ABSTRACT
The milpa system is a biocultural polyculture technique. Heritage of Mesoamerican civilizations that offers a wide variety of plants for food purposes. Corn, common beans, and pumpkins are the main crops in this agroecosystem, which are important for people's nutritional and food security. Moreover, milpa system seeds have great potential for preventing and ameliorating noncommunicable diseases, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, among others. This work reviews and analyzes the nutritional and health benefits of milpa system seeds assessed by recent preclinical and clinical trials. Milpa seeds protein quality, vitamins and minerals, and phytochemical composition are also reviewed. Evidence suggests that regular consumption of milpa seeds combination could exert complementing effect to control nutritional deficiencies. Moreover, the combination of phytochemicals and nutritional components of the milpa seed could potentialize their individual health benefits. Milpa system seeds could be considered functional foods to fight nutritional deficiencies and prevent and control noncommunicable diseases.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitutes a chronic inflammatory state associated with an increase in inflammatory mediators and profibrotic molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Etanercept (ETA) is a TNF inhibitor widely used in treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. However, the effects of TNF-α inhibition in the establishment of CKD have not been fully elucidated. We evaluate the effects of TNF inhibition by ETA in adenine- (Ad-) induced CKD in rats. Methods: Rats were divided into three groups: control, renal injury model, and model plus ETA (2 mg/kg, 3 times per week (w); sc). Renal injury was induced by Ad administration (100 mg/kg, daily for 2 or 4 w; orogastric). Serum TNF-α levels and biochemical parameters for renal function were evaluated. Histopathological changes in the kidney were assessed using H&E and Masson's trichrome staining and also immunostaining for tubular cells. Results: Ad administration produced a renal functional decline, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis for 2 w, followed by renal anemia, several renal dysfunctions, tubular atrophy, and fibrosis at 4 w. A significant increase in serum TNF-α levels was observed from 2 w of Ad administration and remained elevated up to 4 w. Treatment with ETA partially reduced kidney damage but was very effective to blocking serum TNF-α. Conclusion: Although inhibition of TNF by ETA was very effective in reducing serum TNF-α, this strategy was partially effective in preventing Ad-induced CKD.
