Síndrome de Frey: una entidad de diferenciar de la alergia alimentaria / Frey´s syndrome: an entity to differentiate from food allergy

El síndrome de Frey es una entidad benigna y autolimitada poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Se caracteriza por episodios recurrentes de eritema facial en el territorio de inervación del nervio auriculotemporal tras el inicio de la masticación. Presentamos el caso de una lactante de 8 meses que presenta eritema facial unilateral tras la ingesta de frutas. Es importante conocer este síndrome para un diagnóstico correcto y precoz durante la infancia, evitando de este modo la realización de pruebas diagnosticadas no indicadas, la prescripción de dieta de exclusión innecesarias y asegurando la tranquilidad de los padres (AU)

Frey´s syndrome is a benign and self-limited entity, which is rare in children. It´s characterized by recurrent episodies of facial flushing after the mastication, over the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve. We report a 8 months old girl with unilateral facial flushing after fruits intake. It´s important to know this syndrome for accurate and early diagnosis, avoiding additional test, innecessaries exclusion diet and reassuring parents (AU)

El niño africano: primera aproximación diagnóstica / The african child: an initial diagnostic approach

La consulta de un niño procedente de una zona tropical es una situación cada día más habitual en nuestro país. Ante el aumento casi exponencial de la población inmigrante, es necesario tener en cuenta las patologías no endémicas en nuestro medio. En este artículo se pretende enumerar las enfermedades infecciosas y tropicales propias de los niños africanos y ofrecer una primera aproximación diagnóstica de éstas en función de su sintomatología(AU)

Children from tropical zones are being brought to Spanish outpatient clinics with increasing frequency. Given the nearly exponential increase in the immigrant population, it is necessary to take into consideration diseases that are not endemic in our geographical region. The purpose of this article is to specify the infectious and tropical diseases most widely detected in African children and provide an initial diagnostic approach for each on the basis of the symptomatology(AU)

Vacunación frente a la encefalitis centroeuropea o encefalitis transmitida por garrapatas en niños viajeros / Vaccination a against Central European encephalitis or tick transmitted encephalitis in child travellers

No disponible

[Antiretroviral drug toxicity in human immunodeficiency virus infected children]. / Toxicidad de fármacos antirretrovirales en niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

Paediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection (HIV) nowadays is a chronic disease with an excellent long term prognosis, but lifelong combined antiretroviral treatment is required. However, an improved quality of life in this population is limited by adverse drug effects. The highest risk of treatment toxicity is developing a complete metabolic syndrome including: Hyperlipemia, lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, lactic acidosis, osteopenia, hypertension, and specific system and organ toxicity, such as the kidney, liver, CNS or bone marrow. The risk of cardiovascular disease adult life and also definitive bone mass damage are the most significant metabolic costs that have to paid for increased survival. Most of these toxicities were able to be adequately treated but, pharmacological interferences, patient intolerance and the high number of drugs are the problems that limit the adherence to treatment, which is essential for a good therapeutical efficacy. In this article, we present four HIV paediatric patients who presented with almost the whole range of metabolic toxicities, and a practical overview of therapeutical management.

[Exposure to multiresisant tuberculosis: study and follow-up of nine children]. / Exposición a tuberculosis multirresistente: estudio y seguimiento de nueve niños.

A world increase in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been reported over the last few years. A larger number of diagnoses are being seen in Spain, due to the increase of immigration from high endemic TB countries. Articles published on this are anecdotal in children, and there is no clear directives for treatment of MDR-TB, or latent tuberculosis infection (ITBL) or on prophylaxis after exposure to active pulmonary MDR-TB. We present the initial management and progression of nine children after close contact exposure to an Ecuadorian woman diagnosed with active pulmonary TB, resistant to Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Pyrazinamide.

Toxicidad de fármacos antirretrovirales en niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Antiretroviral drug toxicity in human immunodeficiency virus infected children

En la actualidad, la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en niños es una enfermedad crónica con un excelente pronóstico a largo plazo, pero que precisa tratamiento combinado con fármacos antirretrovirales de por vida. Sin embargo, la mejoría en la calidad de vida está limitada por los efectos secundarios de los fármacos; el más importante es la predisposición a un síndrome de toxicidad metabólica más o menos completo con: hiperlipidemia, lipodistrofia, resistencia a la insulina, acidosis láctica, osteopenia, hipertensión arterial y toxicidad específica de órganos como riñón, hígado, sistema nervioso central (SNC) y médula ósea. El riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en la vida adulta y la previsible alteración en la masa ósea definitiva son el coste metabólico más importante que hay que pagar por la supervivencia a largo plazo. Aunque muchas de estas alteraciones pueden tratarse adecuadamente, las interacciones farmacológicas, las intolerancias y el elevado número de pastillas ponen en riesgo el correcto cumplimiento, esencial para asegurar la eficacia terapéutica. Presentamos en este artículo a cuatro pacientes pediátricos que describen un abanico de posibilidades de toxicidad metabólica en niños infectados por el VIH, así como un enfoque práctico del tratamiento terapéutico (AU)

Paediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection (HIV) nowadays is a chronic disease with an excellent long term prognosis, but lifelong combined antiretroviral treatment is required. However, an improved quality of life in this population is limited by adverse drug effects. The highest risk of treatment toxicity is developing a complete metabolic syndrome including: Hyperlipemia, lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, lactic acidosis, osteopenia, hypertension, and specific system and organ toxicity, such as the kidney, liver, CNS or bone marrow. The risk of cardiovascular disease adult life and also definitive bone mass damage are the most significant metabolic costs that have to paid for increased survival. Most of these toxicities were able to be adequately treated but, pharmacological interferences, patient intolerance and the high number of drugs are the problems that limit the adherence to treatment, which is essential for a good therapeutical efficacy. In this article, we present four HIV paediatric patients who presented with almost the whole range of metabolic toxicities, and a practical overview of therapeutical management (AU)

Exposición a tuberculosis multirresistente: estudio y seguimiento de nueve niños / Exposure to multiresisant tuberculosis: study and follow-up of nine children

Durante los últimos años se ha observado un incremento mundial de la tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR). En España con el aumento de la inmigración desde países con endemia elevada de tuberculosis, estamos asistiendo a un mayor número de diagnósticos. En niños las series publicadas al respecto son escasas y no existen directrices claras de tratamiento de la enfermedad, de la infección tuberculosa latente y de la profilaxis tras exposición a enfermo bacilífero TB-MDR. Se presenta la actitud inicial y la evolución de nueve niños con exposición a un caso índice: mujer ecuatoriana diagnosticada de tuberculosis bacilífera resistente a isoniacida, rifampicina y pirazinamida (AU)

A world increase in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been reported over the last few years. A larger number of diagnoses are being seen in Spain, due to the increase of immigration from high endemic TB countries. Articles published on this are anecdotal in children, and there is no clear directives for treatment of MDR-TB, or latent tuberculosis infection (ITBL) or on prophylaxis after exposure to active pulmonary MDR-TB. We present the initial management and progression of nine children after close contact exposure to an Ecuadorian woman diagnosed with active pulmonary TB, resistant to Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Pyrazinamide (AU)

Alteraciones metabólicas en niños infectados por VIH en tratamiento antirretroviral / Metabolic disorders in HIV- infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy

El objetivo es estudiar las alteraciones morfológicas y metabólicas secundarias al empleo de antirretrovirales en niños infectados por VIH. En 29 niños infectados por VIH entre 5-17 años se analiza la presencia de síndrome de lipodistrofia (SLPD) secundario al tratamiento antirretroviral; 21 con combinación de inhibidores de transcriptasa (IT) + inhibidores de proteasas (IP), 4 con combinación de IT y 4 sin tratamiento. Se realiza una valoración clínica de la distribución anómala de la grasa según 3 patrones: I: lipoatrofia periférica; II: lipohipertrofia central; III: patrón mixto I + II. Se determina en sangre estudio lipídico completo, insulina y péptido C. Se realiza estudio estadístico mediante test ANOVA para analizar la relación entre las alteraciones lipídicas encontradas y el tratamiento con antirretrovirales. Resultados: Se halla SLPD clínico en 10 niños (34 por ciento), con una distribución: 6 (60 por ciento) lipohipertrofia central y 4 (40 por ciento) patrón mixto. Ningún niño presenta lipoatrofia periférica aislada. De los casos más graves con LPD mixta, el 75 por ciento son niños púberes. Se encuentra hipercolesterolemia en el 58 por ciento, aumento de cLDL en el 38 por ciento e hipertrigliceridemia en el 31 por ciento, con incremento de lípidos sanguíneos sin manifestaciones clínicas de LPD en el 34 por ciento de los niños. El 5 por ciento de los casos presentaba hiperinsulinemia y el 7 por ciento aumento del péptido C. Se demuestra asociación estadísticamente significativa entre hipercolesterolemia y cualquier tratamiento antirretroviral (p= 0,03) y aumento de eLDL y cualquier tratamiento antirretroviral (p= 0,01). La hipertrigliceridemia se asoció sólo al tratamiento con IP (p= 0,04). Se encuentra SLPD asociado significativamente con trata miento con IP (p= 0,04), y SLPD asociado a mayor duración del tratamiento antirretroviral (p= 0,01). Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia, el SLPD aparece en los niños infectados por VIH asociado a tratamiento con IP. El patrón clínico más frecuente es de lipohipertrofia central. Un patrón lipídico descrito previamente en los adultos como de riesgo aterogénico se describe también en los niños, secundario a la terapia antirretroviral, lo cual puede tener importantes implicaciones futuras que justifiquen cambios terapéuticos (AU)

Parotiditis aguda por virus de Epstein-barr / Acute parotiditis by Epstein-Barr virus

No disponible

[Human immunodeficiency virus infection in children. Clinical and immunological markers of disease progression]. / Infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en niños. Marcadores clínicos e inmunológicos de progresión de la enfermedad.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the prognostic value of the clinical manifestations and of the lymphocyte CD4 count in a cohort of HIV infected children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective study in 37 HIV infected children during a 6 year period. We studied the statistical association between mortality and clinical and immunological parameters according to Fisher's test (p < 0.05). We performed a survival analysis according to Kaplan-Meier curves (p < 0.05). RESULTS: We have found that a high risk of mortality is associated with recurrent and severe bacterial infections (p = 0.0001), failure to thrive (p = 0.0057), opportunistic infections (p = 0.0008) and AIDS (p < 0.0001). The survival analysis has shown a low probability of survival in HIV-encephalopathy (p = 0.000053) and high in one case of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (p = 0.07). An age-related CD4 count less than 2 SD was associated significantly with a bad prognosis (p = 0 .0017). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical manifestations and age-matched CD4 count continue being good surrogate markers for the indication of prophylaxis, antiretroviral treatment and as prognostic values of the disease in HIV infected children until new techniques, especially plasma viremia, can be widely available.

[The halofantrine treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clinical experience]. / Tratamiento con halofantrina del paludismo por el Plasmodium falciparum. Experiencia clínica.

UNLABELLED: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of halofantrine in the treatment of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum since the resistance of these plasmodium to chloroquine is increasing in countries of Western Africa. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between January 1991 and June 1994 we studied 50 children from Equatorial Guinea. All of them were black and between the ages of 8 months and 13 years. They were treated with 3 doses of halofantrine (8 mg/kg every 6 hours). The definitive diagnosis was made by the demonstration of the parasites on thick and thin blood smears, stained by standard methods, repeated every 24-72 yours after therapy. We considered the disappearance of fever and the clearance of plasmodium from the red blood cells as signs of response to the treatment. We also monitored the tolerance and the adverse side effects of the drug. RESULTS: All of the patients responded favorably with the disappearance of the fever after 24 hours and after 72 hours no parasites were seen in red blood cells. Only one patient had a recurrence, which occurred on the 10th day. All patient satisfactorily tolerated the drug and only 3 children showed an increase of aminotransferases that was spontaneously cured. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that halofantrine is a safe and efficient drug for the treatment of children diagnosed with malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum.

[Malaria in childhood. Report of 26 cases]. / Paludismo en la edad pediátrica. Communicación de 26 casos.

It's known that there has been a resurgence of malaria in the world. Purpose of this article is to point out the increase in number of cases of imported malaria in children in Spain. Authors performed a clinical study and review up to date treatment and prophylaxis of the disease. They communicate cases of three children infected by Plasmodium falciparum resistant to chloroquine, proceeding from areas that up to one year ago were considered to be not resistant. Data published on prevention and selective primary health care of malaria in the world are revised.