ABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The leaves of Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) have been popularly used in the treatment of diabetes in countries in Latin America and Africa. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the hypoglycaemic properties and to determine the molecular mechanism by which the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Persea americana reduce blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats via the enzymatic pathway of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). METHODS: The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Persea americana (0.15 and 0.3g/kg/day), vehicle and metformin (0.5g/kg/day) were administered orally to STZ-diabetic rats (n=7/group) for 4 weeks. Changes in body weight, food and water intake, fasting glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance were evaluated. Phosphorylation and the expression of PKB in the liver and soleus muscle were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Persea americana reduced blood glucose levels and improved the metabolic state of the animals. Additionally, PKB activation was observed in the liver and skeletal muscle of treated rats when compared with untreated rats. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Persea americana has anti-diabetic properties and possibly acts to regulate glucose uptake in liver and muscles by way of PKB/Akt activation, restoring the intracellular energy balance.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Enzyme Activators/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Liver/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Persea , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Animals , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology , Drinking/drug effects , Eating/drug effects , Energy Metabolism/drug effects , Enzyme Activation , Enzyme Activators/administration & dosage , Enzyme Activators/isolation & purification , Ethanol/chemistry , Glucose Tolerance Test , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/isolation & purification , Insulin/blood , Liver/enzymology , Male , Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology , Persea/chemistry , Phosphorylation , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Leaves , Plants, Medicinal , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Solvents/chemistry , Time Factors , Weight Gain/drug effectsABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The tea from the stem bark of Caesalpinia ferrea Martius (Leguminosae) has been popularly used in the treatment of diabetes in Brazil. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the hypoglycaemic properties and to elucidate the mechanisms by which the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Caesalpinia ferrea reduces blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via the enzymatic pathways of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aqueous extract of the stem bark of Caesalpinia ferrea (300 and 450 mg/kg/day), vehicle and metformin (500 mg/kg/day) were administered orally to STZ-diabetic rats (n = 7/group) for 4 weeks. Changes in body weight, food and water intake, fasting glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance were evaluated. Phosphorylation (P) and the expression of Akt, AMPK and ACC in the liver and skeletal muscle were determined using Western blot. RESULTS: The aqueous extract of the stem bark of Caesalpinia ferrea reduced blood glucose levels and improved the metabolic state of the animals. P-Akt was increased in the liver and skeletal muscle of the treated animals, P-AMPK was reduced only in the skeletal muscle of these animals and P-ACC was reduced in both when compared with untreated rats. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Caesalpinia ferrea has hypoglycaemic properties and possibly acts to regulate glucose uptake in liver and muscles by way of Akt activation, restoring the intracellular energy balance confirmed by inhibition of AMPK activation.
Subject(s)
Blood Glucose/drug effects , Caesalpinia , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Animals , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Blotting, Western , Body Weight/drug effects , Caesalpinia/chemistry , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood , Drinking/drug effects , Eating/drug effects , Energy Metabolism/drug effects , Glucose Tolerance Test , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Hypoglycemic Agents/isolation & purification , Liver/drug effects , Liver/enzymology , Male , Metformin/pharmacology , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology , Phosphorylation , Plant Bark , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plants, Medicinal , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Time FactorsABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) has long been used in traditional Brazilian medicine, especially to treat inflammatory and haemostatic diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity (45 days) of Schinus terebinthifolius via the oral route in Wistar rats of both sexes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the acute toxicity test, the dried extract of Schinus terebinthifolius bark was administered in doses from 0.625 to 5.0 g/kg (n=5/group/sex) and in the subacute toxicity test the following doses were used: 0.25, 0.625 and 1.5625 g/kg/day (n=13/group/sex), for 45 consecutive days. RESULTS: In the acute toxicity test, Schinus terebinthifolius did not produce any toxic signs or deaths. The subacute treatment with Schinus terebinthifolius did not alter either the body weight gain or the food and water consumption. The hematological and biochemical analysis did not show significant differences in any of the parameters examined in female or male groups, except in two male groups, in which the treatment with Schinus terebinthifolius (0.25 and 0.625 g/kg) induced an increase of mean corpuscular volume values (2.9 and 2.6%, respectively). These variations are within the physiological limits described for the specie and does not have clinical relevance. CONCLUSION: The acute and subacute administration of the dried extract of Schinus terebinthifolius bark did not produced toxic effects in Wistar rats.
