Smartphone Eye Examination: Artificial Intelligence and Telemedicine.

Background: The current medical scenario is closely linked to recent progress in telecommunications, photodocumentation, and artificial intelligence (AI). Smartphone eye examination may represent a promising tool in the technological spectrum, with special interest for primary health care services. Obtaining fundus imaging with this technique has improved and democratized the teaching of fundoscopy, but in particular, it contributes greatly to screening diseases with high rates of blindness. Eye examination using smartphones essentially represents a cheap and safe method, thus contributing to public policies on population screening. This review aims to provide an update on the use of this resource and its future prospects, especially as a screening and ophthalmic diagnostic tool. Methods: In this review, we surveyed major published advances in retinal and anterior segment analysis using AI. We performed an electronic search on the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library for published literature without a deadline. We included studies that compared the diagnostic accuracy of smartphone ophthalmoscopy for detecting prevalent diseases with an accurate or commonly employed reference standard. Results: There are few databases with complete metadata, providing demographic data, and few databases with sufficient images involving current or new therapies. It should be taken into consideration that these are databases containing images captured using different systems and formats, with information often being excluded without essential detailing of the reasons for exclusion, which further distances them from real-life conditions. The safety, portability, low cost, and reproducibility of smartphone eye images are discussed in several studies, with encouraging results. Conclusions: The high level of agreement between conventional and a smartphone method shows a powerful arsenal for screening and early diagnosis of the main causes of blindness, such as cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. In addition to streamlining the medical workflow and bringing benefits for public health policies, smartphone eye examination can make safe and quality assessment available to the population.

Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant in Autoimmune Retinopathy.

Purpose: To describe the results of an intravitreal dexamethasone implant in managing autoimmune retinopathy (AIR). Methods: Two patients affected by AIR underwent intravitreal dexamethasone implantation and were followed by ocular coherence tomography, visual fields, and electroretinography. Results: The patients showed an interruption of the functional losses and remained stable with semestral injections. Conclusion: AIR is a complex condition with no standard treatment. The use of dexamethasone could be a valid option.

Perfil clínico de pacientes dermatológicos encaminhados para avaliação oftalmológica / Clinical profile of dermatological patients referred to ophthalmological evaluation

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o perfil clínico de pacientes em acompanhamento dermatológico encaminhados para avaliação oftalmológica. Métodos: A amostra foi composta de pacientes dermatológicos encaminhados para avaliação oftalmológica, nos anos de 2016 e de 2017. Estudou-se a concomitância de doenças dermatológicas com as afecções oftalmológicas por meio da coleta simultânea do histórico dermatológico (prontuários registrados com dados gerais e diagnóstico) e de dados da consulta oftalmológica após o encaminhamento. Resultados: Foram avaliados pela oftalmologia 224 pacientes, sendo 65% do sexo feminino, 80% caucasianos, com idade variando entre 1 mês e 85 anos. As situações cujo encaminhamento foi mais prevalente foram psoríase, lúpus, vitiligo e rosácea (18,3%, 13,8%, 12,9% e 10,7%, respectivamente). Fototerapia crônica e uso de hidroxicloroquina representaram 35,7% e 22,3% dos pacientes. Casos de neurofibromatose, micose fungoide, líquen plano, neoplasias de pele, atopias, pênfigo e esclerodermia também estiveram presentes. Cegueira legal foi detectada em 6%, e deficiências visuais ligadas a afecções dermatológicas foram verificadas em 16,5% dos casos. As alterações oculares mais prevalentes foram catarata (18,9%), blefarite (15,9%), pterígio (5,3%) e conjuntivite (5,3%). Conclusão: Encontrou-se elevada frequência de alterações oftalmológicas em uma população de pacientes com doenças dermatológicas. Assim, o estudo e a análise de manifestações oculares em pacientes dermatológicos podem auxiliar na detecção precoce e na prevenção de complicações.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the clinical profile of patients under dermatological care and referred to ophthalmological evaluation. Methods: The sample comprised dermatology patients referred to ophthalmological evaluation in 2016 and 2017. The simultaneous occurrence of skin and ophthalmic diseases was studied, by collecting dermatological history (medical records containing general data and diagnosis) and ophthalmic consultation data following referral. Results: A total of 224 patients were assessed, 65% were female, 80% were white, and age varied between one month and 85 years. The conditions more often referred were psoriasis, lupus, vitiligo and rosacea (18.3%, 13.8%, 12.9% and 10.7%, respectively). Chronic phototherapy and use of hydroxychloroquine were observed in 35.7% and 22.3% of patients, respectively. Cases of neurofibromatosis, mycosis fungoides, lichen planus, skin cancer, atopic dermatitis, pemphigus and scleroderma were also reported. Legal blindness was detected in 6% and visual impairment related to skin conditions in 16.5% of patients. The most prevalent ocular changes were cataracts (18.9%), blepharitis (15.9%), pterygium (5.3%) and conjunctivitis (5.3%). Conclusion: A high frequency of ophthalmic changes in a population of dermatological patients was found. In this context, studying and analyzing ocular manifestations in dermatological patients could be useful in early detection and prevention of complications.

Amplitude of Accommodation in Schoolchildren.

PURPOSE: Hofstetter's equations are based on studies of Amplitude of Accommodation (AA) with methodological limitations, particularly in the case of children younger than 10 years of age. The aim of this study is to evaluate AA by age, gender, economic status, and time of day as well as accommodative insufficiency prevalence. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 867 schoolchildren aged 6-16 years attending two public schools in the urban area of the South Brazilian city of Pelotas. Subjective refraction was performed using a monocular fogging method to standard end point of maximum plus for best visual acuity (20/25). AA was assessed using the push-up method. RESULTS: The median AA value was 14.3D (P25 13.3-P75 16.7) among children aged 6-16 years, being 15.5D (P25 14.3D-P75 16.7) among children aged 6-10 years, 14.2D (P25 12.5D-P75 15.4) among 11-13-year-olds, 13.3D (P25 12.5D-P75 15.4) among children aged 14-15 and 12.9D (P25 11.1D-P75 14.3) among those aged 16. AA variability was 2.4D in those aged 6-8, 3.4D in children aged 9-12, and 2.9D in those aged 13-16. There was no significant difference in median AA according to gender, time of examination, or economic status; 2.8% of children showed AA of less than 2D lower than Hofstetter's minimum reference value. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports AA in a large sample of children and therefore may contribute to current knowledge on AA norms. In order to avoid the impact of outliers, it proposes the use of the median and percentiles to define AA standards by specific age. A set of studies using precise AA measurement and large sample size are needed to determine clinical standards for AA.

Moderate hyperopia prevalence and associated factors among elementary school students.

Hyperopia is the most common refractive condition in childhood. There are few studies on moderate hyperopia and associated factors. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of moderate hyperopia and associated factors among school children. A cross-sectional study comprising 1,032 students attending 1st to 8th grades at two public schools was conducted in a Southern Brazilian urban area in 2012. Cycloplegia was used to examine both eyes and refractive error was measured through auto-refraction. A socioeconomic and cultural questionnaire was administered. Multivariable analysis was performed through Poisson regression. Moderate hyperopia prevalence was 13.4% (95% CI, 11.2-15.4) and 85% of these did not wear glasses. Age was inversely associated with moderate hyperopia, while female gender RP = 1.39 (95%CI, 1.02 - 1.90) and white skin RP = 1.66 (95%CI, 1.04 - 2.66) were risk factors for this outcome. This study makes progress in estimating mild and moderate hyperopia prevalence both by age range and specific age. It emphasizes how the lack of this condition being corrected in southern Brazil is a serious problem. It highlights the importance of detailing and characterizing the amount of time spent on close-range, long-range and outdoor activities.

Moderate hyperopia prevalence and associated factors among elementary school students / Prevalência de hipermetropia e fatores associados em escolares do ensino fundamental

Hyperopia is the most common refractive condition in childhood. There are few studies on moderate hyperopia and associated factors. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of moderate hyperopia and associated factors among school children. A cross-sectional study comprising 1,032 students attending 1st to 8th grades at two public schools was conducted in a Southern Brazilian urban area in 2012. Cycloplegia was used to examine both eyes and refractive error was measured through auto-refraction. A socioeconomic and cultural questionnaire was administered. Multivariable analysis was performed through Poisson regression. Moderate hyperopia prevalence was 13.4% (95% CI, 11.2-15.4) and 85% of these did not wear glasses. Age was inversely associated with moderate hyperopia, while female gender RP = 1.39 (95%CI, 1.02 - 1.90) and white skin RP = 1.66 (95%CI, 1.04 - 2.66) were risk factors for this outcome. This study makes progress in estimating mild and moderate hyperopia prevalence both by age range and specific age. It emphasizes how the lack of this condition being corrected in southern Brazil is a serious problem. It highlights the importance of detailing and characterizing the amount of time spent on close-range, long-range and outdoor activities.

A hipermetropia é o estado refrativo mais comum na infância. Este estudo objetiva investigar a prevalência de hipermetropia moderada e fatores associados entre escolares, tendo em vista haver poucos estudos sobre o assunto. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 1.032 crianças do 1º ao 8º anos de duas escolas públicas da zona urbana de uma cidade do sul do Brasil, no período de abril a dezembro de 2012. Ambos os olhos foram cicloplegiados e o erro refrativo foi medido através de autorrefração. Foi aplicado questionário socioeconômico e cultural. A análise multivariada foi realizada utilizando a regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de hipermetropia moderada foi de 13,4% IC95% (11,2% - 15,4%) e 85% deles não usam óculos. Idade ficou inversamente associada com hipermetropia moderada enquanto sexo feminino OR=1,39 IC95% (1,02 - 1,90) e cor de pele branca OR=1,66 IC95% (1,04 - 2,66) foram fatores de risco para o desfecho. Conclusão: Este estudo avança na estimativa de prevalência de hipermetropia leve e moderada por faixa etária e por idade específica, enfatizando o grave problema da falta de correção no sul do Brasil. O estudo destaca a importância de detalhar e caracterizar a quantidade de tempo gasto em atividades de longe e de perto e ao ar livre.

Hyperopia: a meta-analysis of prevalence and a review of associated factors among school-aged children.

BACKGROUND: Studies show great variability in the prevalence of hyperopia among children. This study aimed to synthesize the existing knowledge about hyperopia prevalence and its associated factors in school children and to explore the reasons for this variability. METHODS: This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. Searching several international databases, the review included population- or school-based studies assessing hyperopia through cycloplegic autorefraction or cycloplegic retinoscopy. Meta-analysis of hyperopia prevalence was performed following MOOSE guidelines and using the random effects model. RESULTS: The review included 40 cross-sectional studies. The prevalence of hyperopia ranged from 8.4% at age six, 2-3% from 9 to 14 years and approximately 1% at 15 years. With regard to associated factors, age has an inverse association with hyperopia. The frequency of hyperopia is higher among White children and those who live in rural areas. There is no consensus about the association between hyperopia and gender, family income and parental schooling. CONCLUSION: Future studies should use standardized methods to classify hyperopia and sufficient sample size when evaluating age-specific prevalence. Furthermore, it is necessary to deepen the understanding about the interactions among hyperopic refractive error and accommodative and binocular functions as a way of identifying groups of hyperopic children at risk of developing visual, academic and even cognitive function sequelae.

Falha a longo prazo no tratamento do melanoma de coróide com termoterapia transpupilar / Long-term failure after transpupillary thermotherapy for small choroidal melanomas

Objetivo: Avaliar, retrospectivamente, num longo intervalo de tempo, os resultados da termoterapia transpupilar em casos selecionados do melanoma de coróide. Métodos: Foram identificados todos os casos com melanoma de coróide tratados com termoterapia transpupilar, como terapia única ou suplementar. Foram excluídos os casos com seguimento inferior a 60 meses, prontuários incompletos ou com o abandono do acompanhamento. Resultados: De um total de 18 olhos, 7 (38.9%) foram incluídos no estudo. Cinco (71,4%) pacientes foram tratados exclusivamente com termoterapia transpupilar, em 1 (14,2%) olho a crioterapia foi simultânea, 1 (14,2%) suplementou braquiterapia - placa episcleral. Três (42.8%) sofreram recorrência, 2 (28.5%) apresentaram metástases (um óbito), 2 foram enucleados. Complicações foram encontradas em 3 olhos: dobras maculares em 2, hemorragia vítrea em 1. Nos olhos enucleados, não havia extensão extraescleral, porém células interesclerais foram identificadas. Conclusão: Termoterapia transpupilar mostra um declínio em sua eficácia e conserva os riscos de metástases em períodos mais longos de acompanhamento, sendo necessária uma definição mais exata de seu papel nos melanomas de coróide.

Objective: To evaluate, retrospectively, in a long time interval, the results of transpupillary thermotherapy in selected cases of choroidal melanoma (CM). Methods: All patients with melanoma treated with transpupillary thermotherapy as sole therapy or supplement were identified. Cases with less than 60 months follow-up, incomplete records or abandonment of monitoring were excluded. Results: A total of 18 eyes, seven (38.9%) were included. Five (71,4%) patients were treated exclusively with transpupillary thermotherapy, in one (14,2%) eye criotherapy was used simultaneously, one (14,2%) was supplemented with brachytherapy - episcleral plate. Three (42.8%) had recurrence, two (28.5%) had metastases (one death), two eyes were enucleated. Complications were found in three eyes: two with macular folds, one with vitreous hemorrhage. In the enucleated eyes, extraescleral did not occur, however intrascleral tumoral cells were identified. Conclusion: Transpupillary thermotherapy shows a decline in its effectiveness and retains the risk of metastases in longer periods of follow-up, requiring a more exact definition of its role in choroidal melanoma.

Facoemulsificação sob anestesia tópica: série de casos / Phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia: series of cases

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia e a segurança da facoemulsificação sob anestesia tópica em casos com complexidade diversa. MÉTODOS: Os prontuários dos pacientes submetidos à facoemulsificação sob anestesia tópica no período de janeiro de 2009 a abril de 2011 foram revisados. Os dados pré-operatórios avaliados foram: sexo, idade, cor, a presença de doenças sistêmicas, comorbidades oculares, o tipo da catarata e a acuidade visual pré-operatória. As informações intra e pós-operatórias colhidas foram: acuidade pósoperatória, complicações intra e pós-operatórias, a necessidade de conversão anestésica e o poder da LIO utilizada. Foram excluídos pacientes com prontuários incompletos. RESULTADOS: Cento e onze (111) casos foram avaliados. Apenas comorbidades oculares mostraram significância estatística na acuidade visual pós-operatória (p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: A análise indica que a facoemulsificação realizada sob anestesia tópica em casos com complexidades variadas é eficaz e segura...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome and safety of phacoemulsification performed under topical anesthesiain cases with several complexities. METHODS: Cases performed under topical anesthesia from january 2009 to april 2011 were analyzed. Variables analyzed included patients age, sex, race, systemic diseases, eyes comorbidities, type of cataract, visual acuity before and after the surgery, complications, number of conversions to peribulbar anesthesia and IOL power. Patients with uncompleted data were excluded from analysis. RESULTS: A total of 111 eyes were analyzed; only cases with ocular comorbidities were statistically significant (p=0,004). CONCLUSION: the data analysis suggests that phacoemulsification performed under topical anesthesia is safeand effective in cases of different complexities...

Fístula carotídeo-cavernosa / Carotid-cavernous fistula

Fístulas carotídeo-cavernosas são raras. São classificadas nos tipos direto e indireto. Fístulas diretas têm uma comunicação anormal entre a artéria carótida interna e o seio cavernoso. Nas formas indiretas a conexão se faz entre os ramos meningeos da carótida interna e/ou externa e o mesmo seio. O propósito deste artigo é o de atualizar os conceitos anatômicos, clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos desta situação.

Carotid cavernous fistulae are an uncommon disease. They are classified as direct or indirect. In direct fistulas there is an abnormal communication between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. Indirect forms have an abnormal bypass between the meningeal branches of the internal and/or external carotid arteries and the same sinus. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the anatomy of the envolved area and the clinical findings, diagnostic evaluation and treatment.

Prevalência de retinopatia por radiação no Instituto Ivo Corrêa-Meyer / Prevalence of radiation retinopathy in the Ivo Corrêa-Meyer Institute

Objetivo: Arregimentar os casos com diagnóstico de retinopatia por radiação atendidos nos últimos 5 anos, avaliando as manifestações mais incidentes, tempo de aparecimento, conseqüências funcionais e manejo. Material e métodos: Pacientes com retinopatia ou neuropatia associada à teleterapia, atendidos entre 2000 e 2005, com prontuários completos foram incluídos, descartando-se aqueles com diabetes melito, pós-braquiterapia, cirurgia ou fotocoagulação prévias, cirurgia orbitária, trauma craniano. Resultados: Média de idade de 48 anos, detectados num período médio de 22 meses pós-radiação. A acuidade visual final média foi de 20/60, e os sinais mais comuns foram a neovascularização iriana, papilar e retiniana, telangiectasias, exsudatos duros e algodonosos. Conclusão: Lesões secundárias à radiação apresentam-se a longo prazo, quando sintomáticas, estão associadas a perdas visuais importantes e permanentes

Purpose: Evaluated all cases of radiation ocular toxicity examined in our service inthe last 5 years, to estimate the clinical signs and functional outcome. Material and methods: Patients with ocular disease associated to the external radiation and not associated with diabetes mellitus, previous surgery or photocoagulation, orbital surgery, head trauma, or episcleral plaques were included. Results: There were 7 patients included, with average age of 48 years, and final visual acuity of 20/60. The clinical signs were recognized after a meantime of 22 months. Discussion: The retinopathy and neuropathy presents after a long time after external radiation, without rescue of visual function

[Avulsed retinal vessels]. / Avulsão vascular retiniana.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical evolution of cases with avulsed retinal vessels without retinal detachment treated with laser or scleral buckle. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of cases with avulsed retinal vessels treated between 2001-2003. Laser photocoagulation or scleral buckle was used. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. Average age was 53.6 years. RESULTS: Of 13 patients, 8 were photoagulated with argon laser and 5 were submitted to a scleral buckle. The most common symptom was reduction in visual acuity. Vitreous hemorrhage was present in 7 eyes (53.8%) at diagnosis, and was the most frequent complication after treatment (30.7%). Final visual acuity was unchanged. CONCLUSION: Avulsed retinal vessels have a good prognosis using laser or buckle. Late vitreous hemorrhage was the main complication.

Avulsão vascular retiniana / Avulsed retinal vessels

OBJETIVO: Descrever a evolucão de uma série de casos com avulsão vascular retiniana sem descolamento tratados pelo fotocoagulacão ou introflexão escleral. MÉTODOS: Análise observacional retrospectiva. No período entre 2001-2003 foram tratados 13 olhos com avulsão sem descolamento utilizando-se o laser ou a introflexão escleral. O seguimento mínimo foi de 6 meses. Média etária de 53,6 anos. RESULTADOS: Oito olhos foram somente fotocoagulados e 5, submetidos a introflexão. O sintoma mais comum foi a baixa na acuidade visual. Em 7 olhos (53,8 por cento) a hemorragia vítrea em quantidade variável estava presente ao diagnóstico. Destes, 3 tiveram novo episódio após os procedimentos (42,8 por cento). A acuidade visual final em todos os olhos foi igual ou melhor do que a inicial. Nenhuma complicacão foi observada. CONCLUSAO: Nesta série de casos com avulsão vascular sem descolamento houve evolucão favorável, independente das técnicas utilizadas. A hemorragia vítrea tardia é a principal intercorrência tardia observada, mas não comprometeu os resultados.

Retinopatia causada pelo uso de interferon em pacientes portadores de hepatite C / Retinopathy caused for the use of interferon in carrying patients of hepatitis C

Objetivo do estudo é relatar casos de retinopatia causada pelo uso de interferon e discutir suas características clínicas e evolução. O método empregado foi um estudo descritivo, com relato de casos de pacientes portadores de hepatite C, que apresentaram retinopatia pelo uso do interferon. O uso de interferon pode causar retinopatia nos pacientes em tratamento, o tempo de aparecimento das lesões é variável (4 a 7 semanas). As lesões retinianas, hemorrágicas e exsudativas, geralmente desaparecem durante terapia ou logo após sua interrupção. A maioria dos pacientes que desenvolve a retinopatia pode continuar a terapia com interferon sem maiores prejuízos à visão. É necessário, para os portadores de hepatite C, uma avaliação oftalmológica antes do início da terapia e avaliações periódicas, especialmente se for constatada baixa de acuidade visual (AU)

Objective of the study is to tell cases of retinopathy caused for the use of interferon and to argue its clinical characteristics and evolution. The employed method was a descriptive study, with story of cases of carrying patients of hepatitis C, that presented retinopathy for the use of interferon. The use of interferon can cause retinopathy in the patients in treatment, the time of appearance of the injuries is changeable (4 to 7 weeks). The retinal, hemorrhagic and exudatives injuries, generally disappear during therapy or soon after its interruption. The majority of the patients that develops the retinopathy can continue the therapy with interferon without bigger damages to the vision. It´s indisplensable, for the carriers of hepatitis C, a ophthalmologic evaluation before the beginning of the therapy and periodic evaluations, especially if have been evidenced low of visual acuity (AU)