Outcomes of Urethroplasty for Synchronous Anterior Urethral Stricture Utilizing the Trauma and Urologic Reconstruction Network of Surgeons Length, Segment and Etiology Anterior Urethral Stricture Classification System.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics, management, and functional outcomes of patients with synchronous urethral stricture disease (SUSD) utilizing a multi-institutional cohort. METHODS: Data were collected and assessed from a prospectively maintained, multi-institutional database. Patients who underwent anterior urethroplasty for urethral stricture disease (USD) were included and stratified by the presence or absence of SUSD. USD location and etiology were classified according to the Trauma and Urologic Reconstruction Network of Surgeons Length, Segment and Etiology Anterior Urethral Stricture Classification System. Anterior urethroplasty techniques were recorded for both strictures. Functional failure was compared between groups. RESULTS: One thousand nine hundred eighty-three patients were identified, of whom, 137/1983 (6.9%) had SUSD. The mean primary stricture length for patients with SUSD was 3.5 and 2.6 cm for the secondary stricture. Twelve anterior urethroplasty technique combinations were utilized in treating the 27 different combinations of SUSD. Functional failure was noted in 18/137 (13.1%) patients with SUSD vs 192/1846 (10.4%) patients with solitary USD, P = .3. SUSD was not associated with increased odds of functional failure. S classifications: S1b, P = .003, S2a, P = .001, S2b, P = .01 and S2c, P = .02 and E classifications: E3a, P = .004 and E6, P = .03, were associated with increased odds of functional failure. CONCLUSION: Repair of SUSD in a single setting does not increase the risk of functional failure compared to patients with solitary USD. Increasing S classification, S1b through S2c and E classifications E3a and E6 were associated with increased functional failure. This reinforces the importance of the Trauma and Urologic Reconstruction Network of Surgeons Length, Segment and Etiology Anterior Urethral Stricture Classification System as a necessary tool in large-scale multi-institutional analysis when assessing highly heterogenous patient populations.

Clinical Validation of an Adult-acquired Buried Penis Classification System Based on Standardized Evaluation of the Penis, Abdomen, and Scrotum.

OBJECTIVE: To clinically validate a previously developed adult-acquired buried penis (AABP) classification system that is based on a standardized preoperative physical examination that subtypes patients by their penile skin/escutcheon complex (P), abdominal pannus (A), and scrotal skin (S). METHODS: The Trauma and Urologic Reconstruction Network of Surgeons (TURNS) database was used to create an AABP cohort. Patients were retrospectively classified using the previously described PAS classification system. The frequency of subtypes, surgical methods utilized for AABP repair, and correlations between PAS classification and surgery subtypes were analyzed. RESULTS: The final cohort consisted of 101 patients from 10 institutions. Interrater reliability between two reviewers was excellent (κ = 0.95). The most common subtypes were P2c (contributory escutcheon+insufficient penile skin; 27%) and P2a (contributory escutcheon+sufficient penile skin; 21%) for penile subtypes, A0 (no pannus; 41%) and A1 (noncontributory pannus; 39%) for abdominal subtypes, and S0 (normal scrotal skin with preserved scrotal sulcus; 71%) for scrotal subtypes. AABP repair procedures included escutcheonectomy (n = 59, 55%), scrotoplasty (n = 51, 48%), split-thickness skin grafting (n = 50, 47%), penile skin excision (n = 47, 44%) and panniculectomy (n = 7, 7%). P, A, and S subtypes were strongly associated with specific AABP surgical techniques. CONCLUSION: The PAS classification schema adequately describes AABP heterogeneity, is reproducible among observers, and correlates well with AABP surgery types. Future work will focus on how PAS subtypes affect both surgical and patient-centered outcomes.

The Outcomes of Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injuries Stratified by Urethral Injury Severity: A Prospective Multi-institutional Genitourinary Trauma Study (MiGUTS).

OBJECTIVE: To determine patient outcomes across a range of pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) severity. PFUI is a devastating consequence of a pelvic fracture. No study has stratified PFUI outcomes based on severity of the urethral distraction injury. METHODS: Adult male patients with blunt-trauma-related PFUI were followed prospectively for a minimum of six months at 27 US medical centers from 2015-2020. Patients underwent retrograde cystourethroscopy and retrograde urethrography to determine injury severity and were categorized into three groups: (1) major urethral distraction, (2) minor urethral distraction, and (3) partial urethral injury. Major distraction vs minor distraction was determined by the ability to pass a cystoscope retrograde into the bladder. Simple statistics summarized differences between groups. Multi-variable analyses determined odds ratios for obstruction and urethroplasty controlling for urethral injury type, age, and Injury Severity Score. RESULTS: There were 99 patients included, 72(72%) patients had major, 13(13%) had minor, and 14(14%) had partial urethral injuries. The rate of urethral obstruction differed in patients with major (95.8%), minor (84.6%), and partial injuries (50%) (P < 0.001). Urethroplasty was performed in 90% of major, 66.7% of minor, and 35.7% of partial injuries (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In PFUI, a spectrum of severity exists that influences outcomes. While major and minor distraction injuries are associated with a higher risk of developing urethral obstruction and need for urethroplasty, up to 50% of partial PFUI will result in obstruction, and as such need to be closely followed.

Patient Risk Factors Associated with Reported Urinary Quality of Life Following Artificial Urinary Sphincter Placement: A Paired Pre and Postoperative Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate potential associations between patient risk factors and incontinence related patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) preandpost artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation. We hypothesize patient risk factors, including prior radiation and diabetes will have a negative association with post AUS PROMs. METHODS: A review of prospectively collected preandpostoperative Incontinence Symptom Index [ISI] and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 (IIQ-7)s from multiple institutions in the Trauma and Urologic Reconstruction Network of Surgeons was performed. Changes in preandpost AUS ISI and IIQ-7 scores were compared for the entire cohort then stratified by patients with prior AUS, obesity, diabetes, prior radiation, and mixed urinary incontinence. RESULTS: A total of 145 patients, 67.2 (SD 10.9) years had complete preandpost AUS questionnaires (median follow up 186 days, IQR 136-362). Post AUS ISI and IIQ-7 scores improved significantly for the group at large. Prior radiation was associated with less improvement in total IIQ-7 scores, -25.5 (31.9) vs -39 (33.0), P = .03. Obesity was associated with a greater reduction in incontinence severity -13.6 (SD 9.1) vs -9.2 (SD 8.9), P<0.01, urge -5.2(SD 4.2) vs -2.5(SD 4.5), P <.01, and total ISI score -29.7(SD19.7) vs -21.2 (SD 19.9), P = .02. Prior AUS, diabetes, and mixed incontinence were not associated with post AUS PROMs outcome. CONCLUSION: Overall, patients reported a significant reduction in incontinence severity, bother, impact, and distress following AUS placement. Prior radiation was associated with less improvement in total IIQ-7 scores. In contrast, obesity demonstrated a greater reduction in ISI severity and urge scores compared to non-obese patients.

Defining Success after Anterior Urethroplasty: An Argument for a Universal Definition and Surveillance Protocol.

PURPOSE: A successful urethroplasty has been defined in different ways across studies. This variety in the literature makes it difficult to compare success rates and techniques across studies. We aim to evaluate the success of anterior urethroplasty based on different definitions of success in a single cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from a multi-institutional, prospectively maintained database. We included men undergoing first-time, single-stage, anterior urethroplasty between 2006 and 2020. Exclusion criteria included lack of followup, hypospadias, extended meatotomy, perineal urethrostomy, posterior urethroplasty and staged repairs. We compared 5 different ways to define a "failed" urethroplasty: 1) stricture retreatment, 2) anatomical recurrence on cystoscopy, 3) peak flow rate <15 ml/second, 4) weak stream on questionnaire and 5) failure by any of these measures. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for each of the definitions. We also compared outcomes by stricture length, location and etiology. RESULTS: A total of 712 men met inclusion criteria, including completion of all types of followup. The 1- and 5-year estimated probabilities of success were "retreatment," 94% and 75%; "cystoscopy," 88% and 71%; "uroflow," 84% and 58%; "questionnaire," 67% and 37%; and "any failure," 57% and 23%. This pattern was inconsistent across stricture length, location and etiology. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated probability of success after first-time, anterior urethroplasty is highly dependent on the way success is defined. The variability in definitions in the literature has limited our ability to compare urethroplasty outcomes across studies.

Minimizing Antibiotic Use in Urethral Reconstruction.

PURPOSE: There are no established guidelines regarding management of antibiotics for patients specifically undergoing urethral reconstruction. Our aim was to minimize antibiotic use by following a standardized protocol in the pre-, peri- and postoperative setting, and adhere to American Urological Association antibiotic guidelines. We hypothesized that prolonged suppressive antibiotics post-urethroplasty does not prevent urinary tract infection and/or wound infection rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively treated 900 patients undergoing urethroplasty or perineal urethrostomy at 11 centers over 2 years. The first-year cohort A received prolonged postoperative antibiotics. Year 2, cohort B, did not receive prolonged antibiotics. A standardized protocol following the American Urological Association guidelines for perioperative antibiotics was used. The 30-day postoperative infectious complications were determined. We used chi-square analysis to compare the cohorts, and multivariate logistic regression to identify risk factors. RESULTS: The mean age of participants in both cohorts was 49.7 years old and the average stricture length was 4.09 cm. Overall, the rate of postoperative urinary tract infection and wound infection within 30 days was 5.1% (6.7% in phase 1 vs 3.9% in phase 2, p=0.064) and 3.9% (4.1% in phase 1 vs 3.7% in phase 2, p=0.772), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of patient characteristics and operative factors did not reveal any factors predictive of postoperative infections. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a standardized protocol minimized antibiotic use and demonstrated no benefit to prolonged antibiotic use. There were no identifiable risk factors when considering surgical characteristics. Given the concern of antibiotic over-prescription, we do not recommend prolonged antibiotic use after urethral reconstruction.

Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Extramammary Paget Disease.

IMPORTANCE: Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a frequently recurring malignant neoplasm with metastatic potential that presents in older adults on the genital, perianal, and axillary skin. Extramammary Paget disease can precede or occur along with internal malignant neoplasms. OBJECTIVE: To develop recommendations for the care of adults with EMPD. EVIDENCE REVIEW: A systematic review of the literature on EMPD from January 1990 to September 18, 2019, was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, and Cochrane Libraries. Analysis included 483 studies. A multidisciplinary expert panel evaluation of the findings led to the development of clinical care recommendations for EMPD. FINDINGS: The key findings were as follows: (1) Multiple skin biopsies, including those of any nodular areas, are critical for diagnosis. (2) Malignant neoplasm screening appropriate for age and anatomical site should be performed at baseline to distinguish between primary and secondary EMPD. (3) Routine use of sentinel lymph node biopsy or lymph node dissection is not recommended. (4) For intraepidermal EMPD, surgical and nonsurgical treatments may be used depending on patient and tumor characteristics, although cure rates may be superior with surgical approaches. For invasive EMPD, surgical resection with curative intent is preferred. (5) Patients with unresectable intraepidermal EMPD or patients who are medically unable to undergo surgery may receive nonsurgical treatments, including radiotherapy, imiquimod, photodynamic therapy, carbon dioxide laser therapy, or other modalities. (6) Distant metastatic disease may be treated with chemotherapy or individualized targeted approaches. (7) Close follow-up to monitor for recurrence is recommended for at least the first 5 years. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Clinical practice guidelines for EMPD provide guidance regarding recommended diagnostic approaches, differentiation between invasive and noninvasive disease, and use of surgical vs nonsurgical treatments. Prospective registries may further improve our understanding of the natural history of the disease in primary vs secondary EMPD, clarify features of high-risk tumors, and identify superior management approaches.

Urethroscopic Findings following Urethroplasty Predict the Need for Secondary Intervention in the Long Term: A Multi-Institutional Study from Trauma and Urologic Reconstructive Network of Surgeons.

PURPOSE: Postoperative surveillance urethroscopy has been shown to be an effective tool to predict reoperation within 1 year after urethroplasty. We aimed to evaluate early surveillance urethroscopy findings and long-term outcomes among urethroplasty patients in order to define the value of surveillance urethroscopy to predict failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 304 patients with at least 4 years of followup after urethroplasty performed at 10 institutions across the United States and Canada. All patients were surveilled using a flexible 17Fr cystoscope and were categorized into 3 groups: 1) normal lumen, 2) large-caliber stricture (≥17Fr) defined as the ability of the cystoscope to easily pass the narrowing and 3) small-caliber stricture (<17Fr) that the cystoscope could not be passed. Failure was stricture recurrence requiring a secondary intervention. RESULTS: The median followup time was 64.4 months (range 55.3-80.6) and the time to initial surveillance urethroscopy was 3.7 months (range 3.1-4.8) following urethroplasty. Secondary interventions were performed in 29 of 194 (15%) with normal lumens, 11 of 60 (18.3%) with ≥17Fr strictures and 32 of 50 (64%) with <17Fr strictures (p <0.001). The 1-, 3- and 9-year cumulative probability of intervention was 0.01, 0.06 and 0.23 for normal, 0.05, 0.17 and 0.18 for ≥17Fr, and 0.32, 0.50 and 0.73 for <17Fr lumen groups, respectively. Patient-reported outcome measures performed poorly to differentiate the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early cystoscopic visualization of scar recurrence that narrows the lumen to <17Fr following urethroplasty is a significant long-term predictor for patients who will eventually undergo a secondary intervention.

Nephrectomy After High-Grade Renal Trauma is Associated With Higher Mortality: Results From the Multi-Institutional Genitourinary Trauma Study (MiGUTS).

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that undergoing nephrectomy after high-grade renal trauma is associated with higher mortality rates. METHODS: We gathered data from 21 Level-1 trauma centers through the Multi-institutional Genito-Urinary Trauma Study. Patients with high-grade renal trauma were included. We assessed the association between nephrectomy and mortality in all patients and in subgroups of patients after excluding those who died within 24 hours of hospital arrival and those with GCS≤8. We controlled for age, injury severity score (ISS), shock (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). RESULTS: A total of 1181 high-grade renal trauma patients were included. Median age was 31 and trauma mechanism was blunt in 78%. Injuries were graded as III, IV, and V in 55%, 34%, and 11%, respectively. There were 96 (8%) mortalities and 129 (11%) nephrectomies. Mortality was higher in the nephrectomy group (21.7% vs 6.5%, P <.001). Those who died were older, had higher ISS, lower GCS, and higher rates of shock. After adjusting for patient and injury characteristics nephrectomy was still associated with higher risk of death (RR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.26-2.55). CONCLUSION: Nephrectomy was associated with higher mortality in the acute trauma setting even when controlling for shock, overall injury severity, and head injury. These results may have implications in decision making in acute trauma management for patients not in extremis from renal hemorrhage.

Sexual function following pelvic fracture urethral injury and posterior urethroplasty.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate erectile and sexual function after pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) by performing a retrospective review of a large multi-center database. We hypothesized that most men will have erectile dysfunction (ED) and poor sexual function following PFUI, which will remain after posterior urethroplasty. METHODS: Using the Trauma and Urologic Reconstructive Networks of Surgeons (TURNS) database, we identified PFUI patients undergoing posterior urethroplasty. We excluded patients with incomplete demographic, surgical and/or questionnaire data. Sexual Health Inventory of Men (SHIM), Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ), and subjective changes in penile curvature were collected before urethroplasty surgery and at follow-up. We performed descriptive statistics for erectile and ejaculatory function using STATA v12. RESULTS: We identified 92 men meeting inclusion criteria; median age was 41.7 years and BMI was 26.5. The mechanism of injury was blunt in all patients, and average distraction defect length was 2.3 cm (SD 1.0 cm). In the 38 patients who completed both pre and post-operative SHIM questionnaires, the mean SHIM score was 10.5 (SD 7.0), with 63% having severe ED (SHIM <12). The median follow-up was 5.6 months and the mean post-operative SHIM was 9.3 (SD 6.5), with 68% having severe ED. The mean change in SHIM score was -1.18 (SD 6.29) with 6 (16%) patients reporting de novo ED (≥5 point decrease in score). Of the men with pre-operative MSHQ data, 46/74 (62.1%) had difficulty with ejaculation, 25/35 (71%) had change in penile length, and 6/33 (18%) reported penile curvature. In men with post-operative MSHQ, 19/44 (43%) expressed difficulty with ejaculation, 23/32 (72%) had change in penile length, and 9/33 (27%) reported penile curvature. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high rate of severe ED, both following PFUI and remaining after posterior urethroplasty. Additionally, rates of ejaculatory difficulty and patient perceived changes in penile length and curvature underscore the complex nature of the impact of these injuries on sexual function beyond simple erectile function.

Association Between Ejaculatory Dysfunction and Post-Void Dribbling After Urethroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ejaculatory dysfunction (EjD) and post-void dribbling (PVD) after urethroplasty are associated, providing evidence for a common etiology. METHODS: We reviewed a prospectively maintained database for first-time, anterior urethroplasties. One item from the Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ) assessed EjD: "How would you rate the strength or force of your ejaculation". One item from the Urethral Stricture Surgery Patient-Reported Outcome Measure (USS-PROM) assessed PVD: "How often have you had slight wetting of your pants after you had finished urinating?". The frequency of symptoms was compared after penile vs. bulbar repairs, and anastomotic versus augmentation bulbar repairs. Associations were assessed with chi-square. RESULTS: A total of 728 men were included. Overall, postoperative EjD and PVD were common; 67% and 66%, respectively. There was a significant association between EjD and PVD for the whole cohort (p<0.0001); this association remained significant after penile repairs (p=0.01), bulbar repairs (p<0.0007), and bulbar anastomotic repairs (p=0.002), but not after bulbar augmentation repairs (p=0.052). EjD and PVD occurred at similar rates after penile and bulbar urethroplasty. The rate of EjD was similar after bulbar augmentation and bulbar anastomotic urethroplasties, but PVD was more common after bulbar augmentation (70% vs. 52%) (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: EjD and PVD after anterior urethroplasty are significantly associated with one another, supporting the theory of a common etiology. High rates after penile repairs argue against a bulbospongiosus muscle damage etiology, and high rates after anastomotic repairs argue against graft sacculation. More work is needed to better understand and prevent symptoms.

External validation of a nomogram predicting risk of bleeding control interventions after high-grade renal trauma: The Multi-institutional Genito-Urinary Trauma Study.

BACKGROUND: Renal trauma grading has a limited ability to distinguish patients who will need intervention after high-grade renal trauma (HGRT). A nomogram incorporating both clinical and radiologic factors has been previously developed to predict bleeding control interventions after HGRT. We aimed to externally validate this nomogram using multicenter data from level 1 trauma centers. METHODS: We gathered data from seven level 1 trauma centers. Patients with available initial computed tomography (CT) scans were included. Each CT scan was reviewed by two radiologists blinded to the intervention data. Nomogram variables included trauma mechanism, hypotension/shock, concomitant injuries, vascular contrast extravasation (VCE), pararenal hematoma extension, and hematoma rim distance (HRD). Mixed-effect logistic regression was used to assess the associations between the predictors and bleeding intervention. The prediction accuracy of the nomogram was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and its 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Overall, 569 HGRT patients were included for external validation. Injury mechanism was blunt in 89%. Using initial CT scans, 14% had VCE and median HRD was 1.7 (0.9-2.6) cm. Overall, 12% underwent bleeding control interventions including 34 angioembolizations and 24 nephrectomies. In the multivariable analysis, presence of VCE was associated with a threefold increase in the odds of bleeding interventions (odds ratio, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.44-6.50). Every centimeter increase in HRD was associated with 66% increase in odds of bleeding interventions. External validation of the model provided excellent discrimination in predicting bleeding interventions with an area under the curve of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.84-0.92). CONCLUSION: Our results reinforce the importance of radiologic findings such as VCE and hematoma characteristics in predicting bleeding control interventions after renal trauma. The prediction accuracy of the proposed nomogram remains high using external data. These variables can help to better risk stratify high-grade renal injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and epidemiological study, level III.

Clinical and Radiographic Factors Associated With Failed Renal Angioembolization: Results From the Multi-institutional Genitourinary Trauma Study (Mi-GUTS).

OBJECTIVE: To find clinical or radiographic factors that are associated with angioembolization failure after high-grade renal trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients were selected from the Multi-institutional Genito-Urinary Trauma Study. Included were patients who initially received renal angioembolization after high-grade renal trauma (AAST grades III-V). This cohort was dichotomized into successful or failed angioembolization. Angioembolization was considered a failure if angioembolization was followed by repeat angiography and/or an exploratory laparotomy. RESULTS: A total of 67 patients underwent management initially with angioembolization, with failure in 18 (27%) patients. Those with failed angioembolization had a larger proportion ofgrade IV (72% vs 53%) and grade V (22% vs 12%) renal injuries. A total of 53 patients underwent renal angioembolization and had initial radiographic data for review, with failure in 13 cases. The failed renal angioembolization group had larger perirenal hematoma sizes on the initial trauma scan. CONCLUSION: Angioembolization after high-grade renal trauma failed in 27% of patients. Failed angioembolization was associated with higher injury grade and a larger perirenal hematoma. Likely these characteristics are associated with high-grade renal trauma that may be less amenable to successful treatment after a single renal angioembolization.

The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Renal Grading System-Should Segmental Kidney Infarction be Classified as a Grade IV Injury?

PURPOSE: In 2018 the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma revised renal injury grading. One change was inclusion of segmental kidney infarction under grade IV injuries. We aimed to assess how segmental kidney infarction will change the scope of grade IV injuries and compare bleeding control interventions in those with and without isolated segmental kidney infarction. METHODS: We used high grade renal trauma data from 7 level 1 trauma centers from 2013 to 2018 as part of the Multi-institutional Genito-Urinary Trauma Study. Initial computerized tomography scans were reviewed to regrade the injuries. Injuries were categorized as isolated segmental kidney infarction if segmental parenchymal infarction was the only reason for inclusion under grade IV injury. All other grade IV injuries (including combined injury patterns) were categorized as without isolated segmental kidney infarction. Bleeding interventions were compared between those with and without isolated segmental kidney infarction. RESULTS: From 550 patients with high grade renal trauma and available computerized tomography, 250 (45%) were grade IV according to the 2018 American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grading system. Of these, 121 (48%) had isolated segmental kidney infarction. The majority of patients with isolated segmental kidney infarction (88%) would have been assigned a lower grade using the original 1989 grading system. Rate of bleeding control interventions was lower in isolated segmental kidney infarction compared to other grade IV injuries (7% vs 21%, p=0.002). Downgrading all patients with isolated segmental kidney infarction to grade III did not change the grading system's associations with bleeding interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of the 2018 American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade IV injuries have isolated segmental kidney infarction. Including isolated segmental kidney infarction in grade IV injuries increases the heterogeneity of these injuries without increasing the grading system's ability to predict bleeding interventions. In future iterations of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma renal trauma grading isolated segmental kidney infarction could be reclassified as grade III injury.

Antibiotic Stewardship and Postoperative Infections in Urethroplasties.

OBJECTIVE: To determine surgical site infection and urinary tract infection (UTI) rates in the setting of urethroplasty. Given significant variation in the utilization of antibiotics, there is an opportunity to improve antibiotic stewardship. This study aims to elucidate the rate of both UTI and surgical site infection after urethroplasty on a standardized perioperative antibiotic regimen, and to obtain patient and operative characteristics that may predict infection. METHODS: We prospectively treated 390 patients undergoing urethroplasty at 11 centers with a standardized perioperative antibiotic protocol. Patients had a urine culture or urine analysis within 3 weeks of surgery. After surgery, patients were discharged with an indwelling catheter, removed per usual surgeon practice. All were given nitrofurantoin from discharge until catheter removal. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the correlation between patient characteristics or operative categories with post-operative infection. RESULTS: The rates of postoperative UTI and wound infection within 30 days were 6.7% and 4.1%, respectively. On multivariate analysis of demographics, comorbidities, and stricture characteristics and repair, only preoperative UTI (P = .012), history of cardiovascular disease (P = .015), and performing a membranous urethroplasty (0.018) were significant predictors of a UTI within 30 days postoperatively. Location of repair nor graft use increased the risk of UTI. There were no factors predictive of postoperative wound infection. CONCLUSION: A standardized antibiotic protocol was created to narrow and limit excess antibiotic use. This protocol, with clear definitions of UTI and wound infection, allowed determination of accurate infection rates in urethroplasties. Preoperative UTI, even when properly treated, increases the risk of postoperative UTI.

Urethrogram: Does Postoperative Contrast Extravasation Portend Stricture Recurrence?

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate our hypothesis that the presence of extravasation on postoperative urethrogram is inconsequential for disease recurrence in urethroplasty postoperative follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We utilized the Trauma and Urologic Reconstructive Network of Surgeons database to assess 1691 patients who underwent urethroplasty and post-operative urethrogram. Anatomic and functional recurrence were defined as <17 Fr stricture documented at 12-month cystoscopy and need for a secondary procedure during 1 year of follow-up, respectively. Our primary outcomes were the sensitivity and positive predictive value of post-operative urethrogram for predicting anatomic and functional recurrence of urethral stricture disease. RESULTS: Among 1101 patients with cystoscopy follow-up, 54 (4.9%) had extravasation on initial postoperative urethrogram. Among those 54, 74.1% developed an anatomic recurrence vs 13% without extravasation (P <.001). Similarly, functional recurrence was 9.3% with extravasation vs 3.2 % without extravasation (P = .04). Patients with extravasation more often reported a postoperative urinary tract infection (12.9% vs 2.7%; P <.01) or wound infection (7.4% vs 2.6%; P = .04). Sensitivity of postoperative urethrogram in predicting any recurrence was 27.3%, specificity 98.7%, positive predictive value 77.8%, and negative predictive value 89.3%. Fourty-five of 54 patients with extravasation had a recurrence of some kind, equating to a 22.2% urethroplasty success rate at 1 year. CONCLUSION: Postoperative urethrogram has a high specificity but low sensitivity for anatomic and functional recurrence during short term follow-up. The positive predictive value of urinary extravasation is high: patients with extravasation incur a high risk of anatomic recurrence within 1 year and such patients may warrant increased monitoring.

Development and Validation of A Male Anterior Urethral Stricture Classification System.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a clinical classification system for urethral stricture disease (USD) based on the retrograde urethrogram (RUG), physical exam, and stricture-specific patient history. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three elements were chosen to be included in the classification system: 1) Length of urethral stricture (L); 2) Stricture segment/location (S); 3) Stricture Etiology (E) (LSE classification system). Each element was divided into clinically relevant sub-categories. A three-step development and validation process then ensued, culminating in an in-person Trauma and Urologic Reconstruction Network of Surgeons (TURNS) meeting, at which the final classification system was unanimously agreed upon by attendees based on interrater reliability data obtained from the classifying of 22 clinical vignettes. A final validation step involved retrospectively classifying cases in the TURNS database to determine if classification influenced surgical technique and was associated with presumed stricture etiology. RESULTS: The final LSE classification system was found to have an interrater reliability of 0.79 (individual components 0.76, 0.70 and 0.93 respectfully). Retrospective classification of the 2162 TURNS strictures revealed the segment (S) to be strongly associated with urethroplasty type (p = 0.0005) and stricture etiology (E) (p = 0.0005). CONCLUSION: We developed and validated a novel, easy to use, urethral stricture classification system. The system's ability to aid in directing treatments, predict treatment outcomes, and facilitate collaborative research efforts will require further study.