ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Methylene Blue (MB) has been shown to attenuate oxidative, inflammatory, myocardial, and neurological lesions during ischemia-reperfusion and has great potential during cardiac arrest. This study aimed to determine the effects of MB combined with epinephrine during cardiac arrest on myocardial and cerebral lesions. METHOD: Thirty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: the sham group (SH, n = 5), and three groups subjected to cardiac arrest (n = 11/group) and treated with EPI 20 µg.kg-1 (EPI), EPI 20 µg.kg-1 + MB 2 mg.kg-1 (EPI + MB), or saline 0.9% 0.2 ml (CTL). Ventricular fibrillation was induced by direct electrical stimulation in the right ventricle for 3 minutes, and anoxia was maintained for 5 minutes. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) consisted of medications, ventilation, chest compressions, and defibrillation. After returning to spontaneous circulation, animals were observed for four hours. Blood gas, troponin, oxidative stress, histology, and TUNEL staining measurements were analyzed. Groups were compared using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: No differences in the Returning of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) rate were observed among the groups (EPI: 63%, EPI + MB: 45%, CTL: 40%, p = 0.672). The mean arterial pressure immediately after ROSC was higher in the EPI+MB group than in the CTRL group (CTL: 30.5 [5.8], EPI: 63 [25.5], EPI+MB: 123 [31] mmHg, p = 0.007). Serum troponin levels were high in the CTL group (CTL: 130.1 [333.8], EPI: 3.70 [36.0], EPI + MB: 43.7 [116.31] ng/mL, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The coadministration of MB and epinephrine failed to yield enhancements in cardiac or brain lesions in a rodent model of cardiac arrest.
Subject(s)
Heart Arrest , Methylene Blue , Rats , Male , Animals , Methylene Blue/pharmacology , Rats, Wistar , Heart Arrest/therapy , Epinephrine , Troponin , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A adição de clonidina subaracnóidea (um alfa-agonista), prolonga a ação analgésica da combinação do sufentanil e da bupivacaína isobárica em analgesia combinada para o trabalho de parto. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar a qualidade e a duração de analgesia e a incidência de efeitos colaterais após a adição de clonidina subaracnóidea à bupivacaína hiperbárica e sufentanil em anestesia combinada raqui-peridural para o trabalho de parto. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 26 gestantes de termo, estado físico ASA I, em trabalho de parto, que receberam aleatoriamente no espaço subaracnóideo: clonidina, sufentanil e bupivacaína (n = 13), denominado Grupo Clon/Sufenta/Bupi, 2,5 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica a 0,5 por cento associada a 2,5 µg de sufentanil e 30 µg de clonidina; sufentanil e bupivacaína (n = 13), denominado Grupo Sufenta/Bupi, 2,5 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica a 0,5 por cento associada a 2,5 µg de sufentanil. O estudo foi duplamente encoberto. A dor e os efeitos colaterais (náusea, vômito, prurido, hipotensão arterial e sedação) foram avaliados a cada cinco minutos nos primeiros 15 minutos e, a seguir, a cada 15 minutos até o nascimento. A dor foi avaliada com a escala analógica visual de 0-10 cm (VAS = 0, ausência de dor e 10, dor insuportável), e o estudo foi encerrado no momento em que foi necessária complementação analgésica peridural (dor > 3 cm) ou ao nascimento. A análise estatística foi realizada com os testes t de Student e Exato de Fisher, considerando como significativo p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: As médias de dor nos momentos - 0 min (8,9 ± 1,6/7,6 ± 2,1), 5 min (3,4 ± 2,3/2,3 ± 3,1), 10 min (1,5 ± 2,5/1,4 ± 2,2) e 15 min (0,26 ± 0,8/1,4 ± 2,2) nos grupos Clon/Sufenta/Bupi e Sufenta/Bupi foram semelhantes, respectivamente. Não se observaram diferenças em relação à duração da analgesia (58,8 ± 32 min / 55,4 ± 53 min), ocorrência de prurido (4/13 e 4/12 pacientes), náusea (1/13 e 1/12 pacientes), vômito (1/13 e 0/12 pacientes) e hipotensão arterial (2/13 e 1/12 pacientes) nos grupos Clon/Sufenta/Bupi e Sufenta/Bupi, respectivamente. Não se observou efeito sedativo da clonidina em nenhuma paciente. Uma paciente do grupo Sufenta/Bupi foi excluída do estudo por falha total do bloqueio após 15 minutos...
Subject(s)
Female , Pregnancy , Humans , Analgesia, Epidural , Analgesia, Obstetrical/methods , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Combined/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Injections, Spinal , Pregnancy , Sufentanil/administration & dosageABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adding subarachnoid clonidine (an alpha -agonist) prolongs the analgesic effect of the combination of sufentanil and isobaric bupivacaine when combined during labor analgesia. The aim of this study was to compare the quality and duration of the analgesia as well as the incidence of side-effects after the addition of subarachnoid clonidine to hyperbaric bupivacaine and sufentanil in a combined spinal-epidural analgesia during labor. METHODS: Twenty-six patients, physical status ASA I in full-term pregnancy were studied. They randomly received the following in the subarachnoid space: clonidine, sufentanil and bupivacaine (n = 13) - referred to as the Clon/Sufenta/Bupi Group - wherein 2.5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was added to 2.5 microg of sufentanil and 30 microg of clonidine; sufentanil and bupivacaine (n = 13) - referred to as the Sufenta/Bupi Group - wherein 2.5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was added to 2.5 microg of sufentanil. This was a double-blind study. Evaluations of pain and side effects (nausea, vomiting, itching, low blood pressure and sedation) were conducted every five minutes for the first 15 minutes and after that, every 15 minutes up until the birth of the baby. Pain was evaluated using a visual analogic scale ranging from 0-10 cm (VAS 0 = absence of pain and 10 = unbearable pain). The study was over whenever complementary epidural anasthesia was found necessary (pain > 3 cm) or at the moment of birth. A Student t-test statistical analysis was performed and the results were significant (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The mean pain scores at the times measured were similar for the Clon/Sufenta/Bupi and Sufenta/Bupi Groups respectively: 0 min (8.9 +/- 1.6/ 7.6 +/- 2.1), 5 min (3.4 +/- 2.3/ 2.3 +/- 3.1), 10 min (1.5 +/- 2.5/ 1.4 +/- 2.2) and 15 min (0.26 +/- 0.8/ 1.4 +/- 2.2). No differences between the Clon/Sufenta/Bupi and Sufenta/Bupi Groups, respectively, were observed regarding: the duration of the analgesia (58.8 +/- 32 min / 55.4 +/- 53 min), itching (4/13 and 4/12 patients), nausea (1/13 and 1/12 patients), vomiting (1/13 and 0/12 patients) and low blood pressure (2/13 and 1/12 patients). The sedative effect of clonidine was not observed in any patient. One patient from the Sufenta/Bupi group was eliminated from the study because the anaesthesia failed to take effect after 15 minutues. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions observed in the study, adding a low dosage of clonidine when combined with a hyperbaric solution does not prolong the duration of the analgesia, does not improve the quality of the action and does not act as the determining factor for the occurence of low blood pressure or sedation.
