Identificación de factores protectores y de riesgo para trastornos de conductas alimentarias en una intervención educativa con adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Identification of protective and risk factors for eating disorders in an educational intervention with adolescents from Mexico City

Fundamentos: Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) constituyen un grupo de trastornos mentalescaracterizados por una conducta alterada de la ingesta alimentaria y/o la aparición de comportamientosinadecuados encaminados a controlar el peso. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar los factoresprotectores y de riesgo para TCA en una muestra de adolescentes de la Ciudad de México.Métodos: Se realizó una intervención tipo ensayo controlado aleatorizado, se estimó el estado ponderal conlos percentiles de índice de masa corporal (IMC) propuestos por la OMS. Para la evaluación delcomportamiento alimentario se aplicaron cuestionarios dietéticos y para la identificación de trastornos deconductas alimentarias, ansiedad y depresión se aplicaron los cuestionarios para medir conductasalimentarias de riesgo (CAR) y el cuestionario HAD ansiedad y depresión de Hamilton.Resultados: Se encontró que la presencia de ansiedad incrementa 2,956 la probabilidad de aparición de unTCA (IC 95% = 1,919-4,513) y que el incremento en el IMC es un factor que aumenta la probabilidad depresentar un TCA 1,278 veces (IC 95% 1,220-1,339).Conclusiones: Factores como la ansiedad e IMC son determinantes para el desarrollo de TCA los cuales semanifiestan cada vez más en hombres que en mujeres. (AU)

Background: Eating disorders constitute a group of mental disorders characterized by altered eating behaviorand the appearance of inappropriate behaviors aimed at controlling weight. The aim of the present study wasto identify the protective and risk factors for eating disorders in a sample of adolescents from Mexico City.Methods: A randomized controlled trial intervention was performed, weight status was estimated with thepercentiles of body mass index (BMI) proposed by the WHO. For the evaluation of eating behavior, dietaryquestionnaires were applied and for the identification of eating behavior disorders, anxiety and depression,the questionnaires to measure risk eating behaviors and the Hamilton anxiety and depression questionnairewere applied.Results: It was found that the presence of anxiety increases 2.956 the probability of an eating disorders (95%CI = 1.919-4.513) and the increase in BMI is a factor that increases the probability of presenting an eatingdisorders 1.278 (95% CI 1.220-1.339).Conclusions: Factors such as anxiety and BMI are determinants for the development of eating disorders,which are increasingly manifested in men than in women. (AU)

Diagnostic precision of local and World Health Organization definitions of symptomatic COVID-19 cases: an analysis of Mexico's capital.

OBJECTIVES: Case definitions are vital in a pandemic to effectively identify, isolate, and contact trace, particularly where testing is slow, scant, or not available. While case definitions have been developed in the COVID-19 pandemic, their diagnostic properties have not been adequately assessed. This study's objective is to determine the diagnostic properties of local and World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 case definitions in the large metropolitan area of Mexico City. METHODS: We calculated the diagnostic properties of five COVID-19 definitions (three of the Mexican government and two of the WHO) using open data of suspected COVID-19 cases in Mexico City from March 24th, 2020, until May 15th, 2021. RESULTS: All 2,564,782 people included in the analysis met the WHO suspected case definition (sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 0%). The WHO probable case definition was met by 1.2%, while the first and second Mexican suspected case had sensitivities of 61% and specificities of 61% and 67%, respectively. Confirmed case by epidemiological contact had a low sensitivity (32%) but slightly higher specificity (81%). CONCLUSIONS: Case definitions should maximize sensitivity, especially in a high-transmission area such as Mexico City. The WHO suspected case definition has the potential for detecting most symptomatic cases. We underline the need for routine evaluation of case definitions as new evidence arises to maximize their usefulness.

Melanoma-Secreted Amyloid Beta Suppresses Neuroinflammation and Promotes Brain Metastasis.

Brain metastasis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in multiple cancer types and represents an unmet clinical need. The mechanisms that mediate metastatic cancer growth in the brain parenchyma are largely unknown. Melanoma, which has the highest rate of brain metastasis among common cancer types, is an ideal model to study how cancer cells adapt to the brain parenchyma. Our unbiased proteomics analysis of melanoma short-term cultures revealed that proteins implicated in neurodegenerative pathologies are differentially expressed in melanoma cells explanted from brain metastases compared with those derived from extracranial metastases. We showed that melanoma cells require amyloid beta (Aß) for growth and survival in the brain parenchyma. Melanoma-secreted Aß activates surrounding astrocytes to a prometastatic, anti-inflammatory phenotype and prevents phagocytosis of melanoma by microglia. Finally, we demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of Aß decreases brain metastatic burden. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results reveal a novel mechanistic connection between brain metastasis and Alzheimer's disease, two previously unrelated pathologies; establish Aß as a promising therapeutic target for brain metastasis; and demonstrate suppression of neuroinflammation as a critical feature of metastatic adaptation to the brain parenchyma. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1171.

Intervención educativa para disminuir la prevalencia de obesidad en adolescentes de la ciudad de México, México / Educational intervention to decrease the prevalence of obesity in adolescents of mexico city, mexico

Fundamentos: La prevalencia de obesidad se ha elevado considerablemente entre los niños y adolescentes, representando uno de los principales problemas para la salud pública. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de una intervención focalizada en los estilos de vida y los factores asociados a la alimentación, la actividad física, así como aspectos psicológicos y conductuales en adolescentes de escuelas secundariasde Ciudad de México. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención tipo ensayo controlado aleatorizado diseñada con base a la metodología EPODE (Ensemble Prévenons l’Obésité Des Enfants). Se estimó el estado ponderal con los percentiles de IMC propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y para la evaluación del comportamiento alimentario y la determinación de factoresrelacionados con la obesidad se aplicaron cuestionarios dietéticos y cuestionarios para detectar el riesgo de trastornos de conducta alimentaria, ansiedad y depresión. Resultados: Los factores del modelo en este estudio quepresentan probabilidades de ser protectores para la aparición de la obesidad en adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México son el número de pasos a la semana (OR =0,872 IC 95%: 1,212-1,761), el aumento de la actividad física vigorosa (OR = 0,903 IC 95%: 0,843-0,967) y el consumo de fruta (OR = 0,927 IC 95%: 0,861-0,999). Conclusiones: De acuerdo a las condiciones de los adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México la realización de actividad física fue un factor importante, tanto por ser un factor protector para la aparición de la obesidad, como por su relación con la disminución del IMC. (AU)

Background: The prevalence of obesity has risen considerably among children and adolescents, representing one of the mai public health problems. The objective was to evaluate theimpact of a focused intervention on lifestyle and factors associated with diet, physical activity as well as psychological and behavioral aspects in adolescents from high schools inMexico City. Methods: A randomized controlled trial interventiondesigned based on EPODE (Ensemble Prévenons l'Obésité Des Enfants) methodology was conducted. Weight status was estimated using the BMI percentiles proposed by the WorldHealth Organization, and dietary questionnaires and questionnaires to detect the risk of eating disorders, anxiety and depression were used for the assessment of eating behaviour and the determination of factors related to obesity. Results: The model factors in this study that presents probabilities of being protective for the appearance of obesity in adolescents from high schools in Mexico City are the number of steps per week (OR = 0.872 95% CI: 1.212-1.761), the increase in vigorous physical activity (OR = 0.903 95% CI:0.843-0.967) and fruit consumption (OR = 0.927 95% CI: 0.861-0.999).Conclusions: According to the conditions of adolescents from high schools in Mexico City, physical activity was an important factor, because it was a protective factor for the appearance of obesity, and because of its relationship with the decrease of the BMI. (AU)

Soft X-ray and ENA Imaging of the Earth's Dayside Magnetosphere.

The LEXI and SMILE missions will provide soft X-ray images of the Earth's magnetosheath and cusps after their anticipated launch in 2023 and 2024, respectively. The IBEX mission showed the potential of an Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) instrument to image dayside magnetosheath and cusps, albeit over the long hours required to raster an image with a single pixel imager. Thus, it is timely to discuss the two imaging techniques and relevant science topics. We simulate soft X-ray and low-ENA images that might be observed by a virtual spacecraft during two interesting solar wind scenarios: a southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field and a sudden enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure. We employ the OpenGGCM global magnetohydrodynamics model and a simple exospheric neutral density model for these calculations. Both the magnetosheath and the cusps generate strong soft X-rays and ENA signals that can be used to extract the locations and motions of the bow shock and magnetopause. Magnetopause erosion corresponds closely to the enhancement of dayside reconnection rate obtained from the OpenGGCM model, indicating that images can be used to understand global-scale magnetopause reconnection. When dayside imagers are installed with high-ENA inner-magnetosphere and FUV/UV aurora imagers, we can trace the solar wind energy flow from the bow shock to the magnetosphere and then to the ionosphere in a self-standing manner without relying upon other observatories. Soft X-ray and/or ENA imagers can also unveil the dayside exosphere density structure and its response to space weather.

The influence of hospital antimicrobial use on carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacterales incidence rates according to their mechanism of resistance: a time-series analysis.

BACKGROUND: Carbapenem non-susceptible Enterobacterales (CNSE) can be broadly divided into those that produce carbapenemases (carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)), and those that harbour other mechanisms of resistance (non-carbapenemase-producing CNSE (NCP-CNSE)). AIM: To determine the predictors of CNSE nosocomial incidence rates according to their mechanism of resistance. METHODS: A time-series analysis was conducted (July 2013 to December 2018) to evaluate the relationship in time between hospital antibiotic use and the percentage of adherence to hand hygiene with the CNSE rates. FINDINGS: In all, 20,641 non-duplicated Enterobacterales isolates were identified; 2.2% were CNSE. Of these, 48.1% and 51.9% were CPE and NCP-CNSE, respectively. Of the CPE, 78.3% possessed a blaOXA-232 gene. A transfer function model was identified for CNSE, CPE, and OXA-232 CPE that explained 20.8%, 19.3%, and 24.2% of their variation, respectively. According to the CNSE and CPE models, an increase in piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) use of 1 defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 hospital patient-days (HPD) would lead to an increase of 0.69 and 0.49 CNSE and CPE cases per 10,000 HPD, respectively. The OXA-232 CPE model estimates that an increase of 1 DDD per 100 HPD of TZP use would lead to an increase of 0.43 OXA-232 CPE cases per 10,000 HPD. A transfer function model was not identified for NCP-CNSE, nor was there an association between the adherence to handhygiene and the CNSE rates. CONCLUSION: The use of TZP is related in time with the CPE nosocomial rates, mostly explained by its effect on OXA-232 CPE.

Intervención para el fomento del consumo de leche y productos lácteos como parte de una estrategia para la disminución del exceso de peso en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Intervention for the promotion on the consumption of milk and dairy products as a strategy to reduce overweight in adolescents of México

Introducción: el consumo de leche y productos lácteos puede jugar un papel importante en el mantenimiento del peso corporal saludable, ya que, en condiciones normales de los individuos, se ha observado una asociación negativa entre la ingesta diaria del calcio contenido en la leche y los productos lácteos con el incremento adipositario. Objetivo: determinar si el consumo de leche y productos lácteos repercute en la disminución del peso corporal de los adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México. Métodos: ensayo comunitario con 2.368 adolescentes en tres fases: descripción del estado de nutrición inicial, intervención educativa multidisciplinaria en el grupo intervención y evaluación de los cambios observados. Se aplicó a los participantes un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y recordatorio de 24 horas, se tomaron medidas antropométricas y se utilizó el programa Who Anthro Plus(R) para obtener el diagnóstico nutricional. Resultados: se encontró, en el grupo de intervención, que los adolescentes que nunca consumen leche entera, leche descremada, queso fresco de vaca y yogur natural presentan mayor prevalencia de obesidad (15,8%, 12,5%, 19,0% y 19,0%, respectivamente), en comparación con los adolescentes que los consumen diariamente (0,0%, 0,0%, 2,3% y 5,6%, respectivamente), con una diferencia altamente significativa para el consumo de queso fresco de vaca y yogurt natural (p = 0,01). Se logró aumentar la frecuencia de consumo de lácteos y se observaron cambios en el estado de nutrición en el grupo de intervención, donde la prevalencia de obesidad disminuyó del 13,8% al 6,1%. Conclusiones: los adolescentes con mayor consumo de leche y productos lácteos presentaron menor prevalencia de obesidad

Introduction: the consumption of milk and dairy products can play an important role in the maintenance of healthy body weight, since, under normal conditions of individuals, a negative association has been observed between daily intake of calcium contained in milk and dairy products and adiposity markers. Objective: to determine if the consumption of milk and dairy products affects the body weight reduction of adolescents in high school in Mexico City. Methods: community trial with 2,368 adolescents in three phases: description of the initial nutritional status, multidisciplinary educational intervention in the intervention group and evaluation of the changes observed. A food frequency and reminder questionnaire of 24 hours was applied to the participants, anthropometric measures were taken and the Who Anthro Plus(R) program was used to obtain the nutritional diagnosis. Results: it was found, in the intervention group, that adolescents who never consume whole milk, skimmed milk, fresh cow's cheese and natural yogurt have a higher prevalence of obesity (15.8%, 12.5%, 19.0% and 19.0%, respectively), compared to the adolescents who consume them daily (0.0%, 0.0%, 2.3% and 5.6%, respectively), there being a highly significant difference for the consumption of cheese fresh cow's milk and natural yogurt (p = 0.01). It was possible to increase the frequency of dairy consumption and changes in nutritional status were observed in the intervention group, where the prevalence of obesity decreased from 13.8% to 6.1%. Conclusions: adolescents with higher milk consumption and dairy products had a lower prevalence of obesity

[Intervention for the promotion on the consumption of milk and dairy products as a strategy to reduce overweight in adolescents of México]. / Intervención para el fomento del consumo de leche y productos lácteos como parte de una estrategia para la disminución del exceso de peso en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the consumption of milk and dairy products can play an important role in the maintenance of healthy body weight, since, under normal conditions of individuals, a negative association has been observed between daily intake of calcium contained in milk and dairy products and adiposity markers. Objective: to determine if the consumption of milk and dairy products affects the body weight reduction of adolescents in high school in Mexico City. Methods: community trial with 2,368 adolescents in three phases: description of the initial nutritional status, multidisciplinary educational intervention in the intervention group and evaluation of the changes observed. A food frequency and reminder questionnaire of 24 hours was applied to the participants, anthropometric measures were taken and the Who Anthro Plus® program was used to obtain the nutritional diagnosis. Results: it was found, in the intervention group, that adolescents who never consume whole milk, skimmed milk, fresh cow's cheese and natural yogurt have a higher prevalence of obesity (15.8%, 12.5%, 19.0% and 19.0%, respectively), compared to the adolescents who consume them daily (0.0%, 0.0%, 2.3% and 5.6%, respectively), there being a highly significant difference for the consumption of cheese fresh cow's milk and natural yogurt (p ≤ 0.01). It was possible to increase the frequency of dairy consumption and changes in nutritional status were observed in the intervention group, where the prevalence of obesity decreased from 13.8% to 6.1%. Conclusions: adolescents with higher milk consumption and its dairy products had a lower prevalence of obesity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el consumo de leche y productos lácteos puede jugar un papel importante en el mantenimiento del peso corporal saludable, ya que, en condiciones normales de los individuos, se ha observado una asociación negativa entre la ingesta diaria del calcio contenido en la leche y los productos lácteos con el incremento adipositario. Objetivo: determinar si el consumo de leche y productos lácteos repercute en la disminución del peso corporal de los adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México. Métodos: ensayo comunitario con 2.368 adolescentes en tres fases: descripción del estado de nutrición inicial, intervención educativa multidisciplinaria en el grupo intervención y evaluación de los cambios observados. Se aplicó a los participantes un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y recordatorio de 24 horas, se tomaron medidas antropométricas y se utilizó el programa Who Anthro Plus® para obtener el diagnóstico nutricional. Resultados: se encontró, en el grupo de intervención, que los adolescentes que nunca consumen leche entera, leche descremada, queso fresco de vaca y yogur natural presentan mayor prevalencia de obesidad (15,8%, 12,5%, 19,0% y 19,0%, respectivamente), en comparación con los adolescentes que los consumen diariamente (0,0%, 0,0%, 2,3% y 5,6%, respectivamente), con una diferencia altamente significativa para el consumo de queso fresco de vaca y yogurt natural (p ≤ 0,01). Se logró aumentar la frecuencia de consumo de lácteos y se observaron cambios en el estado de nutrición en el grupo de intervención, donde la prevalencia de obesidad disminuyó del 13,8% al 6,1%. Conclusiones: los adolescentes con mayor consumo de leche y productos lácteos presentaron menor prevalencia de obesidad.

Intervención para la incentivación del consumo de verduras y frutas como estrategia para la disminución del exceso de peso en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Intervention for the incentive in the consumption of vegetables and fruits as a strategy to reduce overweight in adolescents from Mexico City

FUNDAMENTOS: Para contrarrestar el problema de sobrepeso y obesidad se requiere la adopción de conductas saludables, entre estas se encuentra el consumo regular de verduras y frutas. El objetivo fue determinar si el incremento en el consumo de verduras y frutas repercute en el estado ponderal en adolescentes de Escuelas Secundarias de la Ciudad de México. MÉTODOS: Ensayo comunitario con 2368 adolescentes en tres fases: descripción del estado inicial, intervención educativa en grupo intervención y evaluación de los cambios observados. Se aplicó a los participantes un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, se tomaron medidas antropométricas y se utilizó el programa Who Anthro Plus(R), para obtener el diagnóstico del estado ponderal. RESULTADOS: Se logró un incremento en el consumo diario de verduras y frutas (de 15,3-21,3%; 28,7-39,2%), disminuyendo la prevalencia de obesidad (de 13,8%-6,1%). Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias significativas (p≤0,01) entre la prevalecía de obesidad estimada en adolescentes que nunca consumían verduras (36,0%) y frutas (16,7%), en comparación con los que las consumían todos los días (8,9% y 5,3%, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: Una intervención que incremente el consumo de verduras y frutas es capaz de disminuir la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes

BACKGROUND: To counteract the problem of overweight and obesity requires the adoption of health conducts, among these are the vegetables and fruits regular consumption. The objective was to determine if the increase in the vegetables and fruits consumption affects the adolescent ponderal status in secondary schools in Mexico City. METHODS: Community trial with 2368 adolescents conducted in three phases: description of the initial state, educational intervention with the intervention group and evaluation of the changes observed. It was applied to the participants a frequency of food consumption questionnaire, it was taken in anthropometric measurements and using the Who Anthro Plus(R) program was diagnosed ponderal status. RESULTS: An increase in the daily consumption of vegetables and fruits (from 15.3-21.3%; 28.7-3.2%) was achieved, decreasing the prevalence of obesity (from 13.8%-6.1%). Likewise, there were found highly significant difference (p≤0.01) between the prevalence of obesity in adolescents who never consume vegetables and fruits (36.0%; 16.7%), compared to those who consume them every day (8.9% and 5.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: An intervention that increases the vegetables and fruits consumption is capable of reduce prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescent

Trends in proportion of older HIV-infected people in care in Latin America and the Caribbean: a growing challenge.

We aimed to quantify the proportion of people receiving care for HIV-infection that are 50 years or older (older HIV patients) in Latin America and the Caribbean between 2000 and 2015 and to estimate the contribution to the growth of this population of people enrolled before (<50yo) and after 50 years old (yo) (⩾50yo). We used a series of repeated, cross-sectional measurements over time in the Caribbean, Central and South American network (CCASAnet) cohort. We estimated the percentage of patients retained in care each year that were older HIV patients. For every calendar year, we divided patients into two groups: those who enrolled before age 50 and after age 50. We used logistic regression models to estimate the change in the proportion of older HIV patients between 2000 and 2015. The percentage of CCASAnet HIV patients over 50 years had a threefold increase (8% to 24%) between 2000 and 2015. Most of the growth of this population can be explained by the increasing proportion of people that enrolled before 50 years and aged in care. These changes will impact needs of care for people living with HIV, due to multiple comorbidities and high risk of disability associated with aging.

Outcomes of HIV-positive patients with cryptococcal meningitis in the Americas.

BACKGROUND: Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is associated with substantial mortality in HIV-infected patients. Optimal timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in persons with CM represents a clinical challenge, and the burden of CM in Latin America has not been well described. Studies suggest that early ART initiation is associated with higher mortality, but data from the Americas are scarce. METHODS: HIV-infected adults in care between 1985-2014 at participating sites in the Latin America (the Caribbean, Central and South America network (CCASAnet)) and the Vanderbilt Comprehensive Care Clinic (VCCC) and who had CM were included. Survival probabilities were estimated. Risk of death when initiating ART within the first 2 weeks after CM diagnosis versus initiating between 2-8 weeks was assessed using dynamic marginal structural models adjusting for site, age, sex, year of CM, CD4 count, and route of HIV transmission. FINDINGS: 340 patients were included (Argentina 58, Brazil 138, Chile 28, Honduras 27, Mexico 34, VCCC 55) and 142 (42%) died during the observation period. Among 151 patients with CM prior to ART 56 (37%) patients died compared to 86 (45%) of 189 with CM after ART initiation (p=0.14). Patients diagnosed with CM after ART had a higher risk of death (p=0.03, log-rank test). The probability of survival was not statistically different between patients who started ART within 2 weeks of CM (7/24, 29%) vs. those initiating between 2-8 weeks (14/53, 26%) (p=0.96), potentially due to lack of power. INTERPRETATION: In this large Latin-American cohort, patients with CM had very high mortality rates, especially those diagnosed after ART initiation. This study reflects the overwhelming burden of CM in HIV-infected patients in Latin America.

Hábitos alimentarios, actividad física y estilos de vida en adolescentes escolarizados de la Ciudad de México y del Estado de Michoacán / Eating habits, physical ctivity and lifestyles among adolescents in Mexico City and the State of Michoacán

Fundamentos: La adolescencia se considera un periodo crítico en la adquisición y formación de hábitos alimentarios y de un estilo de vida saludable para el futuro joven, y que probablemente perdurarán en la edad adulta. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las conductas alimentarias y de estilo de vida en adolescentes escolarizados de la Ciudad de México (CDMX) y del Estado de Michoacán. Métodos: Se les aplicó la encuesta Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) a 956 adolescentes mexicanos, que participaron voluntariamente, bajo la firma de un consentimiento informado. Resultados: Los adolescentes de la CDMX presentaron un consumo mayor de bebidas azucaradas en comparación con los de Michoacán lo que representa que el 94,2% y 91,44%, respectivamente los consumen regularmente. Los adolescentes de la CDMX y Michoacán, reportan un bajo consumo de frutas representado por el 16,3% y 14.86% respectivamente, y de verduras del 10,3% y 16,00% respectivamente, las consumen a diario o más de una verdura al día. Se encontró un alto porcentaje de estudiantes que realizaban actividades sedentarias durante el día. Conclusiones: La baja actividad física aunada al bajo consumo de frutas y verduras y el alto consumo de bebidas gaseosas predispone a los adolescentes a presentar mayor riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles (AU)

Background: Adolescence is considered a critical period in the acquisition and formation of eating habits and a healthy lifestyle for the young future and that will probably be enduring in adulthood. The objective of the present study was to determine the dietary and lifestyle behaviors among adolescents in Mexico City (CDMX) and the State of Michoacán. Methods: The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HSBC) survey was applied to 956 Mexican adolescents, who participated voluntarily, under the signing of an informed consent. Results: The adolescents of the CDMX show a greater consumption of sweetened beverages compared to those of Michoacán, which means that 94.2% and 91.44%, respectively, consume them regularly. The adolescents of the CDMX and Michoacán, report a low consumption of fruits represented by 16.3% and 14.86% respectively, and vegetables 10.3% and 16.00% respectively, consume them daily or more than one a day. We found a high percentage of students performing sedentary activities during the day. Conclusions: Low physical activity coupled with low consumption of fruits and vegetables and high consumption of soft drinks predisposes adolescents to present an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases (AU)

Pharmaceutical studies during the Second Empire in the Gaceta Médica de México. / Los estudios farmacéuticos en el Segundo Imperio a través de la Gaceta Médica de México.

Pharmaceutical activities during the Second Empire have been neglected by historians of science in recent decades, even though pharmacy was an important discipline in Mexico City. This is shown by analyzing 12 papers published in the Gaceta Médica de México, the journal of the Sociedad Médica de México. Examination of these papers helps us understand the interests, practices and pharmaceutical activities of some of this group's physicians and pharmacists, as well as detailing scientific endorsement of the therapeutic use of Mexican flora. This allows us to trace a historical continuity in the activities of pharmacists in the capital city throughout the nineteenth century. Abstract Pharmaceutical activities during the Second Empire have been neglected by historians of science in recent decades, even though pharmacy was an important discipline in Mexico City. This is shown by analyzing 12 papers published in the Gaceta Médica de México, the journal of the Sociedad Médica de México. Examination of these papers helps us understand the interests, practices and pharmaceutical activities of some of this group's physicians and pharmacists, as well as detailing scientific endorsement of the therapeutic use of Mexican flora. This allows us to trace a historical continuity in the activities of pharmacists in the capital city throughout the nineteenth century.

Los estudios farmacéuticos en el segundo imperio a través de la gaceta médica de méxico / Pharmaceutical studies during the second empire in the gaceta médica de méxico

Las actividades farmacéuticas durante el Segundo Imperio han carecido de atención por parte de los historiadores de la ciencia en las últimas décadas, a pesar de que la farmacia fue una disciplina destacada en la ciudad de México. Muestra de ello es el análisis de 12 escritos publicados en la Gaceta Médica de México, periódico de la Sociedad Médica de México. El escrutinio de estos permite comprender los intereses, prácticas y actividades farmacéuticas de algunos médicos y farmacéuticos de la agrupación, a la vez que detallan la sanción científica de la flora mexicana con fines terapéuticos. Esto permite identificar una continuidad histórica en las actividades de los farmacéuticos capitalinos a lo largo del siglo XIX.

Pharmaceutical activities during the Second Empire have been neglected by historians of science in recent decades, even though pharmacy was an important discipline in Mexico City. This is shown by analyzing 12 papers published in the Gaceta Médica de México, the journal of the Sociedad Médica de México. Examination of these papers helps us understand the interests, practices and pharmaceutical activities of some of this group’s physicians and pharmacists, as well as detailing scientific endorsement of the therapeutic use of Mexican flora. This allows us to trace a historical continuity in the activities of pharmacists in the capital city throughout the nineteenth century.

Los estudios farmacéuticos en el Segundo Imperio a través de la Gaceta Médica de México / Pharmaceutical studies during the Second Empire in the Gaceta Médica de México

Las actividades farmacéuticas durante el Segundo Imperio han carecido de atención por parte de los historiadores de la ciencia en las últimas décadas, a pesar de que la farmacia fue una disciplina destacada en la ciudad de México. Muestra de ello es el análisis de 12 escritos publicados en la Gaceta Médica de México, periódico de la Sociedad Médica de México. El escrutinio de estos permite comprender los intereses, prácticas y actividades farmacéuticas de algunos médicos y farmacéuticos de la agrupación, a la vez que detallan la sanción científica de la flora mexicana con fines terapéuticos. Esto permite identificar una continuidad histórica en las actividades de los farmacéuticos capitalinos a lo largo del siglo XIX. (AU)

Ciencia y publico en la ciudad de México en la primera mitad del siglo XIX / Science and the public in México city in the nineteenth century

Entre 1821 y 1860 la Ciudad de México fue escenario de una gran diversidad de actividades de talante científico en las que participó un público heterogéneo que no estuvo restringido a las élites intelectuales y que estableció las bases de una cultura proclive a todo tipo de ciencias. En este trabajo se examinarán sus rasgos a través de la exposición de las diversas actividades científicas de entretenimiento racional y espectáculos cultos que se ofrecieron en el ámbito urbano y que tuvieron como complemento los contenidos de las ciencias difundidos en las numerosas revistas literarias de la primera mitad de la centuria. De esta manera, tanto hombres como mujeres con ciertos recursos económicos, tiempo libre, instrucción más allá de las primeras letras y hábitos de lectura, tuvieron la oportunidad de acceder a los contenidos y los valores de la ciencia de su tiempo, que ellos mismos extenderían a un público más amplio (AU)

In the first half of the Nineteenth Century a large diversity of scientific activities were performed in Mexico City, establishing the foundation of a scientific culture. This paper will analyze its features, revealing the numerous activities of rational entertainment and learned performances that were complemented by the scientific contents of many literary magazines published during that time. As a result, the contents and values of Nineteenth Century science were appropriated by men and women of the middle and upper classes, who extended them into the larger public (AU)

Antioxidantes: perspectiva actual para la salud humana / Antioxidants: present perspective for the human health

The aim of this paper is to highlight data related to health and antioxidants. According to the literature, these substances may participate to neutralize the excess of free radicals in oxidation mechanisms. The production of free radicals, a usual biological phenomenon, is regulated by different metabolic routes, since they are the first line of defense in the human body. Even though they are important in order to maintain a healthy body, the imbalance between endogenous antioxidants and free radicals, known as oxidative stress, is associated with different diseases and human aging. This paper also presents some sources of exogenous antioxidants, focusing on fruits and other vegetables and presents data from a local exploratory study about antioxidants consumption.

El objetivo de este artículo es resaltar aspectos sobre los antioxidantes y la salud. De acuerdo con la literatura, los antioxidantes pueden neutralizar el exceso de radicales libres durante la actividad oxidativa, propia del organismo. La producción de radicales libres, un evento natural, es regulado por diferentes rutas metabólicas, porque representan la primera línea de defensa de los seres vivos. Sin embargo, aunque son relevantes para mantener la salud, el desbalance entre antioxidantes endógenos y radicales libres (estrés oxidativo) se asocia con diferentes enfermedades o con el envejecimiento humano, como se analiza en este texto. El artículo también incluye algunas fuentes de antioxidantes exógenos, sobre todo frutas y otros vegetales, así como datos de un estudio local exploratorio sobre consumo de antioxidantes.

Prevalencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo y su asociación con ansiedad y estado nutricio en adolescentes de escuelas secundarias técnicas del distrito federal, México / No disponible

No disponible

[Rapid spread of the HIV-1 circular recombinant CRF02-AG in Russia and neighboring countries].

The spread of the HIV-1circular recombinant CRF02-AG in countries of the former Soviet union (Commonwealth of Independent States, CIS) was studies using partial and full genome sequences. The full-genome sequence of the CRF02-AG recombinant circulating in Russia was obtained for the first time. A Global phylogenetic tree of CRF02-AG full-genome sequences was constructed. Three distinct groups of the sequences were detected as clustered by the geographical location (CIS, South Korea, and France), which is indicative of the single-virus introduction in each of the regions mentioned above. The CIS cluster exhibiting minimum genetic diversity was, therefore, relatively young. The phylogenetic analysis of the env gene sequences within the CIS cluster made it possible to clearly discriminate three branches: two of Russian and one of Uzbek origin. The low genetic diversity within the two Russian subclusters provides evidence of at least two recent independent introductions of the CRF02-AG recombinant from Central Asia into Russia. This work was performed within the framework of the 7th Federal Research Program (FP&), Project EURIPRED (European Research Infrastructures for Poverty Related Diseases), grant agreement No.312661.

Contenido de ácidos grasos en semillas de chía (Salvia hispanica L.) cultivadas en cuatro estados de México / Fatty acid content in chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds grown in four Mexican states

Introducción: existe evidencia científica de que la chía (Salvia hispanica L.) es originaria de México y que formó parte, junto con el maíz, frijol y amaranto, de la dieta prehispánica. Con la llegada de los españoles, su uso fue suprimido en las tradiciones y costumbres de los aztecas y mayas, no es hasta finales del siglo pasado que las semillas de chía han cobrado gran interés por su alto contenido de ácido alfa-linolénico así como su relación con la salud y nutrición humana. Objetivo: determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos en semillas de chía cultivadas en diferentes zonas de México. Métodos: se obtuvieron cinco lotes de semillas de chía, a los cuales se les extrajo el aceite en equipo soxhlet con éter de petróleo. El perfil de ácidos grasos se determinó por cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de flama. Resultados: los análisis cromatográficos permitieron identificar y cuantificar nueve ácidos grasos en las muestras de aceite de chía, palmítico (C16) y palmitoleico (C16:1), esteárico (C18), oleico cis-9 (C18:1 c9), oleico cis-11 (C18:1 c11), oleico cis-12 (C18:1 c12), linoleico (C18: 2 c9c12), araquídico (C20), linolénico (C18:3 c6c9c12) y alfa-linolénico (C18:3 c9c12c15). El ácidos graso alfa-linolénico presentó la mayor concentración (62,67 %). Conclusiones: el contenido de ácidos grasos saturados e insaturados en el aceite de semillas de chía, cultivadas en zonas diferentes de México, se encuentra dentro del intervalo informado para otros países.

Introduction: there is scientific evidence that chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is native to Mexico and was part of the prehispanic diet alongside maize, beans and amaranth. Upon arrival of the Spanish colonizers, its use was suppressed from Aztec and Mayan customs and traditions. It is not until the end of the twentieth century that chia seeds attracted great interest due to their high alpha-linoleic acid content and its relationship to human nutrition and health. Objective: determine the fatty acid profile in chia seeds grown in various regions of Mexico. Methods: five lots of chia seeds were obtained, from which the oil was extracted in a Soxhlet device with petroleum ether. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Results: chromatographic analysis permitted identification and quantification of nine fatty acids in the chia oil samples: palmitic (C16) and palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18), cis-9 oleic (C18:1 c9), cis-11 oleic (C18:1 c11), cis-12 oleic (C18:1 c12), linoleic (C18: 2 c9c12), arachidic (C20), linolenic (C18:3 c6c9c12) and alpha-linolenic (C18:3 c9c12c15). Alpha-linolenic acid had the greatest concentration (62.67 %). Conclusions: the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in oil from chia seeds grown in various regions of Mexico is within the range reported by other countries.