ABSTRACT
During the last few decades, major advances have been made in photovoltaic systems based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 chalcopyrite. However, the most efficient photovoltaic cells are processed under high-energy-demanding vacuum conditions. To lower the costs and facilitate high-throughput production, printing/coating processes are proving to be effective solutions. This work combined printing, coating, and chemical bath deposition processes of photoabsorber, buffer, and transparent conductive layers for the development of solution-processed photovoltaic systems. Using a sustainable approach, all inks were formulated using water and ethanol as solvents. Screen printing of the photoabsorber on fluorine-doped tin-oxide-coated glass followed by selenization, chemical bath deposition of the cadmium sulfide buffer, and final sputtering of the intrinsic zinc oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide top conductive layers delivered a 6.6% maximum efficiency solar cell, a record for screen-printed Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. On the other hand, the all-non-vacuum-processed device with spray-coated intrinsic zinc-oxide- and tin-doped indium oxide top conductive layers delivered a 2.2% efficiency. The given approaches represent relevant steps towards the fabrication of sustainable and efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: la alfabetización en salud mental (ASM) abarca los conocimientos y las creencias sobre los trastornos mentales, incluido el reconocimiento, la gestión y la prevención. Varios estudios revelan un nivel inadecuado de la ASM en adolescentes, lo que lleva a un aplazamiento en la búsqueda de ayuda. El objetivo fue evaluar el nivel de ASM en una población de adolescentes. Material y métodos: se aplicó el cuestionario de alfabetización en salud mental (MHLq). El análisis estadístico se realizó en el SPSS®22.0, utilizando la prueba t-Student (significación estadística p <0,05). Resultados: se obtuvieron 179 cuestionarios correctamente completados. En el 24% de los casos hubo una respuesta afirmativa con respecto a la presencia de enfermedad mental en la familia. En cuanto a la puntuación total obtenida en el MHLq, se obtuvo un promedio de 122 puntos (+/- 8) con un valor máximo de 145 puntos. En cuanto a las subescalas definidas en el cuestionario, encontramos 2 relaciones estadísticamente significativas con el género femenino: la primera tiene que ver con tener menos creencias/mitos erróneos sobre la enfermedad mental (p = 0,02) y la segunda, con la presencia de una enfermedad mental en la familia (p = 0,001). Conclusiones: el MHLq demostró ser un método fácil de cribado en ASM. La población considerada presentó un conocimiento razonable en esta área y la presencia de enfermedad mental en la familia influye positivamente en los resultados. Se destaca la importancia de una futura intervención para la educación y la deconstrucción de mitos que, especialmente en este grupo de edad, condicionan actitudes y prejuicios (AU)
Introduction: mental Health Literacy (MHL) encompasses knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders, including aspects related to their recognition, management and prevention. Several studies reveal an inadequate level of MHL in the adolescent population, leading to a delay in seeking help. the objective was to assess the level of MHL in a population of adolescents.Material and methods: we administered the mental health literacy questionnaire (MHLq) to the sample. The statistical analysis was performed with the software SPSS®22.0, using the Student t test (statistical significance p <0.05).Results: we received 179 correctly completed questionnaires, and 24% of respondents reported the presence of mental illness in the family. The mean total score in the MHLq, was 122 points (SD, 8) out of a total maximum of 145 points. When it came to the subscales of the questionnaire, we found a statistically significant lower level of erroneous beliefs/myths about medical illness in female vs male participants (p = 0.02) and respondents who reported mental illness in the family (p = 0.001).Conclusions: the MHLq proved to be an easy method for screening MHL. The population under study exhibited reasonable knowledge in this area, and the presence of mental illness in the family had a favourable impact on the results. The study highlighted the importance of future interventions for education and dispelling myths that condition attitudes and prejudices, especially in this age group. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Health Literacy , Adolescent Behavior , Mental Health , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Cadmium-free buffer layers deposited by a dry vacuum process are mandatory for low-cost and environmentally friendly Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 (CIGS) photovoltaic in-line production. Zn(O,S) has been identified as an alternative to the chemical bath deposited CdS buffer layer, providing comparable power conversion efficiencies. Recently, a significant efficiency enhancement has been reported for sputtered Zn(O,S) buffers after an annealing treatment of the complete solar cell stack; the enhancement was attributed to interdiffusion at the CIGS/Zn(O,S) interface, resulting in wide-gap ZnSO4 islands formation and reduced interface defects. Here, we exclude interdiffusion or island formation at the absorber/buffer interface after annealing up to 200 °C using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Interestingly, HR-STEM imaging reveals an epitaxial relationship between a part of the Zn(O,S) buffer layer grains and the CIGS grains induced by annealing at such a low temperature. This alteration of the CIGS/buffer interface is expected to lead to a lower density of interface defects, and could explain the efficiency enhancement observed upon annealing the solar cell stack, although other causes cannot be excluded.