets with a mixture of substrates with distinct pharmaconutrient properties do not seem to be superior to standard diets in altering the course of sepsis, although equally there is no evidence that these diets are harmful. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of glutamine in septic patients receiving parenteral nutrition. However, given the good results and absence of glutamine-related adverse effects in the various studies performed in the general population of critically-ill patients, these patients could benefit from the use of this substance. Routine use of omega-3 fatty acids cannot be recommended until further evidence has been gathered, although the use of lipid emulsions with a high omega-6 fatty acid content should be avoided. Septic patients should receive an adequate supply of essential trace elements and vitamins. Further studies are required before the use of high-dose selenium can be recommended.
