Advances in bioinspired nanomaterials managing microbial biofilms and virulence: A critical analysis.

Microbial virulence and biofilm formation stand as a big concern against the goal of achieving a green and sustainable future. Microbial pathogenesis is the process by which the microbes (bacterial, fungal, and viral) cause illness in their respective host organism. 'Nanotechnology' is a state-of-art discipline to address this problem. The use of conventional techniques against microbial proliferation has been challenging against the environment. To tackle this problem, there has been a revolution in this multi-disciplinary field, to address the aspect of bioinspired nanomaterials in the antibiofilm and antimicrobial sector. Bioinspired nanomaterials prove to be a potential antibiofilm and antimicrobial agent as they are non-hazardous to the environment and mostly synthesized using a single-step reduction protocol. They exhibit synergistic effects against bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens and thereby, control the virulence. In this literature review, we have elucidated the potential of bioinspired nanoparticles as well as nanomaterials as a promising anti-microbial treatment pedagogy and throw light on the advancements in how smart photo-switchable platforms have been designed to exhibit both bacterial releasing as well as bacterial-killing properties. Certain limitations and possible outcomes of these bio-based nanomaterials have been discussed in the hope of achieving a green and sustainable ecosystem.

Nanomaterial in controlling biofilms and virulence of microbial pathogens.

The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a grave concern to global public health, exacerbated by the alarming shortage of effective antibiotics in the pipeline. Biofilms, intricate populations of bacteria encased in self-produced matrices, pose a significant challenge to treatment, as they enhance resistance to antibiotics and contribute to the persistence of organisms. Amid these challenges, nanotechnology emerges as a promising domain in the fight against biofilms. Nanomaterials, with their unique properties at the nanoscale, offer innovative antibacterial modalities not present in traditional defensive mechanisms. This comprehensive review focuses on the potential of nanotechnology in combating biofilms, focusing on green-synthesized nanoparticles and their associated anti-biofilm potential. The review encompasses various aspects of nanoparticle-mediated biofilm inhibition, including mechanisms of action. The diverse mechanisms of action of green-synthesized nanoparticles offer valuable insights into their potential applications in addressing AMR and improving treatment outcomes, highlighting novel strategies in the ongoing battle against infectious diseases.

Revolutionizing healthcare: Harnessing nano biotechnology with zinc oxide nanoparticles to combat biofilm and bacterial infections-A short review.

A crucial pathogenic mechanism in many bacterial diseases is the ability to create biofilms. Biofilms are suspected to play a role in over 80 % of microbial illnesses in humans. In light of the critical requirement for efficient management of bacterial infections, researchers have explored alternative techniques for treating bacterial disorders. One of the most promising ways to address this issue is through the development of long-lasting coatings with antibacterial properties. In recent years, antibacterial treatments based on metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as an effective strategy in the fight over bacterial drug resistance. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are the basis of a new composite coating material. This article begins with a brief overview of the mechanisms that underlie bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs. A detailed examination of the properties of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) and their potential use as antibacterial drugs for curing drug-sensitive and resistant bacteria follows. Furthermore, we assess metal nanoparticles (NPs) as powerful agents to fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the growth of biofilm, and we look into their potential toxicological effects for the development of future medicines.

Gelatin-Coated TiO2/Pd Hybrid: A Potentially Useful Nanomaterial to Enhance Antibacterial and Anticancer Properties.

Hybrid nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest in biomedicine because of their fascinating characteristics and wide range of applications in targeted drug delivery, antibacterial activity, and cancer treatment. This study developed a gelatin-coated Titanium oxide/palladium (TiO2/Pd) hybrid nanomaterial to enhance the antibacterial and anticancer capabilities. Morphological and structural analyses were conducted to characterize the synthesized hybrid nanomaterial. The surface texture of the hybrid nanomaterials was examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The FE-SEM image revealed the bulk of the spherically shaped particles and the aggregated tiny granules. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed Ti, Pd, C, and O. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the gelatin-coated TiO2/Pd to be in the anatase form. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy examined the interactions among the gelatin-coated TiO2/Pd nanoparticles. The gelatin-coated TiO2/Pd nanomaterials exhibited high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (22 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (17 mm) compared to individual nanoparticles, confirming the synergistic effect. More importantly, the gelatin-coated TiO2/Pd hybrid nanomaterial exhibited remarkable cytotoxic effects on A549 lung cancer cells which shows a linear increase with the concentration of the nanomaterial. The hybrid nanomaterials displayed higher toxicity to cancer cells than the nanoparticles alone. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells was verified by the generation of reactive oxygen species and nuclear damage. Therefore, gelatin-coated TiO2/Pd nanomaterials have potential uses in treating cancer and bacterial infections.

Biomedical and ecosafety assessment of marine fish collagen capped silver nanoparticles.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesis, the focus has predominantly been on plant-derived sources, leaving the realm of biological or animal origins relatively uncharted. Breaking new ground, our study introduces a pioneering approach: the creation of Ag NPs using marine fish collagen, termed ClAg NPs, and offers a comprehensive exploration of their diverse attributes. To begin, we meticulously characterized ClAg NPs, revealing their spherical morphology, strong crystalline structure, and average diameter of 5 to 100 nm. These NPs showed potent antibacterial activity, notably against S. aureus (gram-positive), surpassing their efficacy against S. typhi (gram-negative). Additionally, ClAg NPs effectively hindered the growth of MRSA biofilms at 500 µg/mL. Impressively, they demonstrated substantial antioxidant capabilities, out performing standard gallic acid. Although higher concentrations of ClAg NPs induced hemolysis (41.804 %), lower concentrations remained non hemolytic. Further evaluations delved into the safety and potential applications of ClAg NPs. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on HEK 293 and HeLa cells revealed dose-dependent toxicity, with IC50 of 75.28 µg/mL and 79.13 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ClAg NPs affected seed germination, root, and shoot lengths in Mung plants, underscoring their relevance in agriculture. Lastly, zebrafish embryo toxicity assays revealed notable effects, particularly at 500 µg/mL, on embryo morphology and survival rates at 96 hpf. In conclusion, our study pioneers the synthesis and multifaceted evaluation of ClAg NPs, offering promise for their use as versatile nano therapeutics in the medical field and as high-value collagen-based nanobiomaterial with minimal environmental impact.

Evaluation of heavy metal removal and antibiofilm efficiency of biologically synthesized chitosan- silver Nano-bio composite by a soil actinobacterium Glutamicibacter uratoxydans VRAK 24.

Biological synthesis of nanoparticles is cost-effective as well as safer than physical and chemical methods. This study focuses on the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Glutamicibacter uratoxydans which remains still unexplored. The synthesized silver nanoparticles are encapsulated with chitosan to prepare nanobiocomposite. Actinobacteria were isolated from mesophilic soil and screened for heavy metal resistance. The potent heavy metal resistant isolate was identified by 16SrRNA sequencing and used for the biological synthesis of silver particles. The characterization of chitosan- silver nano-bio composite was carried out by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and XRD. Morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The particle size and stability were studied using Dynamic light scattering and Zeta potential analysis. The nano-bio composite was tested for lead removal efficiency and antibiofilm activity. The potent isolate was identified as Glutamicibacter uratoxydans and it was named as Glutamicibacter uratoxydans VRAK 24. The UV spectra showed maximum absorbance at 410 nm. The FTIR spectra and XRD confirmed chitosan encapsulation with silver nanoparticle. The size of nanobiocomposite was found to be 0.376. The stability of nanobiocomposite recorded a zeta potential value of -5.37 mV. The lead removal efficiency was found to be 87.69 %. In addition, the nanobiocomposite exhibited highest anti-biofilm activity against S.aureus when compared to E.coli. The research findings, concluded that the synthesized nanobiocomposite showed better anti-biofilm activity. Also, nanobiocomposite was found to be a good adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal lead.

Synthesis and in vitro characteristics of biogenic-derived hydroxyapatite for bone remodeling applications.

The inorganic component of bone matrix, hydroxyapatite (HAp) (with formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), can be obtained from inexpensive waste resources that serve as excellent calcium precursors. In the present study, HAp nano-powder was synthesized from eggshells (ES) and crab shells (CS) by wet chemical precipitation method. Also, a hybrid sample was considered which is a mixture of HAp nano-powder synthesized from eggshells (25%) and crab shells (75%) (EC). The presence of phosphate, carbonate, and hydroxyl groups in the synthesized powder was confirmed through FTIR analysis. The phase composition was determined using XRD, and elemental analysis revealed a Ca/P ratio ranging from 1.5 to 1.8, confirming the HAp nature of the nano-powder, which ranged in size from 73 to 375 nm. Importantly, preliminary in vitro tests were conducted using mouse preosteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized HAp. The results indicated excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, sample EC exhibited a significantly higher proliferation on days 3, 6, 9, and 12. EC demonstrated promising antimicrobial properties by exhibiting a significantly higher inhibitory effect against the bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli, and the fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Additionally, EC displayed notable antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 271.543 µg/ml and 407.764 µg/ml in DPPH and H2O2 assays, respectively. Furthermore, it showed strong anti-inflammatory properties, with a dose-dependent inhibition against protein denaturation. Given these findings, the synthesized HAp holds promise as a potential bone filler and could be beneficial for bone remodeling applications.

Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates-based Therapeutics-delivery Nanosystems.

Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bio-based aliphatic biopolyester produced by bacteria as an intracellular storage material of carbon and energy under stressed conditions. PHAs have been paid attention to due to their unique and impressive biological properties including high biodegradability, biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and different mechanical properties. Under this context, the development of drug-delivery nanosystems based on PHAs has been revealed to have numerous advantages compared with synthetic polymers that included biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxic, and low-cost production, among others. In this review article, we present the available state of the art of PHAs. Moreover, we discussed the potential benefits, weaknesses, and perspectives of PHAs to the develop drug delivery systems.

Biocompatible polysaccharide fabricated graphene oxide nanoparticles: A versatile nanodrug carrier to deliver κ- carrageenan against cancer cells.

A graphene oxide mediated hybrid nano system for pH stimuli-responsive and in vitro drug delivery targeted for cancer was described in this study. Graphene oxide (GO) functionalized Chitosan (CS) mediated nanocarrier capped with xyloglucan (XG) was fabricated with and without Kappa carrageenan (κ-C) from red seaweed, Kappaphycus alverzii, as an active drug. FTIR, EDAX, XPS, XRD, SEM and HR-TEM studies were carried out for GO-CS-XG nanocarrier loaded with and without active drugs to understand the physicochemical properties. XPS (C1s, N1s and O1s) confirmed the fabrications of XG and functionalization of GO by CS via the binding energies at 284.2 eV, 399.4 eV and 531.3 eV, respectively. The amount of drug loaded in vitro was 0.422 mg/mL. The GO-CS-XG nanocarrier showed a cumulative drug release of 77 % at acidic pH 5.3. In contrast to physiological conditions, the release rate of κ-C from the GO-CS-XG nanocarrier was considerably higher in the acidic condition. Thus, a pH stimuli-responsive anticancer drug release was successfully achieved with the GO-CS-XG-κ-C nanocarrier system for the first time. The drug release mechanism was carried out using various kinetic models that showed a mixed release behavior depending on concentration and diffusion/swelling mechanism. The best-fitting model which supports our release mechanism are zero order, first order and Higuchi models. GO-CS-XG and κ-C loaded nanocarrier biocompatibility were determined by in vitro hemolysis and membrane stabilization studies. MCF-7 and U937 cancer cell lines were used to study the cytotoxicity of the nanocarrier by MTT assay, which indicates excellent cytocompatibility. These findings support the versatile use of a green renewable biocompatible GO-CS-XG nanocarrier as targeted drug delivery and potential anticancer agent for therapeutic purposes.

Effect of a polyherbal formulation on L-thyroxine induced hyperthyroidism in a rat model: In vitro and in vivo analysis and identification of bioactive phytochemicals.

An excess of thyroid hormones in the blood characterizes hyperthyroidism. Long-term use of prescription medications to treat hyperthyroidism has substantial adverse effects and when discontinued, the symptoms frequently recur. Several plant species have been utilized to cure hyperthyroidism. In the present work, we investigated the impact of polyherbal extract (POH) of four medicinal plants to treat hyperthyroidism. Biochemical analysis revealed the presence of a high concentration of phytochemicals in the POHs. The in vitro antioxidant study revealed their antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity. The gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry analysis of the POHs showed the presence of 13 bioactive phytochemical compounds. The effect of various concentrations of POHs on L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism in Wistar albino rats was evaluated for 18 days. The TSH, T3 and T4 levels increased significantly and reduced the increase of liver enzymes caused by hyperthyroidism in POH-treated rats. The data showed that POH therapy could restore thyroid function to normal. The injection of POH increased the size comprising vacuolated cells, columnar follicular cells and highly coloured nuclei with increasing POH content and the number of normal thyroid follicles rose. The findings indicate that polyherbal formulations of these medicinal plants include credible antithyroid compounds that may offer a protective and an effective alternative treatment to synthetic thyroid medications.

Rational Design of Hydrogels for Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide Delivery: A Molecular Modeling Approach.

In light of the growing bacterial resistance to antibiotics and in the absence of the development of new antimicrobial agents, numerous antimicrobial delivery systems over the past decades have been developed with the aim to provide new alternatives to the antimicrobial treatment of infections. However, there are few studies that focus on the development of a rational design that is accurate based on a set of theoretical-computational methods that permit the prediction and the understanding of hydrogels regarding their interaction with cationic antimicrobial peptides (cAMPs) as potential sustained and localized delivery nanoplatforms of cAMP. To this aim, we employed docking and Molecular Dynamics simulations (MDs) that allowed us to propose a rational selection of hydrogel candidates based on the propensity to form intermolecular interactions with two types of cAMPs (MP-L and NCP-3a). For the design of the hydrogels, specific building blocks were considered, named monomers (MN), co-monomers (CM), and cross-linkers (CL). These building blocks were ranked by considering the interaction with two peptides (MP-L and NCP-3a) as receptors. The better proposed hydrogel candidates were composed of MN3-CM7-CL1 and MN4-CM5-CL1 termed HG1 and HG2, respectively. The results obtained by MDs show that the biggest differences between the hydrogels are in the CM, where HG2 has two carboxylic acids that allow the forming of greater amounts of hydrogen bonds (HBs) and salt bridges (SBs) with both cAMPs. Therefore, using theoretical-computational methods allowed for the obtaining of the best virtual hydrogel candidates according to affinity with the specific cAMP. In conclusion, this study showed that HG2 is the better candidate for future in vitro or in vivo experiments due to its possible capacity as a depot system and its potential sustained and localized delivery system of cAMP.

Moringa oleifera gum capped MgO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, cyto- and ecotoxicity assessment.

Nano-based drug delivery research is increasing due to the therapeutic applications for human health care. However, traditional chemical capping-based synthesis methods lead to unwanted toxicity effects. Hence, there is an urgent need for green synthesis-based and biocompatible synthesis methods. The current work describes for the first time the green synthesis of Moringa gum-capped MgO nanoparticles (Mgm-MgO NPs). Their antioxidant activity, hemolysis potential, cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, toxicity by chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) chick embryo assay and in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos were described. The Mgm-MgO NPs exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The Mgm-MgO NPs at 500 µg/ml produced significant hemolysis (72.54 %), while lower concentrations did not. Besides, the cytotoxicity assessment of the Mgm-MgO NPs was conducted in PA-1 cells from human ovarian teratocarcinoma by MTT assay. The Mgm-MgO NPs (0.1-500 µg/ml) considerably reduced the viability of PA-1 cells. Furthermore, Mgm-MgO NPs had no significant effect on seed germination but had a significant effect on root and shoot length of mungbean (Vigna radiata). Additionally, the CAM assay was used to analyze the antiangiogenic potential of Mgm-MgO NPs, exhibiting no significant alterations after 72 h. Finally, the zebrafish embryotoxicity assay revealed that the Mgm-MgO NPs (0.1-500 µg/ml) did not affect morphology, mortality or survival rate.

Perspectives toward the Development of Advanced Materials Based on Bacterial Polysaccharides.

Bacteria and their enzymatic machinery, also called bacterial cell factories, produce a diverse variety of biopolymers, such as polynucleotides, polypeptides and polysaccharides, with different and fundamental cellular functions. Polysaccharides are the most widely used biopolymers, especially in biotechnology. This type of biopolymer, thanks to its physical and chemical properties, can be used to create a wide range of advanced bio-based materials, hybrid materials and nanocomposites for a variety of exciting biomedical applications. In contrast to synthetic polymers, bacterial polysaccharides have several advantages, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low immunogenicity, and non-toxicity, among others. On the other hand, the main advantage of bacterial polysaccharides compared to polymers extracted from other natural sources is that their physicochemical properties, such as purity, porosity, and malleability, among others, can be adapted to a specific application with the use of biotechnological tools and/or chemical modifications. Another great reason for using bacterial polysaccharides is due to the possibility of developing advanced materials from them using bacterial factories that can metabolize raw materials (recycling of industrial and agricultural wastes) that are readily available and in large quantities. Moreover, through this strategy, it is possible to curb environmental pollution. In this article, we project the desire to move towards large-scale production of bacterial polysaccharides taking into account the benefits, weaknesses and prospects in the near future for the development of advanced biological materials for medical and pharmaceutical purposes.

Smart and eco-friendly N-isopropylacrylamide and cellulose hydrogels as a safe dual-drug local cancer therapy approach.

Local cancer treatment by in situ injections of thermo-responsive hydrogels (HG) offers several advantages over conventional systemic anti-cancer treatments. In this work, a biodegradable and multicompartmental HG composed of N-isopropylacrylamide, cellulose, citric acid, and ceric ammonium nitrate was developed for the controlled release of hydrophilic (doxorubicin) and hydrophobic (niclosamide) drugs. The formulation presented ideal properties regarding thermo-responsiveness, rheological behavior, drug release profile, biocompatibility, and biological activity in colon and ovarian cancer cells. Cellulose was found to retard drugs release rate, being only 4 % of doxorubicin and 30 % of niclosamide released after 1 week. This low release was sufficient to cause cell death in both cell lines. Moreover, HG demonstrated a proper injectability, in situ prevalence, and safety profile in vivo. Overall, the HG properties, together with its natural and eco-friendly composition, create a safe and efficient platform for the local treatment of non-resectable tumors or tumors requiring pre-surgical adjuvant therapy.

Marine polysaccharide laminarin embedded ZnO nanoparticles and their based chitosan capped ZnO nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment.

In the current scenario where more and more products containing nanomaterials are on the technological or pharmaceutical market, it is crucial to have a thorough knowledge of their toxicity before proposing possible applications. A proper analysis of the toxicity of the nanoproducts should include both in vitro and in vivo biological approaches and should consider that the synthesis and purification methods of nanomaterials may affect such toxicity. In the current work, the green synthesis of laminarin embedded ZnO nanoparticles (Lm-ZnO NPs) and their based chitosan capped ZnO nanocomposites (Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps) is described for the first time. Furthermore, the evaluation of their in vitro cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity, and in vivo (Zebrafish embryo) toxicity was described. First, the green synthesized Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps were fully physicochemically characterized. Lm-ZnO NPs were greatly agglomerated and had a spindle morphology ranging from 100 to 350 nm, while Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps had irregular rod shape with flake-like structure clusters randomly aggregated with diverse sizes ranging from 20 to 250 nm. The in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of the green synthesized Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps was carried out in normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) cells and human colon cancer (HT-29) cells by MTT assay. Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps (0.1-500 µg/mL), significantly inhibited the viability of both cell lines, revealing dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Besides, the Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps significantly affected seed germination and roots and shoots length of mung (Vigna radiata). Moreover, the zebrafish embryo toxicity of Lm-ZnO NPs and Ch-Lm-ZnO NCmps among the various concentrations used (0.1-500 µg/mL) caused deformities, increased mortality and decreased the survival rate of zebrafish embryo dose-dependently.

Protective effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 against ammonia induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in Oreochromis mossambicus.

The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of probiotics in mitigating ammonia-induced toxicity in fish. Fish were divided into four groups: control, only probiotic, only ammonia, and combined ammonia + probiotic. For 8 weeks, the Oreochromis mossambicus were exposed to waterborne ammonia at 1.0 mg L-1 and/or dietary Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 at 107 cfu g-1. After the 4th and 8th weeks, the fish were evaluated for growth performance, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) reduced glutathione (GSH), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase - AChE), non-specific immune responses (lysozyme (LYZ), myeloperoxidase (MPO), reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNS and ROS) and oxidative stress effects (lipid peroxidation (LPO), DNA damage)). Our results showed that in the absence of waterborne ammonia exposure, B. licheniformis Dahb1 significantly improved growth performance, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, AChE activity, non-specific immune response and decreased oxidative stress effect. Ammonia exposure resulted in significantly lower growth performance, reduced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant ability, decreased AChE activity, decreased non-specific immune response and increased oxidative stress effect. When O. mossambicus were exposed to ammonia, supplementation with B. licheniformis Dahb1 in the diet significantly increased survival, indicating that it may have a significant protective effect against ammonia toxicity by enhancing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant ability, activity of AChE, non-specific immune response and reduced oxidative stress effect. According to our findings, diet supplementation of B. licheniformis Dahb1 (107 cfu g-1) has the potential to combat ammonia toxicity in O. mossambicus.

Development of "on-demand" thermo-responsive hydrogels for anti-cancer drugs sustained release: Rational design, in silico prediction and in vitro validation in colon cancer models.

A rational design accurate based on the use of Statistical Design of the Experiments (DoE) and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Studies allows the prediction and the understanding of thermo-responsive hydrogels prepared regarding their gelation temperature and anti-cancer drug release rate. N-isopropylacrilamide (NIPAM) modified with specific co-monomers and crosslinkers, can be used to prepare "on-demand" thermo-responsive hydrogels with the ideal properties for clinical applications in which local sustained release of drugs is crucial. Two preferential formulations resulting from the predictive studies of DoE and In Silico methods were synthesized by radical polymerization, fully characterized, and loaded with the anticancer drug Doxorubicin (Dox). The hydrogel formulations were characterized by swelling rate, turbidity, FTIR, 1H NMR, SEM, gelation time, rheology, and biocompatibility assays. Both formulations demonstrated adequate morphologic, rheological, and biocompatibility properties; however, important differences in terms of drug retention were detected. As demonstrated by a Dox cumulative release study and posteriorly confirmed by an efficacy assay in an in vitro colorectal cancer model, the formulation composed by NIPAM and 4-penten-1-ol crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) (PNiPenPH) present a slow release over the time, presenting ideal properties to become and ideal depot system for the local sustained release of anticancer drugs as adjuvant therapy or in the case of non-resectable tumors.

Bio-Fabrication of Human Amniotic Membrane Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and the Wet/Dry HAM Dressing Membrane for Wound Healing.

The preparation of unique wet and dry wound dressing products derived from unprocessed human amniotic membrane (UP-HAM) is described. The UP-HAM was decellularized, and the constituent proteins were cross-linked and stabilized before being trimmed and packed in sterile Nucril-coated laminated aluminium foil pouches with isopropyl alcohol to manufacture processed wet human amniotic membrane (PW-HAM). The dry type of PD-HAM was prepared by decellularizing the membrane, UV irradiating it, lyophilizing/freeze-drying it, sterilizing it, and storing it at room temperature. The UP-HAM consists of a translucent yellowish mass of flexible membranes with an average thickness of 42 µm. PW-HAM wound dressings that had been processed, decellularized, and dehydrated had a thinner average thickness of 30 µm and lacked nuclear-cellular structures. Following successful decellularization, discrete bundle of fibrous components in the stromal spongy layers, microvilli and reticular ridges were still evident on the surface of the processed HAM, possibly representing the location of the cells that had been removed by the decellularization process. Both wet and dry HAM wound dressings are durable, portable, have a shelf life of 3-5 years, and are available all year. A slice of HAM dressing costs 1.0 US$/cm2. Automation and large-scale HAM membrane preparation, as well as storage and transportation of the dressings, can all help to establish advanced technologies, improve the efficiency of membrane production, and reduce costs. Successful treatment of wounds to the cornea of the eye was achieved with the application of the HAM wound dressings. The HAM protein analysis revealed 360 µg proteins per gram of tissue, divided into three main fractions with MWs of 100 kDa, 70 kDa, and 14 kDa, as well as seven minor proteins, with the 14 kDa protein displaying antibacterial properties against human pathogenic bacteria. A wide range of antibacterial activity was observed after treatment with 75 µg/ml zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from human amniotic membrane proteins (HAMP-ZnO NP), including dose-dependent biofilm inhibition and inhibition of Gram-positive (S. aureus, S. mutans, E. faecalis, and L. fusiformis) and Gram-negative bacteria (S. sonnei, P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, and C. freundii).

Interactive effects of freshwater acidification and selenium pollution on biochemical changes and neurotoxicity in Oreochromis mossambicus.

Effect of selenium and acidification in freshwater environment was assessed solitary but no reports are available on the impacts of both factors act together. In the present study, effects of combined simultaneous exposure to selenium (Se) and low pH were assessed in Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Responses were measured based on antioxidant defenses (enzymatic SOD, CAT, GPx and non-enzymatic GSH), biotransformation enzyme (GST), metallothionein levels (MT), oxidative damage (LPO, CP), Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity in gills and liver tissues and neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) response in brain tissue. Fish were exposed to combined treatment at different pH levels (7.5, control (optimum pH for tilapia growth); 5.5, low pH) and Se concentrations (0, 10, and 100 µg L-1). Toxicity levels of Se were not significantly different under control and low pH indicating that pH did not affect Se toxicity. Levels of GSH and MT were enhanced in Se-exposed fish at both pH. Combined effects of high Se concentration and low pH decreased SOD and CAT activities and increased those of GPx and GST. However, organisms were not able to prevent cellular damage (LPO and CP), indicating a condition of oxidative stress. Furthermore, inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity was showed. Additionally, neurotoxicity effect was observed by inhibition of cholinesterase activity in organisms exposed to Se at both pH conditions. As a result, the combined stress of selenium and freshwater acidification has a slight impact on antioxidant defense mechanisms while significantly inhibiting cholinesterase and Na+/K + -ATPase activity in fish. The mechanisms of freshwater acidification mediating the toxic effects of trace non-metal element on freshwater fish need to investigate further.

Evaluation of probiotic properties of Lysinibacillus macroides under in vitro conditions and culture of Cyprinus carpio on growth parameters.

Cyprinus carpio is an important freshwater fish in aquaculture. It was used for the isolation of potential probiotic strain for aquaculture applications. The most dominant strain was isolated on MRS agar from the gastrointestinal (GI) of C. carpio and identified as Lysinibacillus macroides using molecular marker 16S rRNA gene. Various probiotic properties such as acid and bile tolerance and antibiotic susceptibility were analysed under in vitro conditions. Further, formulate pelletized feed using probiotic (L. macroides) in different concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8%). Rearing of C. carpio was carried out 45 days and fed with formulated feed. The highest length (5.14 ± 0.07 cm) and weight (3.56 ± 0.07 g) of C. carpio fingerlings was recorded in the 8% LM probiotic pelletized feed, while in fingerlings fed with control showed lower in the length (3.02 ± 0.13 cm) and the weight (0.92 ± 0.04 g) on the 45th day of the experiment. Both percentage of weight gain (PWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) of C. carpio fingerlings fed with probiotic feed compared to control feed. Hence, the use of probiotic bacteria could be an encouraging alternative feed for future endeavours in the field of aquaculture. In conclusion, L. macroides can serve as probiotic for sustainable, competitive and promising beneficial bacteria to aquaculture industry.