ABSTRACT
Origami biosensors leverage paper foldability to develop total analysis systems integrated in a single piece of paper. This capability can also be utilized to incorporate additional features that would be difficult to achieve with rigid substrates. In this article, we report a new design for 3D origami biosensors called OriPlex, which leverages the foldability of filter paper for the multiplexed detection of bacterial pathogens. OriPlex immunosensors detect pathogens by folding nanoparticle reservoirs containing different types of nanoprobes. This releases antibody-coated nanoparticles in a central channel where targets are captured through physical interactions. The OriPlex concept was demonstrated by detecting the respiratory pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) with a limit of detection of 3.4·103 cfu mL-1 and 1.4·102 cfu mL-1, respectively, and with a turn-around time of 25 min. Remarkably, the OriPlex biosensors allowed the multiplexed detection of both pathogens spiked into real bronchial aspirate (BAS) samples at a concentration of 105 cfu mL-1 (clinical infection threshold), thus demonstrating their suitability for diagnosing lower tract respiratory infections. The results shown here pave the way for implementing OriPlex biosensors as a screening test for detecting superbugs requiring personalized antibiotics in suspected cases of nosocomial pneumonia.
Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Biosensing Techniques/methods , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , Humans , Limit of Detection , Pseudomonas Infections/diagnosis , Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology , Equipment Design , Klebsiella Infections/diagnosis , Klebsiella Infections/microbiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Immunoassay/methodsABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with several gastrointestinal disorders, and the prevalence of cholelithiasis is high in this population. Because individuals with SCI may have atypical symptoms and more advanced disease, some treatment centers advocate prophylactic cholecystectomy for patients with SCI and gallstone disease. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the existence and quality of studies on prophylactic cholecystectomy in individuals with SCI and cholelithiasis. METHODS: A systematic search of literature up to July 10, 2022 was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines using the Medline, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. Keywords used were "cholecystectomy," "gallbladder," "cholelithiasis," "gallstone," and "spinal cord injury." RESULTS: The search identified 118 articles, of which 4 met the inclusion criteria. All these were retrospective observational studies. Prophylactic cholecystectomy was performed in 4-16.5% of the participants. The causes of cholecystectomy were chronic cholecystitis with biliary colic (44.5-63.5%), acute cholecystitis (4-26%), choledocholithiasis (6-11%) and pancreatitis (2-6%). Operative times, conversion rates, estimated blood loss, severity of complications, morbidity and mortality did not differ significantly between individuals with SCI and neurologically able individuals. CONCLUSION: No prospective cohort studies comparing prophylactic cholecystectomy with conservative management in individuals with SCI and gallstone disease have been conducted. Therefore, there is no robust evidence to support prophylactic cholecystectomy and further studies are required.
