Exploring Audiologic Outcomes in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Retrospective Analysis.

Objective This retrospective study aims to present the audiologic outcomes of patients aged 18 years and above who underwent treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) at the tertiary Hospital Central Sur Petróleos Mexicanos in Mexico City, Mexico, between January 2000 and December 2015. Main outcome measures The main outcome measures were patient demographics (age, sex, comorbidities) time from symptom onset to diagnosis and treatment initiation, initial threshold, treatment details (type, dosage, duration), adverse effects, audiometry at diagnosis and at the end of treatment, follow-up duration, and pure-tone average. Results A total of 72 patients were included, with a mean follow-up duration of four months. Comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia were observed in a significant portion of patients. However, these conditions and the use of salvage therapy and adjuvant drugs did not impact hearing recovery. A longer delay from symptom onset to medical attention was associated with a lower gain in decibels (p=0.307). Diabetic patients who received steroid treatment showed a significant gain of at least 15 dB, indicating the greatest benefit in this subgroup. Conclusions Adjuvant drugs may be unnecessary and ineffective in treating SSNHL. Metabolic disorders may be linked to the development of SSNHL. Steroid treatment is the only effective therapeutic option for improving hearing recovery in diabetic patients. Early initiation of treatment after symptom onset is crucial for maximizing auditory recovery.

The association between low cognitive reserve and subjective memory complaints in functionally independent older women.

BACKGROUND: Several factors have been found to defend against pathologic cognitive decline in aging (i.e., cognitive reserve [CR]); however, other factors, including subjective memory complaints (SMC) and decreased functionality are considered early indicators of underlying neurocognitive dysfunction. Despite these known associations, the relationship between the presence of CR and SMC remains equivocal. This study sought to determine the relationship between objectively measured CR and SMC in a sample of functionally independent older women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited women aged ≥60 years who attended fitness or continuing education programs at the University for Seniors in Mexico City. Participants underwent a battery of physical and cognitive evaluations, including the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire (CRQ), and were asked probing questions used to identify the presence of SMC. RESULTS: The 269 participants had a median age of 69 years; most were single (40.5 %), lived alone (32.7 %), retired (58.2 %), well-educated (≥12 years of education), and functionally independent (89.2 %). 62 % scored "high" on the CRQ, while 9.3 % scored "low". After adjusting for multiple covariates, an independent association between CRQ score and the probability to have SMC was found (adjusted OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.80-0.95, p-value = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified a relationship between low CR and the presence of SMC, independently of the cognitive function and motoric marker of muscle strength (i.e., low gait speed and handgrip strength) in functionally independent older women over 60y. This relationship remains independent of other variables such as age, symptoms of depression and instrumented activities of daily living.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Mexican Adults.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased worldwide, and since 2012, prevalence of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia has increased in Mexico. Objective: To assess the prevalence of MetS, and its relationship with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors among Mexican adults. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study nationally representative, carried out on Mexican adults (≥20-year-old adults of both sexes; n = 4595). Socioeconomic factors, geographic area, health care coverage and previous medical diagnoses of diabetes and hypertension, and smoking were assessed. Anthropometrics, and triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol), creatinine, and glucose plasma levels were measured. The ATP III MetS definition was applied. Results: A MetS prevalence of 44.2% was observed, which was higher in males than females, and increased with age, lower school level, and overweight. Hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-chol, abdominal obesity, and hypertension were higher in people with MetS, and were associated with obesity. Conclusions: The prevalence of MetS in the Mexican adult observed in the ENSADER 2007 was high, and mainly in men than women. Specific associations of MetS with age, scholar level, and body mass index have been found. Obesity and MetS were associated.

The Paradoxical Effect of Living Alone on Cognitive Reserve and Mild Cognitive Impairment among Women Aged 60+ in Mexico City.

An elderly person who lives alone must often be autonomous and self-sufficient in daily living activities. We explored if living alone and marital status were associated with mild cognitive impairment and low cognitive reserve in a sample of Mexican women aged 60+ attending continuing education courses using a cross-sectional design. Objective cognitive functions were assessed using the MMSE and Blessed Dementia Scale. We administered the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire. Independence skills were assessed with the Katz index and Lawton index. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used. We recruited 269 participants (x¯ = 69.0 ± 5.8 years). Single, widowed, separated, and divorced women comprised 73% of the participants. A third lived alone and 84% had completed high school. Mild cognitive deficit was observed among 24.5-29.0%; the upper range for cognitive reserve was 61.7%. Living alone versus living with someone was associated with cognitive impairment (OR = 0.51, p = 0.04) and with low to medium cognitive reserve (OR = 0.51, p = 0.02) after adjusting for confounding variables. Living alone was an independent factor associated with a lower probability of displaying mild cognitive impairment and a higher probability of displaying high cognitive reserve. Women living alone in this study had a more robust cognitive framework and had built their own support networks.

Mucosal Microbiome Profiles Polygenic Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Mestizo Individuals.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most frequent functional gastrointestinal disorder, worldwide, with a high prevalence among Mestizo Latin Americans. Because several inflammatory disorders appear to affect this population, a further understanding of host genomic background variants, in conjunction with colonic mucosa dysbiosis, is necessary to determine IBS physiopathology and the effects of environmental pressures. Using a simple polygenic model, host single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the taxonomic compositions of microbiota were compared between IBS patients and healthy subjects. As proof of concept, five IBS-Rome III patients and five healthy controls (HCs) were systematically studied. The human and bacterial intestinal metagenome of each subject was taxonomically annotated and screened for previously annotated IBS, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease-associated SNPs or taxon abundance. Dietary data and fecal markers were collected and associated with the intestinal microbiome. However, more than 1,000 variants were found, and at least 76 SNPs differentiated IBS patients from HCs, as did associations with 4 phyla and 10 bacterial genera. In this study, we found elements supporting a polygenic background, with frequent variants, among the Mestizo population, and the colonic mucosal enrichment of Bacteroides, Alteromonas, Neisseria, Streptococcus, and Microbacterium, may serve as a hallmark for IBS.

Twelve years after abortion decriminalization in Mexico City: Can we still remain an island of liberties?

Latin America hosts the most restrictive abortion legislation globally. In 2007, Mexico, the second largest Catholic country in the world, decriminalized elective abortion within the first twelve weeks of pregnancy in the capital: Mexico City (also known as Federal District of Mexico). Following the reform, the Mexico City Ministry of Health (MX-MOH) implemented safe and legal services. Free services are provided to Mexico City residents and a sliding fee of up to $100 is applied to women from other Mexican states. Conscientious objection (CO) was addressed and included in service provision guidelines. Since 2007, 18 of 32 states amended their penal codes to restrict abortion. The road toward increasing access to abortion services at the MX-MOH included a shift from dilation and curettage (D&C) to medical abortion (MA), first with the misoprostol-alone regimen, followed by the combined mifepristone-misoprostol regimen. Manual vacuum aspiration is offered to out-of-state-women or to those beyond the gestational age where MA is less effective. Contraceptive uptake among abortion seekers is high (up to 95% of them prefer a free method of their choice). The Legal Interruption of Pregnancy program at the MX-MOH continues to provide effective, safe, reliable, and free services. However, women from indigenous groups residing in rural areas, those with low schooling, and adolescents with an unintended pregnancy who live in rural, urban, peri-urban districts, and at the state level are underserved despite being legally eligible to receive abortion services. Therefore, information and services for the disadvantaged groups need to be strengthened.

Sexual steroid hormone receptors profiles of ovarian carcinoma in Mexican women.

The significance of the presence of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor alpha (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in ovarian cancer patient survival has been a matter of numerous studies. This study was aimed to describe the expression profile of the three sexual steroid receptors in high-grade serous, endometrioid, mucinous and low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma and its association to the proliferation index in patients with primary ovarian carcinoma diagnosis, before any treatment. Eighty-one samples were obtained from the National Institute of Cancerology in Mexico City and were evaluated for the presence of AR, ER, PR and Ki67 by immunohistochemistry. The four subtypes of ovarian carcinoma displays a specific profile of the eight possible combinations of the steroid receptors with significant differences within the profile and the histological subtypes. High-grade serous carcinoma was characterized by a high frequency of both, triple-negative and AR+ ER- PR+ profiles. Endometrioid carcinoma presented a higher frequency of triple-positive profile. The presence of only AR+ profile was not observed in the endometrioid tumors. The relationship of the receptor profile with the proliferation index in the tumor epithelium shows that the expression of only ER is associated to a reduced proliferation index in endometrioid carcinoma. Steroid hormone receptor expression and co-expression could help characterize ovarian carcinoma.

Choline-to-N-acetyl aspartate and lipids-lactate-to-creatine ratios together with age assemble a significant Cox's proportional-hazards regression model for prediction of survival in high-grade gliomas.

OBJECTIVE: A long-lasting concern has prevailed for the identification of predictive biomarkers for high-grade gliomas (HGGs) using MRI. However, a consensus of which imaging parameters assemble a significant survival model is still missing in the literature; we investigated the significant positive or negative contribution of several MR biomarkers in this tumour prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of supratentorial HGGs [11 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and 17 anaplastic astrocytomas] included 28 patients (9 females and 19 males, respectively, with a mean age of 50.4 years, standard deviation: 16.28 years; range: 13-85 years). Oedema and viable tumour measurements were acquired using regions of interest in T1 weighted, T2 weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and MR spectroscopy (MRS). We calculated Kaplan-Meier curves and obtained Cox's proportional hazards. RESULTS: During the follow-up period (3-98 months), 17 deaths were recorded. The median survival time was 1.73 years (range, 0.287-8.947 years). Only 3 out of 20 covariates (choline-to-N-acetyl aspartate and lipids-lactate-to-creatine ratios and age) showed significance in explaining the variability in the survival hazards model; score test: χ2 (3) = 9.098, p = 0.028. CONCLUSION: MRS metabolites overcome volumetric parameters of peritumoral oedema and viable tumour, as well as tumour region ADC measurements. Specific MRS ratios (Cho/Naa, L-L/Cr) might be considered in a regular follow-up for these tumours. Advances in knowledge: Cho/Naa ratio is the strongest survival predictor with a log-hazard function of 2.672 in GBM. Low levels of lipids-lactate/Cr ratio represent up to a 41.6% reduction in the risk of death in GBM.

Perfusion volume correlates, percentage of involution, and clinical efficacy at diverse follow-up survey times after MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery in uterine fibroids: first report in a Mexican mestizo population.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery in a Mexican mestizo population. METHODS: This retrospective study included 159 women (mean age 37 ± 6.4 years, range 22-53 years) from 2008 to 2010. Two hundred sixty-eight symptomatic uterine fibroids were treated using MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery. Parameters included initial perfused volume, final perfused volume, non-perfused volume (NPV), and treated volume ratio (TVR). Follow-up up to 15 months assessed treatment efficacy and symptomatic relief. Non-parametric statistics and the Kaplan-Meier method were performed. RESULTS: T2-weighted hypointense fibroids showed a frequency of 93.6%; isointense and hyperintense fibroids had frequencies of 5.60 and 1.1%. There was a negative correlation between NPV and age (r = -0.083, p = 0.307) and treatment time (r = -0.253, p = 0.001). Median TVR was 96.0% in small fibroids and 76.5% in large fibroids. Involution of 50% and 80% was achieved at months 6-7 and month 11, respectively. Relief of symptoms was significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that higher TVR attained immediately post-treatment of MRgFUS favours higher involution percentages at follow-up; however, careful patient selection and use of pretreatment imaging are important components for predicting success using MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery. KEY POINTS: • Type 1 fibroids were the most common (93.2%). • Age and treated volume were not correlated (r s = -0.215, p = 0.165). • Small fibroids achieved a higher treated volume than large (96.0% vs. 76.5%). • A 50% involution was achieved at 6-month follow-up for type-1 fibroid. • A decrease of 80% was reached at 11 months for type-1 fibroids.

Longitudinal analysis of participants in the KEEP Mexico's chronic kidney disease screening program.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) is a free screening and educational program aimed at detecting chronic kidney disease (CKD) among adult individuals who are at high-risk (those with diabetes, hypertension, or family history of these conditions or CKD). Confirmation of CKD diagnosis requires persistence of albuminuria or estimated GFR <60 mL/min for at least 3 months. We undertook this study to determine in a follow-up KEEP done at least 1 year after a baseline KEEP the following: 1) CKD incidence among individuals who initially tested negative for CKD, 2) transitions between CKD stages among individuals who initially tested positive for CKD. METHODS: A random sample of KEEP participants was invited to participate in a follow-up KEEP between 2008 and 2010. Paired analyses were conducted to compare CKD stages between baseline and follow-up KEEP. RESULTS: A total of 434 individuals with a mean age of 49 years and 77% females participated in the study. Overall CKD prevalence in the baseline KEEP was 24%, and most patients were unaware of the diagnosis. In the follow-up KEEP, CKD incidence was 14%. The percentage of patients who tested positive for CKD in the baseline KEEP and who remained positive regardless of stage in the follow-up KEEP was 40% for those with stage 1 at baseline, 52% for those with stage 2, 65% for those with stage 3, and 100% for those with stages 4 or 5. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for CKD among high-risk individuals is uncommon. KEEP is an effective program for detecting CKD.

Acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with cardiac surgery is a common postoperative complication that increases the morbidity and mortality substantially. However, there is limited information of AKI after cardiac surgery in our institution. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational, and longitudinal analysis of adult patients that underwent to cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross clamp. Patients with preoperative chronic renal insufficiency that were on dialysis, with AKI detected up to 24 h before the procedure, or that received contrast agents 72 h before surgery were excluded. AKI was defined by the AKIN classification. Patients were followed up to 7 days after surgery or before if discharged from the intensive care unit. We analyzed age, sex, body mass index (BMI), co-morbilities, previous cardiac surgery, left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association class, type of procedure, cardiopulmonary bypass time, cross clamp time and bleeding. RESULTS: Our analysis included 164 patients submitted to cardiac surgery. In the follow up, 84% did not have AKI, 11% had AKIN 1 and 2 accompanied by increase in serum creatinine and 6% had AKIN 3. Patients with AKI were older, had a higher preoperative creatinine, plasma glucose level, and a lower left ventricular ejection fraction. All together patients with AKIN had a longer hospital stay and a higher mortality (p < 0.001). The preoperative use of insulin was associated with the development of AKI, and there was a higher number of patients with a New York Heart Association class III and IV for heart failure in the more sever forms of AKI (p = 0.01). The logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with a high preoperative blood urea nitrogen (> 20 mg/dL) creatinine level (> 1 mg/dL), uric acid (> 7 mg/dL) and lower albumin (< 4 g/dL) or lower intraoperative hemoglobin (< 8 g/dL) had a higher risk for postoperative AKI. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AKI in our Institute is of 17%. Patients with AKIN 2 and 3 had a higher mortality and a longer stay in the intensive care unit. The major risk factors for AKI development were identified.

Carbohydrate intake modulates the effect of the ABCA1-R230C variant on HDL cholesterol concentrations in premenopausal women.

The R230C variant of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) gene has been consistently associated with decreased HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations in several studies in the Mexican mestizo population. However, information on how diet composition modifies the effect of the ABCA1-R230C variant on HDL-C concentrations is very scarce. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether the effect of ABCA1-R230C on HDL-C concentrations is modulated by dietary factors in a nationwide population sample of 3591 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted by the State's Employees' Social Security and Social Services Institute. All participants answered a validated questionnaire to assess health status and weekly food consumption. Fasting blood samples were drawn for biochemical analysis and DNA extraction, and the ABCA1-R230C variant was genotyped using TaqMan assays. Statistical analyses consisted of simple linear and multiple regression modeling adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The overall C risk allele frequency was 9.3% and the variant was significantly associated with low HDL-C concentrations in both sexes. A significant negative correlation between carbohydrate consumption and HDL-C concentrations was observed in women bearing the R230C variant (P = 0.021) and a significant gene-diet interaction was found only in premenopausal women (P = 0.037). In conclusion, the effect of the ABCA1-R230C gene variant on HDL-C concentrations is modulated by carbohydrate intake in premenopausal women. This finding may help design optimized dietary interventions according to sex and ABCA1-R230C genotype.

Improved outcome in asymptomatic recurrence following curative surgery for gastric cancer.

The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome and resectability of patients with gastric cancer recurrence after curative surgery detected by follow-up endoscopy, according to the presence or absence of symptoms. All patients with gastric carcinoma, who underwent a curative gastrectomy, were retrospectively identified. We analyzed outcome and survival in patients compliant with routine follow-up who presented symptomatic and asymptomatic recurrence. Of the 119 resected patients, 63.0% had a recurrence, with an overall survival of 20.0 months. Fourteen patients were asymptomatic when recurrence was detected, whereas 61 patients were symptomatic. Median time to recurrence was 16.0 m for both groups. A local curative re-resection was possible in 2/14 (asymptomatic) and 1/61 (symptomatic). Asymptomatic patients had a longer median postrecurrence survival time of 9.0 months, compared with 2.0 months in the symptomatic patients (p=0.034). The median overall survival was greater in the asymptomatic vs symptomatic group (25.0 vs 20.0 months), although this did not reach statistical significance. The results from this study advocate that the presence or absence of symptoms is a good surrogate marker to assess biologic aggressiveness. The value of routine follow-up endoscopy to permit a higher rate of re-resection in asymptomatic patients remains to be established.

Extended major histocompatibility complex haplotypes, ancestry and acute kidney transplant rejection in Mexicans.

INTRODUCTION: Extended major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes are associated with several autoimmune diseases, and these appear to depend on ancestry. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of extended MHC gene frequencies, ancestry, and acute rejection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 127 living kidney transplant recipients who underwent kidney transplantation in Mexico City between January 2004 and October 2007 with follow up until October 2008. The primary outcome was biopsy proven acute rejection. Ancestry was considered as either Amerindian or admixtures with Caucasian, African or Oriental genes. Allele and haplotype frequencies were estimated for HLA A, B and DR loci. Hardy Weinberg (HW) and delta values were analyzed to test for linkage disequilibrium (LD). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between groups. 50% were men, and 28, 61 and 10% of the patients shared zero, one or two haplotypes, respectively. The whole population was Hispanic and born in Mexico. Median PRA was 0%. Allelic variance in all MCH loci was in HW equilibrium, 14% developed acute rejection. There was a high frequency of Amerindian haplotypes; admixture genes and LD were higher in the group with acute rejection. When compared to the group without acute rejection, the haplotype A1*B8*DR3 was more frequent in donors in whom their recipients had acute rejection (p = 0.008), while A28*B39*DR4 was more common in the recipients with acute rejection (p = 0.003). Multivariate Cox regression models did not attenuate these associations. CONCLUSIONS: Ancestry and LD may be associated with risk of acute rejection and may therefore be useful in directing immunosuppression.

Liver diseases in Mexico and their associated mortality trends from 2000 to 2007: A retrospective study of the nation and the federal states.

INTRODUCTION: Liver disease is a major health issue in Mexico. Although several studies have been performed to analyze the impact of liver diseases on the Mexican population, none has compared the prevalence and impact of liver disease between states within Mexico. AIM: To analyze trends in mortality associated with liver diseases from 2000 to 2007 at the national and state levels. METHODS: Data was obtained from the Ministry of Health (number of deaths) and the National Population Council (CONAPO) (population at risk) and mortality rates were analyzed using statistical software. RESULTS: Mortality due to viral hepatitis, liver tumors, and cirrhosis increased over the study period. Alcohol-related mortality decreased but was still the main cause of liver-related deaths. Viral hepatitis infection occurred predominantly in the northern states and liver tumors occurred predominantly in the central region. Alcohol-related deaths were elevated along the Pacific shoreline and deaths associated with cirrhosis occurred mainly in the central and southern states. CONCLUSION: Incidence of liver-related mortality has increased and will continue to do so in the future.

[Early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. The experience from a third level medical institution]. / Diabetes tipo 2 de inicio temprano. Experiencia en una institución de tercer nivel de atención médica.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical, metabolic and psychosocial characteristics observed among patients with early onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS: We included 80 consecutive patients with early onset T2DM. All had a medical record, completed a battery of questionnaires and had blood and urine tests. RESULTS: Mean age was 49 +/- 12 years, 57.5% were women, 76.2% had a family history of diabetes and 68.8% a personal history of obesity. Diabetes was diagnosed at the mean age of 32 +/- 6 years with a mean duration of 17 +/- 11 years. Most patients (66.2%) were on poor glycemic control (Alc > 9.0%) and 30% were depressed. Insulin was commonly needed (80% of the patients) and started on average 9 years after diagnosis Significant diabetes related complications were common (71.3% of patients). A longer diabetes duration was the variable most significantly associated with developing complications (p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with early onset T2DM constitute 27.8% of the total number of diabetic patients attending our clinic; they are characterized by a stronger family history of diabetes, a personal history of obesity and co-morbidities associated with metabolic syndrome. Longer disease course and poor glycemic control contribute to a high prevalence of diabetes related complications and high rates of mortality.

Knowledge about cancer screening among medical students and internal medicine residents in Mexico City.

It is extremely important that physicians are aware of cancer screening precise indications. We sought to explore its knowledge among Mexican medical students and internal medicine residents. Students and residents completed a questionnaire-based survey about breast, cervical, colon, and prostate cancer screening. Four hundred fifty-one individuals answered the survey: 64.52% students and 35.48% residents. Mean knowledge score was 63.97 ± 14.97. Residents scored higher than students (p = 0.0001). No difference in the education concerning cervical and colon cancer screening was found. Knowledge of screening guidelines is suboptimal among medical students and residents. Further efforts should be targeted to educational and training programs in this country.

High ghrelin and obestatin levels and low risk of developing fatty liver.

AIM: Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It was recently reported that the ratio between levels of ghrelin and obestatin is also associated with obesity and insulin resistance. We investigated the association between the ghrelin/obestatin ratio and NAFLD. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 98 subjects (51 NAFLD patients and 47 controls). Anthropometric, metabolic and biochemical variables were measured and serum concentrations of ghrelin and obestatin were determined. Logistic regression analyses (univariate and multivariate) were conducted to determine whether NAFLD was associated with ghrelin and obestatin levels and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio. RESULTS: We studied 51 NAFLD cases and 47 controls. Men comprised 82% of cases and 61% of controls. The mean ages of the groups differed significantly. Body mass index (P < 0.001), waist circumference (P < 0.001) and WHR (P < 0.001) were significantly greater in the NAFLD group than in the control group. The NAFLD group had higher mean fasting glucose level (P = 0.001), HOMA-IR index (P < 0.001) and triglyceride level (P < 0.001) than the controls. Ghrelin and obestatin concentrations were classed according to tertiles. Multivariate analysis revealed a negative correlation between ghrelin and obestatin levels and an overweight status, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Ghrelin and obestatin were evaluated in multivariate logistic regression analysis, they had a protective effect against hepatic steatosis after controlling for potential confounders. CONCLUSION: Serum ghrelin and obestatin concentrations are correlated with a low risk of developing NAFLD. However, ghrelin/obestatin ratio was not correlated with NAFLD.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) México and comparison with KEEP US.

The National Kidney Foundation Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) is a free community screening program aimed at early detection of kidney disease among high-risk individuals. A pilot phase of KEEP México began in 2008 in México City and Jalisco State. Adults with diabetes, hypertension, or family history of diabetes, hypertension, or chronic kidney disease (CKD) were invited to participate through advertising campaigns. All participants completed a questionnaire. Blood pressure, weight, and height were measured; blood and urine tests included albuminuria and serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. Mean age of KEEP México City and KEEP Jalisco participants was 46 and 53 years, respectively; >70% were women. CKD prevalence was 22% in KEEP México City and 33% in KEEP Jalisco, not significantly different from reported KEEP US prevalence of 26%. CKD stages 1 and 2 were more frequent in KEEP México and stage 3 in KEEP US. In KEEP México City, CKD prevalence was higher than the overall prevalence among participants with diabetes (38%) or diabetes and hypertension (42%). Most KEEP México participants were unaware of the CKD diagnosis, despite that 71% in KEEP México City had seen a doctor in the previous year. CKD is highly prevalent, underdiagnosed, and underrecognized among high-risk individuals in México. KEEP is an effective screening program that can successfully be adapted for use in México.