The pathogen-encoded signalling receptor Tir exploits host-like intrinsic disorder for infection.

The translocated intimin receptor (Tir) is an essential type III secretion system (T3SS) effector of attaching and effacing pathogens contributing to the global foodborne disease burden. Tir acts as a cell-surface receptor in host cells, rewiring intracellular processes by targeting multiple host proteins. We investigated the molecular basis for Tir's binding diversity in signalling, finding that Tir is a disordered protein with host-like binding motifs. Unexpectedly, also are several other T3SS effectors. By an integrative approach, we reveal that Tir dimerises via an antiparallel OB-fold within a highly disordered N-terminal cytosolic domain. Also, it has a long disordered C-terminal cytosolic domain partially structured at host-like motifs that bind lipids. Membrane affinity depends on lipid composition and phosphorylation, highlighting a previously unrecognised host interaction impacting Tir-induced actin polymerisation and cell death. Furthermore, multi-site tyrosine phosphorylation enables Tir to engage host SH2 domains in a multivalent fuzzy complex, consistent with Tir's scaffolding role and binding promiscuity. Our findings provide insights into the intracellular Tir domains, highlighting the ability of T3SS effectors to exploit host-like protein disorder as a strategy for host evasion.

Avaliação de indicadores sociais e de saúde em municípios de Minas Gerais conforme tipologia rural-urbano / Assessment of social and health indicators in municipalities of Minas Gerais according to the rural-urban typology

RESUMO O presente artigo tem o objetivo de avaliar indicadores sociais e de saúde de municípios conforme a tipologia rural-urbano. Trata-se de estudo ecológico que utilizou dados oficiais de acesso público dos 853 municípios do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram conduzidas análises descritivas e bivariadas através da Regressão de Poisson e Teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Do total de municípios, 547 (64,12%) são rurais. A maior média do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M) foi observada entre os municípios urbanos. A maior média de cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) foi verificada entre os municípios rurais, nos quais também foram demonstrados os melhores resultados para os indicadores de mortalidades infantil, prematura e por causas evitáveis, homogeneidade vacinal e prevalência de desnutrição. Os achados deste estudo evidenciam que uma maior cobertura da ESF está associada à ocorrência de melhores condições gerais de vida e de saúde das populações atendidas em municípios de tipologia rural. Recomenda-se aos gestores de saúde o fomento à consolidação da ESF em comunidades com contextos socioeconômicos e culturais desfavoráveis, como localidades rurais remotas e aglomerados urbanos, e o estabelecimento de ações intersetoriais com impacto positivo na saúde.

ABSTRACT This article aims to evaluate social and health indicators of municipalities according to the rural-urban typology. This is an ecological study that used official publicly accessible data from the 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Descriptive and bivariate analysis were carried out using Poisson Regression and Kruskal-Wallis Test. 547 (64.12%) are rural municipalities. The highest average of the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) was observed among urban municipalities. The highest average coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) was found among rural municipalities. In these municipalities, the best results were shown for the indicators of infant mortality, premature mortality and mortality from preventable causes, vaccine homogeneity and prevalence of malnutrition. The findings of this study show that greater FHS coverage is associated with the occurrence of better general living and health conditions in the populations served in rural municipalities. It is recommended that health managers encourage the consolidation of the FHS in communities with unfavorable socioeconomic and cultural contexts, such as remote rural locations and urban agglomerations, and the establishment of intersectoral actions with a positive impact on health.

Interrelationships between dissatisfaction with teaching work and depressive symptoms: Structural equation modelling. / Inter-relações entre insatisfação com o trabalho docente e sintomas depressivos: modelagem com equações estruturais.

The objective of this article is to evaluate the interrelationships of factors associated with depressive symptoms (DS) in teachers, considering dissatisfaction with the teaching job as a possible mediator. This was a cross-sectional study using data from 700 teachers from the public school system of a Brazilian municipality. The outcome of interest was DS, as assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Direct and indirect interrelationships between the outcome and dissatisfaction with work, age, income, lifestyle and adiposity were tested. These variables composed the operational model tested by structural equation modelling. Older age (ß=0.12) and greater dissatisfaction with work (ß=0.12) were directly associated with DS. A more favourable lifestyle (ß=-0.60) and adiposity (ß=-0.10) were associated with a lower occurrence of DS. The variables lifestyle (ß=-0.06) and adiposity (ß=-0.02) also had negative indirect effects on DS, mediated by job dissatisfaction. The structural equation model tested identified interrelationships that influenced DS. Dissatisfaction with teaching work was associated with DS and mediated the relationship of other factors with such symptoms.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar inter-relações de fatores associados a sintomas depressivos (SD) em professores, considerando a insatisfação com o trabalho docente como possível mediador. Estudo transversal utilizando dados de 700 professores da rede pública de ensino de um município brasileiro. O desfecho de interesse foi SD aferido pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI). Foram testadas inter-relações diretas e indiretas entre o desfecho e insatisfação com o trabalho, idade, renda, estilo de vida e adiposidade. Essas variáveis compuseram modelo operacional testado por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais. A maior idade (ß=0,12) e a maior insatisfação com o trabalho (ß=0,12) associaram-se diretamente aos SD. Já o estilo de vida mais favorável (ß=-0,60) e a adiposidade (ß=-0,10), associaram-se a menor ocorrência de SD. As variáveis estilo de vida (ß=-0,06) e adiposidade (ß=-0,02) também apresentaram efeitos indiretos negativos nos SD, mediados pela insatisfação com o trabalho. O modelo de equação estrutural testado identificou inter-relações que influenciaram os SD. A insatisfação com o trabalho docente associou-se aos SD e mediou a relação de outros fatores sobre tais sintomas.

Inter-relações entre insatisfação com o trabalho docente e sintomas depressivos: modelagem com equações estruturais / Interrelationships between dissatisfaction with teaching work and depressive symptoms: Structural equation modelling

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar inter-relações de fatores associados a sintomas depressivos (SD) em professores, considerando a insatisfação com o trabalho docente como possível mediador. Estudo transversal utilizando dados de 700 professores da rede pública de ensino de um município brasileiro. O desfecho de interesse foi SD aferido pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI). Foram testadas inter-relações diretas e indiretas entre o desfecho e insatisfação com o trabalho, idade, renda, estilo de vida e adiposidade. Essas variáveis compuseram modelo operacional testado por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais. A maior idade (β=0,12) e a maior insatisfação com o trabalho (β=0,12) associaram-se diretamente aos SD. Já o estilo de vida mais favorável (β=-0,60) e a adiposidade (β=-0,10), associaram-se a menor ocorrência de SD. As variáveis estilo de vida (β=-0,06) e adiposidade (β=-0,02) também apresentaram efeitos indiretos negativos nos SD, mediados pela insatisfação com o trabalho. O modelo de equação estrutural testado identificou inter-relações que influenciaram os SD. A insatisfação com o trabalho docente associou-se aos SD e mediou a relação de outros fatores sobre tais sintomas.

Abstract The objective of this article is to evaluate the interrelationships of factors associated with depressive symptoms (DS) in teachers, considering dissatisfaction with the teaching job as a possible mediator. This was a cross-sectional study using data from 700 teachers from the public school system of a Brazilian municipality. The outcome of interest was DS, as assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Direct and indirect interrelationships between the outcome and dissatisfaction with work, age, income, lifestyle and adiposity were tested. These variables composed the operational model tested by structural equation modelling. Older age (β=0.12) and greater dissatisfaction with work (β=0.12) were directly associated with DS. A more favourable lifestyle (β=-0.60) and adiposity (β=-0.10) were associated with a lower occurrence of DS. The variables lifestyle (β=-0.06) and adiposity (β=-0.02) also had negative indirect effects on DS, mediated by job dissatisfaction. The structural equation model tested identified interrelationships that influenced DS. Dissatisfaction with teaching work was associated with DS and mediated the relationship of other factors with such symptoms.

Fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis entre professores da educação básica / Risk and protective factors for noncommunicable chronic diseases among primary education teachers

Resumo Objetivo: descrever as prevalências de fatores de risco e de proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) e testar associações desses fatores com sexo, idade e satisfação com o trabalho entre professores da educação básica. Métodos: estudo transversal analítico realizado em Montes Claros, MG, Brasil, em 2016. Amostra probabilística por conglomerados. Utilizou-se questionário autoaplicável e avaliações físicas. Estimaram-se razões de prevalências (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) pela Regressão de Poisson. Resultados: dos 745 participantes, 83% eram mulheres, 81% tinham até 49 anos e 60% estavam insatisfeitos com o trabalho. Houve maior prevalência de fumantes entre homens (RP: 2,33; IC95%: 1,13;4,81), bem como consumo abusivo de álcool (RP: 7,24; IC95%: 2,19;23,91), excesso de peso (RP:1,48; IC95%: 1,04;2,13), menor prevalência de sintomas depressivos (RP:0,93; IC95%: 0,88;0,98) e de estresse (RP:0,88; IC95%: 0,82;0,95). Professores mais velhos apresentaram menor prevalência de Burnout (RP:0,87; IC95%: 0,81;0,94) e maior prevalência de comportamentos de proteção, apesar de terem maior comprometimento da saúde física. Professores insatisfeitos apresentaram maior prevalência de sintomas depressivos (RP:2,52; IC95%: 1,61;3,93), estresse (RP:1,76; IC95%: 1,33;2,32) e Burnout (RP:9,20; IC95%: 4,46;18,99). Conclusões: tabagismo, etilismo, excesso de peso e comprometimento da saúde mental foram fatores de risco frequentes para DCNT entre professores. Observaram-se diferenças nas prevalências de fatores de risco e de proteção para DCNT segundo sexo, idade e satisfação com o trabalho.

Abstract Objective: to describe the prevalence of risk and protective factors for noncomunicable chronic diseases (NCD) and test the association of these factors with sex, age, and job satisfaction among public primary and secondary schools teachers. Methods: analytical cross-sectional study in Montes Claros, MG, Brazil, carried out in 2016. We applied the probability cluster sampling technique. We used a self-applicable questionnaire and physical evaluations. We estimated Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) using Poisson's regression. Results: of the 745 participants, 83% were women, 81% were 49 years old or younger, and 60% were unsatisfied with work. Smoking was more prevalent among men (PR: 2.33; 95%CI: 1.13;4.81), as well as alcohol abuse (PR: 7.24; 95%CI: 2.19;23.91), overweight (PR:1.48; 95%CI: 1.04;2.13), lower prevalence of depressive symptoms (PR: 0.93; 95%CI: 0.88;0.98) and stress (PR: 0.88; 95%CI: 0.82;0.95). Older teachers had a lower prevalence of burnout (PR: 0.87; 95%CI: 0.81;0.94) and a higher prevalence of protective behaviors, despite having a greater impairment of physical health. Unsatisfied teachers showed higher prevalence of depressive symptoms (PR: 2.52; 95%CI: 1.61;3.93), stress (PR: 1.76; 95%CI: 1.33;2.32), and burnout (PR: 9.20; 95%CI: 4.46;18.99). Conclusions: smoking, alcoholism, overweight, and mental health impairment were frequent risk factors for NCD among teachers. Differences were observed in the prevalence of risk and protection factors for NCD according to sex, age, and job satisfaction.

Generalized Lymphadenopathy as the First Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Lymphadenopathy (LAP) is a common but nonspecific feature of many diseases, representing a vast spectrum of etiologies such as infectious or inflammatory diseases, malignancies, and drugs. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), it can be the first manifestation. We present the case of a 20-year-old female with a history of fever, night sweats, anorexia, and asthenia for five months. She also had diffuse generalized LAP. Although malignant etiologies were our major concern, an extensive workup for malignancy and infections was unrevealing. However, an autoimmune workup led to the diagnosis of SLE. This case shows that SLE can present as generalized LAP with constitutional symptoms, and hence it should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

O uso do blueprint como ferramenta de avaliação no curso de Medicina ­ PUC-SP / Using the blueprint as an assessment tool in the Medicine course ­ PUC-SP

Para garantir que avaliações sejam consistentes com o conteúdo curricular e abordem resultados de aprendizagem válidos, é importante que sejam desenvolvidas de acordo com um plano bem estruturado. Neste relato de experiência é apresentada a utilização do blueprint como instrumento de orientação na elaboração de avaliações no curso de Medicina da PUC-SP. Para qualificação do processo de avaliação dos discentes o blueprint foi adotado como ferramenta para diagramar a elaboração de avaliações somativas, confrontando cada questão da avaliação aos objetivos de aprendizagem do módulo que seria avaliado. A partir desse instrumento, foi possível verificar se um conteúdo se apresentava super ou subestimado e, dependendo do resultado, a composição da prova pode ser retomada até ser obtida uma prova equilibrada. Essa dinâmica exigiu a participação ativa dos docentes, fortalecendo o trabalho colaborativo e resultando na melhor qualidade da documentação e registro mais organizado do processo de avaliação. Esses resultados, enfatizaram o atendimento aos objetivos de aprendizagem e influenciaram também outras atividades previstas no currículo. A riqueza da experiência proporcionada pela adoção do blueprint tem comprovado sua relevância e demonstrado que seu uso deverá ser mantido e refinado continuamente.

Fatores associados à autoavaliação negativa de saúde entre professores da educação básica / Factors associated with negative self-assessed health among school teachers / Factores asociados con la autoevaluación negativa de la salud de los profesores de educación básica

A autoavaliação da saúde tem sido utilizada como ferramenta de medida da saúde de indivíduos e grupos populacionais, especialmente por sua relativa facilidade de aplicação. Buscou-se investigar a prevalência e os fatores associados à autoavaliação negativa de saúde entre professores da educação básica. Elaborou-se um estudo transversal, conduzido em uma amostra probabilística de professores em atividade em escolas estaduais de um município de médio porte do Sudeste brasileiro. A variável dependente foi obtida por meio da questão: "como você classificaria seu estado de saúde atualmente?". As opções de respostas foram agrupadas em autoavaliação positiva (excelente e bom) e negativa (regular, ruim e muito ruim). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, em modelos bivariados e multivariados. A prevalência de autoavaliação negativa de saúde foi de 32,9% (IC 95%=28,8-37,4). No modelo final ajustado, permaneceram associadas à autoavaliação negativa da saúde: superlotação das turmas, insatisfação com o trabalho, sedentarismo, obesidade, relatos de doenças crônicas e de uma ou mais queixas vocais. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de intervenções tanto individuais, por meio de programas de promoção da saúde dos professores, quanto organizacionais, que visem a proteção da saúde dessa categoria profissional.

Self-assessment of health has been used as a measuring tool by individuals and population groups, especially for its relative ease of application. This study sought to investigate the prevalence of negative self-assessed health and associated factors among schoolteachers. A cross-sectional research was conducted with a probabilistic sample of state schoolteachers from a medium-sized municipality in southeastern Brazil. Response variable was collected via the question "How would you rate your current health status?", and the response options were grouped into positive (excellent, good) and negative (regular, bad, very bad) self-assessment. Data analysis was performed using Poisson's regression with robust variance, in bivariate and multivariate models. Negative self-assessed health showed a prevalence of 32.9% (95% CI = 28.8-37.4). After adjustment, overcrowded classes, job dissatisfaction, physical inactivity, obesity, reports of chronic illnesses, and at least one vocal complaint remained factors associated with negative self-assessment. Results indicate the need for both individual interventions, such as teacher health promotion programs, and organizational improvements to protect the health of schoolteachers.

La autoevaluación de la salud se ha utilizado como una herramienta de medida de la salud de individuos y grupos de población, especialmente por su relativa facilidad de aplicación. Se pretendió investigar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la autoevaluación negativa de la salud entre los profesores de educación básica. Este es un estudio transversal realizado sobre una muestra probabilística de profesores que laboran en escuelas públicas de un municipio de tamaño mediano del Sudeste de Brasil. Las respuestas se obtuvieron basadas en la pregunta: "¿Cómo calificaría su estado de salud hoy?". Las opciones de respuesta se agruparon en autoevaluación positiva (excelente, buena) y negativa (regular, mala, muy mala). El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, en modelos bivariados y multivariados. La prevalencia de autoevaluación negativa de la salud fue del 32,9% (IC 95%=28,8-37,4). En el modelo final ajustado, los siguientes ítems permanecieron asociados con una autoevaluación negativa de la salud: hacinamiento de clases, insatisfacción laboral, inactividad física, obesidad, informes de enfermedades crónicas y una o más quejas vocales. Los resultados indican la necesidad de intervenciones tanto individuales, por medio de programas de promoción de la salud docente, como organizacionales, dirigidas a proteger la salud de esta categoría profesional.

Microalgae as a Potential Functional Ingredient: Evaluation of the Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity and In-Vitro Enzymatic Inhibitory Effect of Different Species.

The functional food market has been in a state of constant expansion due to the increasing awareness of the impact of the diet on human health. In the search for new natural resources that could act as a functional ingredient for the food industry, microalgae represent a promising alternative, considering their high nutritional value and biosynthesis of numerous bioactive compounds with reported biological properties. In the present work, the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and enzymatic inhibitory effect aiming at different metabolic disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Type 2 diabetes, and obesity) were evaluated for the species Porphyridium purpureum, Chlorella vulgaris, Arthorspira platensis, and Nannochloropsis oculata. All the species presented bioactive diversity and important antioxidant activity, demonstrating the potential to be used as functional ingredients. Particularly, P. purpureum and N. oculata exhibited higher carotenoid and polyphenol content, which was reflected in their superior biological effects. Moreover, the species P. purpureum exhibited remarkable enzymatic inhibition for all the analyses.

Regulation of NMDA receptor trafficking and gating by activity-dependent CaMKIIα phosphorylation of the GluN2A subunit.

NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent Ca2+ influx underpins multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. Most synaptic NMDAR currents in the adult forebrain are mediated by GluN2A-containing receptors, which are rapidly inserted into synapses during long-term potentiation (LTP); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that GluN2A is phosphorylated at Ser-1459 by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) in response to glycine stimulation that mimics LTP in primary neurons. Phosphorylation of Ser-1459 promotes GluN2A interaction with the sorting nexin 27 (SNX27)-retromer complex, thereby enhancing the endosomal recycling of NMDARs. Loss of SNX27 or CaMKIIα function blocks the glycine-induced increase in GluN2A-NMDARs on the neuronal membrane. Interestingly, mutations of Ser-1459, including the rare S1459G human epilepsy variant, prolong the decay times of NMDAR-mediated synaptic currents in heterosynapses by increasing the duration of channel opening. These findings not only identify a critical role of Ser-1459 phosphorylation in regulating the function of NMDARs, but they also explain how the S1459G variant dysregulates NMDAR function.

GRASP1 ubiquitination regulates AMPA receptor surface expression and synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons.

The synaptic expression of glutamate receptors of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) type is dynamically controlled by interaction with binding partners and auxiliary proteins. These proteins can be regulated by posttranslational modifications, including ubiquitination. In this work, we investigated the regulation of glutamate receptor interacting protein-associated protein 1 (GRASP1) by ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms and its impact on surface expression and activity of synaptic AMPA receptors. Cotransfection of GFP-ubiquitin decreased myc-GRASP1 protein levels in HEK293T cells, and this effect was inhibited upon transfection of an ubiquitin mutant that cannot be ubiquitinated on Lys48. In addition, transfection of cultured hippocampal neurons with GFP-ubiquitin reduced the dendritic levels of endogenous GRASP1 and decreased the surface expression of GluA1 AMPA receptor subunits, an effect that was partly reversed by cotransfection with GRASP1. Similarly, transfection of hippocampal neurons with GFP-ubiquitin decreased the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) mediated by Ca2+ -impermeable AMPA receptors, and this effect was abrogated by cotransfection of GRASP1. Together, the results show a role for ubiquitination in the regulation of the postsynaptic protein GRASP1, which has an impact on the surface distribution of AMPA receptors and on their activity at the synapse.

The role of NMDA receptor and neuroligin rare variants in synaptic dysfunction underlying neurodevelopmental disorders.

Many genes encoding synaptic proteins are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), intellectual disability (ID), and epilepsy. Here we review recent studies on the synaptic effects of disease-associated rare variants identified in two families of synaptic proteins: NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and the postsynaptic adhesion molecules neuroligins (NLGNs). Many NMDAR subunit genes (GRINs) are highly intolerant to variation, and both gain-of-function (GOF) and loss-of-function (LOF) variants are implicated in disease. NLGN genes are also associated with ASDs, and in some cases, contribute to the male bias identified in these patients. Understanding the molecular basis of synaptic dysfunction of rare variants in these genes will help the design of new therapeutic approaches.

Prevalência e fatores associados à síndrome de burnout entre docentes da rede pública de ensino: estudo de base populacional / Prevalence and associated factors of burnout syndrome among teachers of the public network: a population-based study

Resumo Objetivos: identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à síndrome de burnout (SB) entre docentes da educação básica de escolas públicas de um município de médio porte. Métodos: estudo transversal analítico realizado em Minas Gerais, em 2016. Coletaram-se dados sociodemográficos e ocupacionais e aplicou-se o Cuestionário para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo para avaliar a SB. A amostra (n = 745) foi probabilística por conglomerados em único estágio. Utilizou-se análise hierarquizada com regressão de Poisson. Resultados: a prevalência geral da SB foi de 13,8% (IC95%: 11,3-16,3%), com 9,0% apresentando o Perfil 1 (SB sem níveis altos de sentimento de culpa) e 4,8% o Perfil 2 (SB grave). As dimensões mais prevalentes foram "desgaste psíquico" (39,4%) e "ilusão pelo trabalho" (19,7%). A prevalência de SB foi maior entre os docentes mais jovens (RP = 1,82), sem filhos (RP = 1,45), concursados/efetivos (RP = 1,88), insatisfeitos no trabalho (RP = 3,16), com desejo de mudar de profissão (RP = 2,94) e com falta de apoio da direção escolar (RP = 2,38). Conclusão: há urgência na criação de políticas públicas de suporte aos docentes, pois os identificados com sintomas da síndrome estão em exercício funcional, o que agrava seu quadro de saúde e, por conseguinte, compromete os diversos processos da área educacional.

Abstract Objectives: to identify the associated factors and the prevalence of burnout syndrome (BS) in primary and secondary public school teachers of a medium-sized municipality. Methods: cross-sectional analytical study conducted in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2016. We collected sociodemographic and occupational data, and applied the Spanish Burnout Inventory [Cuestionário para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo]. The sample (n = 745) was probabilistic by clusters in a single stage. We used Hierarchical analysis with Poisson regression. Results: the general prevalence of BS was 13.8% (95% CI: 11.3-16.3%), with 9.0% having Profile 1 (BS without high levels of feelings of guilt) and 4.8% Profile 2 (severe BS). The most prevalent dimensions were "psychological exhaustion" (39.4%) and "enthusiasm towards job" (19.7%). The BS prevalence was higher among younger teachers (PR = 1.82), without children (PR = 1.45), job stability insured as civil servant (PR = 1.88), with job dissatisfaction (PR = 3.16), with a desire to change professions (PR = 2.94) and lack of support from the school managers (PR = 2.38). Conclusion: there is an urgent need to develop public policies to support teachers, since those identified with BS symptoms are in work activity, which worsens their health condition and, therefore, undermines the educational processes.

A inserção da mentoria na matriz curricular de um curso de Medicina: relato de experiência / The inclusion of mentoring in the medical course curriculum: an experience report

Resumo: Introdução: Em 2018, foi implantado no curso de Medicina da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo um novo projeto pedagógico do curso (PPC). Nessa construção, surgiu a oportunidade de incluir um módulo para a prática da mentoria, pois havia várias questões relacionadas à vida no câmpus que vinham preocupando a comunidade, tais como a necessidade de os alunos e professores apropriarem-se do PPC, o fato de os discentes ainda muito jovens serem afastados da família, estudantes oriundos de escolas tradicionais pouco afeitas às metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem que constituem a base do curso, a avaliação somativa e a recuperação do desempenho insatisfatório, o trote, o convívio com a diversidade, a autonomia do aluno e o processo de formação e identidade do profissional médico. Relato de experiência: No novo PPC, o módulo de Estudos Orientados garantiu o espaço para a mentoria dentro da grade curricular do primeiro ao terceiro ano, em pequenos grupos protegidos. Ao fim do primeiro ano, a avaliação regular da docência revelou dificuldades que foram superadas com a capacitação dos docentes para a atividade da mentoria, viabilizada com o auxílio de profissionais externos e experientes que ajudaram a dar identidade à mentoria, ajustada às características do curso e do PPC. A avaliação seguinte revelou melhora evidente da percepção dos alunos e professores. Nesse momento, a consulta feita com a maioria dos envolvidos trouxe novas informações que permitiram estabelecer diretrizes norteadoras para a atividade em cada ano do curso. Discussão: Todo o processo de implantação do módulo, dividido em três etapas, foi muito rico e exigiu a participação de todos os envolvidos. Conclusão: Nossa experiência permite inferir que, por suas características complexas e mutáveis, a mentoria deve ser construída em estreita relação com a comunidade e ajustada às necessidades de cada curso e do seu projeto pedagógico.

Abstract: Introduction: In 2018, a new pedagogical project (PP) was implemented in the medical course of the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo. In this framework the opportunity arose to include a module for the practice of mentoring. At that time there were several issues related to life on campus that had been worrying the community, such as the need for students and teachers to take part in the PP, very young students living away from their families, students from traditional schools unfamiliar with the active teaching-learning methodologies that form the basis of the course, summative assessment and recovery from unsatisfactory performance, hazing, living with diversity, student autonomy and the construction process of the identity of the medical professional. Experience report: In the new PP, the Guided Studies module guaranteed a space for mentoring within the curriculum from the first to the third year, in small, protected groups. At the end of the first year, the regular teachers' assessment revealed difficulties that were overcome through teacher training in mentoring, supported by experienced teachers who helped to give identity to the mentoring, shaped to the characteristics of the course and the PP. The following evaluation revealed an evident improvement in the perception of students and teachers. A survey was conducted at that time among the majority of those involved, bringing to light new information that allowed for mentoring guidelines for each year of the course to be established. Discussion: The entire three stages implementation process of the module was very rich and required the participation of all those involved. Conclusion: This experience allows us to infer that, due to its complex and changeable characteristics, mentoring must be built in close relationship with the community and adjusted to the needs of each course and its pedagogical project.

Microalgae Encapsulation Systems for Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics Applications.

Microalgae are microorganisms with a singular biochemical composition, including several biologically active compounds with proven pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. These properties make microalgae an interesting natural resource to be used as a functional ingredient, as well as in the prevention and treatment of diseases, or cosmetic formulations. Nevertheless, natural bioactives often possess inherent chemical instability and/or poor solubility, which are usually associated with low bioavailability. As such, their industrial potential as a health-promoting substance might be severely compromised. In this context, encapsulation systems are considered as a promising and emerging strategy to overcome these shortcomings due to the presence of a surrounding protective layer. Diverse systems have already been reported in the literature for natural bioactives, where some of them have been successfully applied to microalgae compounds. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring encapsulation systems for microalgae biomass, their extracts, or purified bioactives for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic purposes. Moreover, this work also covers the most common encapsulation techniques and types of coating materials used, along with the main findings regarding the beneficial effects of these systems.

An Epilepsy-Associated GRIN2A Rare Variant Disrupts CaMKIIα Phosphorylation of GluN2A and NMDA Receptor Trafficking.

Rare variants in GRIN genes, which encode NMDAR subunits, are strongly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Among these, GRIN2A, which encodes the GluN2A subunit of NMDARs, is widely accepted as an epilepsy-causative gene. Here, we functionally characterize the de novo GluN2A-S1459G mutation identified in an epilepsy patient. We show that S1459 is a CaMKIIα phosphorylation site, and that endogenous phosphorylation is regulated during development and in response to synaptic activity in a dark rearing model. GluN2A-S1459 phosphorylation results in preferential binding of NMDARs to SNX27 and a corresponding decrease in PSD-95 binding, which consequently regulates NMDAR trafficking. Furthermore, the epilepsy-associated GluN2A-S1459G variant displays defects in interactions with both SNX27 and PSD-95, resulting in trafficking deficits, reduced spine density, and decreased excitatory synaptic transmission. These data demonstrate a role for CaMKIIα phosphorylation of GluN2A in receptor targeting and implicate NMDAR trafficking defects as a link to epilepsy.

Salário de médicos contratados da Estratégia Saúde da Família e contexto municipal: estudo ecológico / Salary of physicians hired by the Family Health Strategy Program and the municipalities context: an ecological study

RESUMO O salário é um importante fator de atração, fixação e satisfação de profissionais médicos na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), sobretudo nas regiões mais remotas ou carentes. Este estudo tem o objetivo de identificar características contextuais municipais que estejam associadas ao valor do salário pago a médicos contratados da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Realizou-se um estudo ecológico e transversal com 78 municípios da Macrorregião de Saúde Norte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A variável dependente referiu-se ao valor pago aos médicos contratados da ESF. Foram consideradas 22 variáveis independentes contextuais incluindo características sociodemográficas, de localização e indicadores assistenciais e de saúde de cada município, coletados de bases de dados oficiais. Conduziu-se Regressão Linear Múltipla. A média salarial encontrada foi de R$11.188,61 (±R$2.093,71), variando de R$6.388,20 até R$17.000,00. Após ajuste do modelo, somente a Distância ao Centro Regional manteve-se positivamente associada ao desfecho (R2=6,4%). O salário dos médicos não foi determinado por características municipais contextuais mensuráveis. Outros fatores mais subjetivos, de difícil mensuração, podem estar envolvidos na questão. Observa-se a necessidade do estabelecimento de parâmetros claros para definição do valor do salário de médicos contratados para atuação na ESF.

ABSTRACT Salary is an important factor of attraction, fixation and satisfaction of physicians in Primary Health Care (PHC), mainly in the most remote or poor regions. This study aims to identify characteristics related to municipalities that are associated to salaries paid to physicians hired from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) Program. An ecological and cross-sectional study was conducted with 78 municipalities of the Northern Health Macro-region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The dependent variable referred to the amount paid to the physicians hired from FHS. Twenty-two contextual independent variables were applied, including sociodemographic characteristics, location and health and care indicators of each municipality, all collected from public databases. Multiple Linear Regression was conducted. The outcome average salary was R$11,188.61 (±R$2,093.71), ranging from R$6,388.20 to R$17,000.00. After adjusting the model, only the variable 'Distance from Regional Center' remained positively associated to the outcome (R2=6.4%). The conclusion is that the salaries of physicians were not determined by measurable contextual municipal characteristics. Other more subjective and difficult to measure factors may be involved in the issue. Therefore, there is need to establish clear parameters so to define the salaries of physicians hired to work for FHS.

[Arterial Hypertension and work among teachers of basic education in the public-school system]. / Hipertensão Arterial e trabalho entre docentes da educação básica da rede pública de ensino.

The scope of this paper was to investigate the relationship between Arterial Hypertension (AH) and the occupational profile of teachers of basic public education and present a theoretical model. A probabilistic sample was adopted by clusters, with AH as the dependent variable. The independent variables were grouped in thematic blocks (Sociodemographic Characteristics, Occupational Profile, Behaviors and Health Outcomes) that composed the theoretical model. The analyses were corrected by the sample design. Hierarchical logistic regression was conducted. The prevalence of AH was 25%, and 58% reported dissatisfaction with the work. There was a higher probability of AH among older teachers (OR = 3.7), without postgraduate qualification (OR = 1.4), who also worked in the private network (OR = 2.6), who had a higher salt intake (OR = 1.7), with a high waist-hip ratio (OR = 1.9) and hypercholesterolemia / hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 1, 5) and a lower chance among females (OR = 0.5), who had other work activity (OR = 0.6) and were dissatisfied with the work (OR = 0.6). Thus, the occupational profile of teachers had an influence on AH. The relationship between work and teacher health demands attention and care, with measures that preserve and promote the health and well-being of teachers.

Objetivou-se investigar a relação entre Hipertensão Arterial (HA) e perfil ocupacional de docentes da educação básica pública e apresentar modelo teórico. Adotou-se amostra probabilística por conglomerados. A HA foi a variável dependente. As variáveis independentes foram agrupadas em blocos temáticos (Características Sociodemográficas, Perfil Ocupacional, Comportamentos e Desfechos em Saúde), que compuseram o modelo teórico. As análises foram corrigidas pelo desenho amostral. Foi conduzida regressão logística hierarquizada. A prevalência de HA foi de 25%, enquanto que 58% apresentaram insatisfação com o trabalho. Houve maior chance de HA entre os docentes mais velhos (OR = 3,7), sem pós-graduação (OR = 1,4), que atuavam também na rede privada (OR = 2,6), que apresentavam maior consumo de sal (OR = 1,7), com sobrepeso (OR = 2,1) / obesidade (OR = 7,2), com relação cintura-quadril elevada (OR = 1,9) e com hipercolesterolemia/hipertrigliceridemia (OR = 1,5) e menor chance entre os do sexo feminino (OR = 0,5), que exerciam outra atividade de trabalho (OR = 0,6) e insatisfeitos com o trabalho (OR = 0,6). Assim, o perfil ocupacional docente apresentou influência sobre a HA. A relação trabalho e saúde docente carece de atenção e cuidado, com adoção de medidas que preservem e promovam sua saúde e seu bem-estar.

Hipertensão Arterial e trabalho entre docentes da educação básica da rede pública de ensino / Arterial Hypertension and work among teachers of basic education in the public-school system

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar a relação entre Hipertensão Arterial (HA) e perfil ocupacional de docentes da educação básica pública e apresentar modelo teórico. Adotou-se amostra probabilística por conglomerados. A HA foi a variável dependente. As variáveis independentes foram agrupadas em blocos temáticos (Características Sociodemográficas, Perfil Ocupacional, Comportamentos e Desfechos em Saúde), que compuseram o modelo teórico. As análises foram corrigidas pelo desenho amostral. Foi conduzida regressão logística hierarquizada. A prevalência de HA foi de 25%, enquanto que 58% apresentaram insatisfação com o trabalho. Houve maior chance de HA entre os docentes mais velhos (OR = 3,7), sem pós-graduação (OR = 1,4), que atuavam também na rede privada (OR = 2,6), que apresentavam maior consumo de sal (OR = 1,7), com sobrepeso (OR = 2,1) / obesidade (OR = 7,2), com relação cintura-quadril elevada (OR = 1,9) e com hipercolesterolemia/hipertrigliceridemia (OR = 1,5) e menor chance entre os do sexo feminino (OR = 0,5), que exerciam outra atividade de trabalho (OR = 0,6) e insatisfeitos com o trabalho (OR = 0,6). Assim, o perfil ocupacional docente apresentou influência sobre a HA. A relação trabalho e saúde docente carece de atenção e cuidado, com adoção de medidas que preservem e promovam sua saúde e seu bem-estar.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to investigate the relationship between Arterial Hypertension (AH) and the occupational profile of teachers of basic public education and present a theoretical model. A probabilistic sample was adopted by clusters, with AH as the dependent variable. The independent variables were grouped in thematic blocks (Sociodemographic Characteristics, Occupational Profile, Behaviors and Health Outcomes) that composed the theoretical model. The analyses were corrected by the sample design. Hierarchical logistic regression was conducted. The prevalence of AH was 25%, and 58% reported dissatisfaction with the work. There was a higher probability of AH among older teachers (OR = 3.7), without postgraduate qualification (OR = 1.4), who also worked in the private network (OR = 2.6), who had a higher salt intake (OR = 1.7), with a high waist-hip ratio (OR = 1.9) and hypercholesterolemia / hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 1, 5) and a lower chance among females (OR = 0.5), who had other work activity (OR = 0.6) and were dissatisfied with the work (OR = 0.6). Thus, the occupational profile of teachers had an influence on AH. The relationship between work and teacher health demands attention and care, with measures that preserve and promote the health and well-being of teachers.

Regulation of NMDA glutamate receptor functions by the GluN2 subunits.

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate the flux of calcium (Ca2+ ) into the post-synaptic compartment. Ca2+ influx subsequently triggers the activation of various intracellular signalling cascades that underpin multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. Functional NMDARs are assembled as heterotetramers composed of two obligatory GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 or GluN3 subunits. Four different GluN2 subunits (GluN2A-D) are present throughout the central nervous system; however, they are differentially expressed, both developmentally and spatially, in a cell- and synapse-specific manner. Each GluN2 subunit confers NMDARs with distinct ion channel properties and intracellular trafficking pathways. Regulated membrane trafficking of NMDARs is a dynamic process that ultimately determines the number of NMDARs at synapses, and is controlled by subunit-specific interactions with various intracellular regulatory proteins. Here we review recent progress made towards understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the trafficking of GluN2-containing NMDARs, focusing on the roles of several key synaptic proteins that interact with NMDARs via their carboxyl termini.