Exploring the Immunomodulatory Potential of Pancreatic Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles through Proteomic and Functional Analyses.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis and displays resistance to immunotherapy. A better understanding of tumor-derived extracellular vesicle (EV) effects on immune responses might contribute to improved immunotherapy. EVs derived from Capan-2 and BxPC-3 PC cells isolated by ultracentrifugation were characterized by atomic force microscopy, Western blot (WB), nanoparticle tracking analysis, and label-free proteomics. Fresh PBMCs from healthy donors were treated with PC- or control-derived heterologous EVs, followed by flow cytometry analysis of CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes. The proteomics of lymphocytes sorted from EV-treated or untreated PBMCs was performed, and the IFN-γ concentration was measured by ELISA. Notably, most of the proteins identified in Capan-2 and BxPC-3 EVs by the proteomic analysis were connected in a single functional network (p = 1 × 10-16) and were involved in the "Immune System" (FDR: 1.10 × 10-24 and 3.69 × 10-19, respectively). Interestingly, the treatment of healthy donor-derived PBMCs with Capan-2 EVs but not with BxPC-3 EVs or heterologous control EVs induced early activation of CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes. The proteomics of lymphocytes sorted from EV-treated PBMCs was consistent with their activation by Capan-2 EVs, indicating IFN-γ among the major upstream regulators, as confirmed by ELISA. The proteomic and functional analyses indicate that PC-EVs have pleiotropic effects, and some may activate early immune responses, which might be relevant for the development of highly needed immunotherapeutic strategies in this immune-cold tumor.

Extracellular vesicles during the three trimesters of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived particles released during different pathophysiological processes and emerging as relevant players in inter-cellular crosstalk. Previous studies have highlighted the role of EVs as potential biomarkers for several pregnancy complications, including miscarriage, pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes. Despite that, the actual distribution of EVs through gestation has not been reported yet. The aim of this study was to report the concentration of different sub-types of EVs in the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy and to correlate them with different pregnancy and ultrasound characteristics. STUDY DESIGNS: Prospective observational study including uncomplicated pregnancies in the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy. The first aim of the study was to report the concentration of the EVs derived from endothelial, epithelial, platelet and leukocyte cells of maternal peripheral blood samples in the first, second and third trimester pregnancy using polychromatic flow cytometry. The secondary aim was to correlate EVs with neonatal birthweight and fetal Dopplers, including uterine and umbilical arteries. Un and multivariate analyses were used to compute the data. RESULTS: 64 women (20 in the first, 22 in the second and 22 in the third trimester of pregnancies) were included in the analysis. There was no difference in the median concentration of either platelet, leukocyte and endothelial EVs between the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy. The concentration of epithelial derived EVs was higher in the third compared to first and second trimester of pregnancy. When analyzing the percentage of EV vesicles through gestation, there was no difference in the percentage of either leukocyte or endothelial EVs through gestation. Conversely, the median percentage of platelet derived vesicles was higher in the first (48.7 %, IQR 34.1-58.5) compared to second (34.0 %, IQR 22.7-44.9) and third (9.13 %, IQR 5.01-12.1) trimester of pregnancy, while the median percentage of third trimester (6.01, IQR 2.42-7.34) epithelial derived vesicles was higher than that of the second (1.53 %, IQR 0.65-2.98), but not of the first (4.45 %, IQR 1.44-6.07) trimester. Finally, we found no association between the median concentration or percentage of endothelial, epithelial, leukocyte vesicles, neonatal birthweight and fetal or maternal Dopplers. CONCLUSIONS: Distribution of EVs examined does not change during the three trimesters of pregnancy and is not influenced by neonatal birthweight or maternal and fetal Dopplers. The findings from this study allows a more objective interpretation of studies comparing EVs in pregnancies with compared to those without obstetric complication. EVs in future can be used for "liquid biopsy" for the early diagnosis of pathological pregnancies up to the development of possible screening protocols.

Clinical added value of interictal automated electrical source imaging in the presurgical evaluation of MRI-negative epilepsy: A real-life experience in 29 consecutive patients.

OBJECTIVE: During the presurgical evaluation, manual electrical source imaging (ESI) provides clinically useful information in one-third of the patients but it is time-consuming and requires specific expertise. This prospective study aims to assess the clinical added value of a fully automated ESI analysis in a cohort of patients with MRI-negative epilepsy and describe its diagnostic performance, by evaluating sublobar concordance with stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) results and surgical resection and outcome. METHODS: All consecutive patients referred to the Center for Refractory Epilepsy (CRE) of St-Luc University Hospital (Brussels, Belgium) for presurgical evaluation between 15/01/2019 and 31/12/2020 meeting the inclusion criteria, were recruited to the study. Interictal ESI was realized on low-density long-term EEG monitoring (LD-ESI) and, whenever available, high-density EEG (HD-ESI), using a fully automated analysis (Epilog PreOp, Epilog NV, Ghent, Belgium). The multidisciplinary team (MDT) was asked to formulate hypotheses about the epileptogenic zone (EZ) location at sublobar level and make a decision on further management for each patient at two distinct moments: i) blinded to ESI and ii) after the presentation and clinical interpretation of ESI. Results leading to a change in clinical management were considered contributive. Patients were followed up to assess whether these changes lead to concordant results on stereo-EEG (SEEG) or successful epilepsy surgery. RESULTS: Data from all included 29 patients were analyzed. ESI led to a change in the management plan in 12/29 patients (41%). In 9/12 (75%), modifications were related to a change in the plan of the invasive recording. In 8/9 patients, invasive recording was performed. In 6/8 (75%), the intracranial EEG recording confirmed the localization of the ESI at a sublobar level. So far, 5/12 patients, for whom the management plan was changed after ESI, were operated on and have at least one-year postoperative follow-up. In all cases, the EZ identified by ESI was included in the resection zone. Among these patients, 4/5 (80%) are seizure-free (ILAE 1) and one patient experienced a seizure reduction of more than 50% (ILAE 4). CONCLUSIONS: In this single-center prospective study, we demonstrated the added value of automated ESI in the presurgical evaluation of MRI-negative cases, especially in helping to plan the implantation of depth electrodes for SEEG, provided that ESI results are integrated into the whole multimodal evaluation and clinically interpreted.

ZnO Nanorods Create a Hypoxic State with Induction of HIF-1 and EPAS1, Autophagy, and Mitophagy in Cancer and Non-Cancer Cells.

Nanomaterials are gaining increasing attention as innovative materials in medicine. Among nanomaterials, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures are particularly appealing because of their opto-electrical, antimicrobial, and photochemical properties. Although ZnO is recognized as a safe material and the Zn ion (Zn2+) concentration is strictly regulated at a cellular and systemic level, different studies have demonstrated cellular toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and ZnO nanorods (ZnO-NRs). Recently, ZnO-NP toxicity has been shown to depend on the intracellular accumulation of ROS, activation of autophagy and mitophagy, as well as stabilization and accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein. However, if the same pathway is also activated by ZnO-NRs and how non-cancer cells respond to ZnO-NR treatment, are still unknown. To answer to these questions, we treated epithelial HaCaT and breast cancer MCF-7 cells with different ZnO-NR concentrations. Our results showed that ZnO-NR treatments increased cell death through ROS accumulation, HIF-1α and endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1) activation, and induction of autophagy and mitophagy in both cell lines. These results, while on one side, confirmed that ZnO-NRs can be used to reduce cancer growth, on the other side, raised some concerns on the activation of a hypoxic response in normal cells that, in the long run, could induce cellular transformation.

Inactivation of interleukin-30 in colon cancer stem cells via CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing inhibits their oncogenicity and improves host survival.

BACKGROUND: Progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, is driven by colorectal cancer stem cells (CR-CSCs), which are regulated by endogenous and microenvironmental signals. Interleukin (IL)-30 has proven to be crucial for CSC viability and tumor progression. Whether it is involved in CRC tumorigenesis and impacts clinical behavior is unknown. METHODS: IL30 production and functions, in stem and non-stem CRC cells, were determined by western blot, immunoelectron microscopy, flow cytometry, cell viability and sphere formation assays. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of the IL30 gene, RNA-Seq and implantation of IL30 gene transfected or deleted CR-CSCs in NSG mice allowed to investigate IL30's role in CRC oncogenesis. Bioinformatics and immunopathology of CRC samples highlighted the clinical implications. RESULTS: We demonstrated that both CR-CSCs and CRC cells express membrane-anchored IL30 that regulates their self-renewal, via WNT5A and RAB33A, and/or proliferation and migration, primarily by upregulating CXCR4 via STAT3, which are suppressed by IL30 gene deletion, along with WNT and RAS pathways. Deletion of IL30 gene downregulates the expression of proteases, such as MMP2 and MMP13, chemokine receptors, mostly CCR7, CCR3 and CXCR4, and growth and inflammatory mediators, including ANGPT2, CXCL10, EPO, IGF1 and EGF. These factors contribute to IL30-driven CR-CSC and CRC cell expansion, which is abrogated by their selective blockade. IL30 gene deleted CR-CSCs displayed reduced tumorigenicity and gave rise to slow-growing and low metastatic tumors in 80% of mice, which survived much longer than controls. Bioinformatics and CIBERSORTx of the 'Colorectal Adenocarcinoma TCGA Nature 2012' collection, and morphometric assessment of IL30 expression in clinical CRC samples revealed that the lack of IL30 in CRC and infiltrating leucocytes correlates with prolonged overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: IL30 is a new CRC driver, since its inactivation, which disables oncogenic pathways and multiple autocrine loops, inhibits CR-CSC tumorigenicity and metastatic ability. The development of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of IL30 could improve the current therapeutic landscape of CRC.

Role of SIRT3 in Microgravity Response: A New Player in Muscle Tissue Recovery.

Life on Earth has evolved in the presence of a gravity constraint. Any change in the value of such a constraint has important physiological effects. Gravity reduction (microgravity) alters the performance of muscle, bone and, immune systems among others. Therefore, countermeasures to limit such deleterious effects of microgravity are needed considering future Lunar and Martian missions. Our study aims to demonstrate that the activation of mitochondrial Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) can be exploited to reduce muscle damage and to maintain muscle differentiation following microgravity exposure. To this effect, we used a RCCS machine to simulate microgravity on ground on a muscle and cardiac cell line. During microgravity, cells were treated with a newly synthesized SIRT3 activator, called MC2791 and vitality, differentiation, ROS and, autophagy/mitophagy were measured. Our results indicate that SIRT3 activation reduces microgravity-induced cell death while maintaining the expression of muscle cell differentiation markers. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that SIRT3 activation could represent a targeted molecular strategy to reduce muscle tissue damage caused by microgravity.

CAR-T-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Promising Development of CAR-T Anti-Tumor Therapy.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous population of plasma membrane-surrounded particles that are released in the extracellular milieu by almost all types of living cells. EVs are key players in intercellular crosstalk, both locally and systemically, given that they deliver their cargoes (consisting of proteins, lipids, mRNAs, miRNAs, and DNA fragments) to target cells, crossing biological barriers. Those mechanisms further trigger a wide range of biological responses. Interestingly, EV phenotypes and cargoes and, therefore, their functions, stem from their specific parental cells. For these reasons, EVs have been proposed as promising candidates for EV-based, cell-free therapies. One of the new frontiers of cell-based immunotherapy for the fight against refractory neoplastic diseases is represented by genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) lymphocytes, which in recent years have demonstrated their effectiveness by reaching commercialization and clinical application for some neoplastic diseases. CAR-T-derived EVs represent a recent promising development of CAR-T immunotherapy approaches. This crosscutting innovative strategy is designed to exploit the advantages of genetically engineered cell-based immunotherapy together with those of cell-free EVs, which in principle might be safer and more efficient in crossing biological and tumor-associated barriers. In this review, we underlined the potential of CAR-T-derived EVs as therapeutic agents in tumors.

Vagus nerve stimulation-induced laryngeal motor evoked potentials for response prediction and intensity titration in drug-resistant epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to record Laryngeal Motor Evoked Potentials (LMEPs) in Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)-implanted patients suffering from Drug-Resistant Epilepsy (DRE). Based on these recordings, LMEPs characteristics were evaluated and compared between responders (R) and non-responders (NR). Finally, possible under- or over-stimulation was assessed based on a physiological indicator of fiber engagement. METHODS: Mean dose-response curves were compared between R and NR. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) model was built based on both LMEP and dose-response curves features, to discriminate R from NR. For the exploration of possible under- or over-stimulation, a ratio between the clinically applied stimulation intensity and the intensity yielding to LMEP saturation was computed for each patient. RESULTS: A trend towards a greater excitability of the nerve was observed in R compared to NR. The SVM classifier discriminated R and NR with an accuracy of 80%. An ineffective attempt to overstimulate at current levels above what is usually necessary to obtain clinical benefits was suggested in NR. CONCLUSIONS: The SVM model built emphasizes a possible link between vagus nerve recruitment characteristics and treatment effectiveness. Most of the clinically responding patients receive VNS at a stimulation intensity 1-fold and 2-fold the intensity inducing LMEP saturation. SIGNIFICANCE: LMEP saturation could be a practical help in guiding the titration of the stimulation parameters using a physiological indicator of fiber engagement.

Basophil Activation Test with Different Polyethylene Glycols in Patients with Suspected PEG Hypersensitivity Reactions.

Allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccine components are rare but should be considered. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is responsible for anaphylaxis in mRNA vaccines. Skin tests have been used in the allergological work-up programs for COVID-19 vaccine evaluation. However, the reproducibility of the skin prick test is time-dependent and the reactivity declines over time. Therefore, we combined the administration of the skin tests with the basophil activation test (BAT) using PEG2000, PEG4000 and DMG-PEG2000, where the BAT was considered positive when the percentage of activated basophils was higher than 6%, 5% and 6.5%, for PEG 4000, PEG2000 and DMG-PEG2000, respectively. To this end, among the subjects that underwent allergy counseling at the Allergy Unit of our Institution during the 2020/2021 vaccination campaign, 13 patients had a suggested medical history of PEG/drug hypersensitivity and were enrolled together with 10 healthy donors. Among the enrolled patients 2 out of 13 tested patients were positive to the skin test. The BAT was negative in terms of the percentages of activated basophils in all analyzed samples, but the stimulation index (SI) was higher than 2.5 in 4 out of 13 patients. These data evidenced that, when the SI is higher than 2.5, even in the absence of positivity to BAT, the BAT to PEG may be a useful tool to be coupled to skin tests to evidence even low-grade reactions.

Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Processes Associated with Muscle Injury Recovery of Professional Athletes Undergoing Sub Maximal Strength Rehabilitation.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has great potential in regenerative medicine. In addition to the well-known regenerative potential of secreted growth factors, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as potential key players in the regulation of tissue repair. However, little is known about their therapeutic potential as regenerative agents. In this study, we have identified and subtyped circulating EVs (platelet-, endothelial-, and leukocyte-derived EVs) in the peripheral blood of athletes recovering from recent muscular injuries and undergoing a submaximal strength rehabilitation program. We found a significant increase in circulating platelet-derived EVs at the end of the rehabilitation program. Moreover, EVs from PRP samples were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and analyzed by label-free proteomics. The proteomic analysis of PRP-EVs revealed that 32% of the identified proteins were associated to "defense and immunity", and altogether these proteins were involved in vesicle-mediated transport (GO: 0016192; FDR = 3.132 × 10-19), as well as in wound healing (GO: 0042060; FDR = 4.252 × 10-13) and in the events regulating such a process (GO: 0061041; FDR = 2.812 × 10-12). Altogether, these data suggest that platelet-derived EVs may significantly contribute to the regeneration potential of PRP preparations.

Rapid Detection of Brettanomyces bruxellensis in Wine by Polychromatic Flow Cytometry.

Brettanomyces bruxellensis is found in several fermented matrices and produces relevant alterations to the wine quality. The methods usually used to identify B. bruxellensis contamination are based on conventional microbiological techniques that require long procedures (15 days), causing the yeast to spread in the meantime. Recently, a flow cytometry kit for the rapid detection (1-2 h) of B. bruxellensis in wine has been developed. The feasibility of the method was assessed in a synthetic medium as well as in wine samples by detecting B. bruxellensis in the presence of other yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia spp.) and at the concentrations that produce natural contaminations (up to 105 cells/mL), as well as at lower concentrations (103-102 cells/mL). Wine samples naturally contaminated by B. bruxellensis or inoculated with four different strains of B. bruxellensis species together with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia spp., were analyzed by flow cytometry. Plate counts were carried out in parallel to flow cytometry. We provide evidence that flow cytometry allows the rapid detection of B. bruxellensis in simple and complex mixtures. Therefore, this technique has great potential for the detection of B. bruxellensis and could allow preventive actions to reduce wine spoilage.

Extracellular Vesicles as Players in the Anti-Inflammatory Inter-Cellular Crosstalk Induced by Exercise Training.

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are circulating particles surrounded by a plasma membrane carrying a cargo consisting of proteins, lipids, RNAs, and DNA fragments, stemming from the cells from which they originated. EV factors (i.e., miRNAs) play relevant roles in intercellular crosstalk, both locally and systemically. As EVs increasingly gained attention as potential carriers for targeted genes, the study of EV effects on the host immune response became more relevant. It has been demonstrated that EVs regulate the host immune response, executing both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. It is also known that physical exercise triggers anti-inflammatory effects. This review underlines the role of circulating EVs as players in the anti-inflammatory events associated with the regulation of the host's immune response to physical exercise.

Characterization of vagus nerve stimulation-induced pupillary responses in epileptic patients.

BACKGROUND: Modulation of the locus coeruleus (LC)-noradrenergic system is a key mechanism of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Activation of the LC produces pupil dilation, and the VNS-induced change in pupil diameter was demonstrated in animals as a possible dose-dependent biomarker for treatment titration. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize VNS-induced pupillary responses in epileptic patients. METHODS: Pupil diameter was recorded in ten epileptic patients upon four stimulation conditions: three graded levels of VNS intensity and a somatosensory control stimulation (cutaneous electrical stimulation over the left clavicle). For each block, the patients rated the intensity of stimulation on a numerical scale. We extracted the latency of the peak pupil dilation and the magnitude of the early (0-2.5 s) and late components (2.5-5 s) of the pupil dilation response (PDR). RESULTS: VNS elicited a peak dilation with longer latency compared to the control condition (p = 0.043). The magnitude of the early PDR was significantly correlated with the intensity of perception (p = 0.046), whereas the late PDR was not (p = 0.19). There was a significant main effect of the VNS level of intensity on the magnitude of the late PDR (p = 0.01) but not on the early PDR (p = 0.2). The relationship between late PDR magnitude and VNS intensity was best fit by a Gaussian model (inverted-U). CONCLUSIONS: The late component of the PDR might reflect specific dose-dependent effects of VNS, as compared to control somatosensory stimulation. The inverted-U relationship of late PDR with VNS intensity might indicate the engagement of antagonist central mechanisms at high stimulation intensities.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of Interleukin-30 suppresses IGF1 and CXCL5 and boosts SOCS3 reducing prostate cancer growth and mortality.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic prostate cancer (PC) is a leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Targeting of the culprits of disease progression is an unmet need. Interleukin (IL)-30 promotes PC onset and development, but whether it can be a suitable therapeutic target remains to be investigated. Here, we shed light on the relationship between IL30 and canonical PC driver genes and explored the anti-tumor potential of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of IL30. METHODS: PC cell production of, and response to, IL30 was tested by flow cytometry, immunoelectron microscopy, invasion and migration assays and PCR arrays. Syngeneic and xenograft models were used to investigate the effects of IL30, and its deletion by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, on tumor growth. Bioinformatics of transcriptional data and immunopathology of PC samples were used to assess the translational value of the experimental findings. RESULTS: Human membrane-bound IL30 promoted PC cell proliferation, invasion and migration in association with STAT1/STAT3 phosphorylation, similarly to its murine, but secreted, counterpart. Both human and murine IL30 regulated PC driver and immunity genes and shared the upregulation of oncogenes, BCL2 and NFKB1, immunoregulatory mediators, IL1A, TNF, TLR4, PTGS2, PD-L1, STAT3, and chemokine receptors, CCR2, CCR4, CXCR5. In human PC cells, IL30 improved the release of IGF1 and CXCL5, which mediated, via autocrine loops, its potent proliferative effect. Deletion of IL30 dramatically downregulated BCL2, NFKB1, STAT3, IGF1 and CXCL5, whereas tumor suppressors, primarily SOCS3, were upregulated. Syngeneic and xenograft PC models demonstrated IL30's ability to boost cancer proliferation, vascularization and myeloid-derived cell infiltration, which were hindered, along with tumor growth and metastasis, by IL30 deletion, with improved host survival. RNA-Seq data from the PanCancer collection and immunohistochemistry of high-grade locally advanced PCs demonstrated an inverse association (chi-squared test, p = 0.0242) between IL30 and SOCS3 expression and a longer progression-free survival of patients with IL30NegSOCS3PosPC, when compared to patients with IL30PosSOCS3NegPC. CONCLUSIONS: Membrane-anchored IL30 expressed by human PC cells shares a tumor progression programs with its murine homolog and, via juxtacrine signals, steers a complex network of PC driver and immunity genes promoting prostate oncogenesis. The efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of IL30 in curbing PC progression paves the way for its clinical use.

Extracellular Vesicles in pregnancy: Their potential role as a liquid biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived particles released during different pathophysiological processes, circulating in many body fluids and mediating the inter-cellular crosstalk. We have analyzed, for the first time, different EV phenotypes and concentrations in the peripheral blood of uncomplicated pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective case-control study, uncomplicated singleton pregnant women at term (N = 59) and aged matched non-pregnant women (N = 21) were enrolled. Freshly drowned peripheral blood samples were stained for flow cytometry analyses of EVs. RESULTS: EVs derived from platelets, leukocytes, endothelial and epithelial cells were identified and counted. Platelet-derived EVs were higher in pregnant compared to non-pregnant women, both in terms of absolute counts (2064.4 ± 1156.3 vs 701.1 ± 378.8; p < 0.0001) and percentages (27.6 ± 17.2 vs 10.7 ± 5.9; p < 0.0001). The opposite pattern was observed both for concentrations of endothelial-EV counts (525.8 ± 499.6 vs 844.7 ± 652.9; p = 0.007) and percentages (6.1 ± 5.5 vs 11.8 ± 8.0; p < 0.0001) and leukocyte-derived EV percentages (10.2 ± 7.4 vs 17.9 ± 11.2; p = 0.002) EVs. CONCLUSIONS: Uncomplicated pregnancies are characterized by a specific EV signature. These cell-derived particles may therefore represent promising biomarkers of different pathological conditions complicating pregnancies, such as preeclampsia or preterm birth.

SARS-CoV-2 and Immunity: Natural Infection Compared with Vaccination.

Recently, the protective and/or pathological role of virus-specific T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of many studies. We investigated the anti-spike IgG levels and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in 125 donors (90 vaccinated with four different vaccine platforms, 16 individuals with a previous natural infection, and 19 not vaccinated donors who did not report previous SARS-CoV-2 infections). Our data show that anti-spike IgG titers were similar between naturally infected subjects and those vaccinated with adenoviral vector vaccines. Of note, all immunized donors produced memory CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells. A sustained polyfunctionality of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in all immunized donors was also demonstrated. Altogether, our data suggest that the natural infection produces an overall response like that induced by vaccination. Therefore, this detailed immunological evaluation may be relevant for other vaccine efforts especially for the monitoring of novel vaccines effective against emerging virus variants.

Estimation of seizure onset zone from ictal scalp EEG using independent component analysis in extratemporal lobe epilepsy.

Objective.The purpose of this study is to localize the seizure onset zone of patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy. During the last two decades, multiple studies proposed the use of independent component analysis (ICA) to analyze ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. This study aims at evaluating ICA potential with quantitative measurements. In particular, we address the challenging step where the components extracted by ICA of an ictal nature must be selected.Approach.We considered a cohort of 10 patients suffering from extratemporal lobe epilepsy who were rendered seizure-free after surgery. Different sets of pre-processing parameters were compared and component features were explored to help distinguish ictal components from others. Quantitative measurements were implemented to determine whether some of the components returned by ICA were located within the resection zone and thus likely to be ictal. Finally, an assistance to the component selection was proposed based on the implemented features.Main results.For every seizure, at least one component returned by ICA was localized within the resection zone, with the optimal pre-processing parameters. Three features were found to distinguish components localized within the resection zone: the dispersion of their active brain sources, the ictal rhythm power and the contribution to the EEG variance. Using the implemented component selection assistance based on the features, the probability that the first proposed component yields an accurate estimation reaches 51.43% (without assistance: 24.74%). The accuracy reaches 80% when considering the best result within the first five components.Significance.This study confirms the utility of ICA for ictal EEG analysis in extratemporal lobe epilepsy, and suggests relevant features to analyze the components returned by ICA. A component selection assistance is proposed to guide clinicians in their choice for ictal components.

Flow Cytometry Detection of Anthracycline-Treated Breast Cancer Cells: An Optimized Protocol.

The use of anthracycline derivatives was approved for the treatment of a broad spectrum of human tumors (i.e., breast cancer). The need to test these drugs on cancer models has pushed the basic research to apply many types of in vitro assays, and, among them, the study of anthracycline-induced apoptosis was mainly based on the application of flow cytometry protocols. However, the chemical structure of anthracycline derivatives gives them a strong autofluorescence effect that must be considered when flow cytometry is used. Unfortunately, the guidelines on the analysis of anthracycline effects through flow cytometry are lacking. Therefore, in this study, we optimized the flow cytometry detection of doxorubicin and epirubicin-treated breast cancer cells. Their autofluorescence was assessed both by using conventional and imaging flow cytometry; we found that all the channels excited by the 488 nm laser were affected. Anthracycline-induced apoptosis was then measured via flow cytometry using the optimized setting. Consequently, we established a set of recommendations that enable the development of optimized flow cytometry settings when the in vitro assays of anthracycline effects are analyzed, with the final aim to reveal a new perspective on the use of those in vitro tests for the further implementation of precision medicine strategies in cancer.

Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Are Increased in Newly Diagnosed Celiac Disease Patients.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of circulating entities that are involved in intercellular crosstalk mechanisms, participating in homeostasis maintenance, and diseases. Celiac disease is a gluten-triggered immune-mediated disorder, characterized by the inflammatory insult of the enteric mucosa following local lymphocytic infiltration, resulting in villous atrophy. The goal of this research was the assessment and characterization of circulating EVs in celiac disease patients, as well as in patients already on an adequate gluten-free regimen (GFD). For this purpose, a novel and validated technique based on polychromatic flow cytometry that allowed the identification and enumeration of different EV sub-phenotypes was applied. The analysis evidenced that the total, annexin V+, leukocyte (CD45+), and platelet (CD41a+) EV counts were significantly higher in both newly diagnosed celiac disease patients and patients under GFD compared with the healthy controls. Endothelial-derived (CD31+) and epithelial-derived (EpCAM+) EV counts were significantly lower in subjects under gluten exclusion than in celiac disease patients, although EpCAM+ EVs maintained higher counts than healthy subjects. The numbers of EpCAM+ EVs were a statistically significant predictor of intraepithelial leukocytes (IEL). These data demonstrate that EVs could represent novel and potentially powerful disease-specific biomarkers in the context of celiac disease.