ABSTRACT
The biphenyl neolignan honokiol is a neuroprotectant which has been proposed as a treatment for central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The death of cholinergic neurons in AD is attributed to multiple factors, including accumulation and fibrillation of amyloid beta peptide (Aß) within the brain; metal ion toxicity; and oxidative stress. In this study, we used a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model expressing full length Aß42 as a convenient in vivo system for examining the effect of honokiol against Aß-induced toxicity. Furthermore, honokiol was evaluated for its ability to inhibit Aß42 oligomerization and fibrillation; inhibit acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase; scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals; and chelate iron(II). Honokiol displayed activity similar to that of resveratrol and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in delaying Aß42-induced paralysis in C. elegans, and it exhibited moderate-to-weak ability to inhibit Aß42 on-pathway aggregation, inhibit cholinesterases, scavenge DPPH radicals, and chelate iron(II). Moreover, honokiol was found to be chemically stable relative to EGCG, which was highly unstable. Together with its good drug-likeness and brain availability, these results suggest that honokiol may be amenable to drug development and that the synthesis of honokiol analogues to optimize these properties should be considered.
Subject(s)
Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/toxicity , Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology , Chelating Agents/pharmacology , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology , Lignans/pharmacology , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/toxicity , Animals , Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry , Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism , Caenorhabditis elegans , Catechin/analogs & derivatives , Catechin/pharmacology , Chelating Agents/chemistry , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/chemistry , Drug Stability , Free Radical Scavengers/chemistry , Humans , Iron/chemistry , Iron/metabolism , Lignans/chemistry , Molecular Docking Simulation , Molecular Structure , Neuroprotective Agents/chemistry , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Paralysis/drug therapy , Paralysis/metabolism , Picrates/metabolism , Protein Aggregation, Pathological/drug therapy , Protein Aggregation, Pathological/metabolism , Protein Multimerization/drug effects , Resveratrol , Stilbenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Various 5-substituted-2-(1-((diethylamino)methyl)-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide (4a, b) and 5-substituted-2-(1-((diethylamino)methyl)-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-N-(phenyl-4-substituted)hydrazinecarbothioamide (5a-h) derivatives were synthesized. The compounds were screened for cytotoxicity against human HeLa and CEM T-lymphocytes as well as murine L1210 cells. The compounds were also screened for ß-lactamase inhibitory activity, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activity against various strains of microorganisms. Several of these compounds were endowed with low micromolar 50 %-cytostatic concentration (IC50) values, and some were virtually equally potent as melphalan. The most potent inhibitors against the murine leukemia cells (L1210) were also the most inhibitory against human T-lymphocyte (CEM) tumor cells. Derivative 2-(1-((diethylamino)methyl)-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide 5c emerged as the most potent cytostatic compound among the tested compounds. Derivatives 4b, 5a, 5b, and 5d showed antiviral activity against HEL cell cultures (IC50 11-20 µM). Moderate antimicrobial activity was observed for all derivatives. The encouraging cytostatic and antiviral activity data provide an adequate rationale for further modification of these molecular scaffolds. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: Derivative 5c (1.9-4.4 µM) emerged as the most potent cytostatic compound among the tested compounds. Derivatives 4b, 5a, 5b, and 5d showed antiviral activity against HEL cell cultures (IC50 11-20 µM).
