ABSTRACT
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme peroxidase found in neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages that efficiently catalyzes the oxidation of endogenous chloride into hypochlorous acid for antimicrobial activity. Chronic MPO activation can lead to indiscriminate protein modification causing tissue damage, and has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and acute cardiovascular events. Triazolopyrimidine 5 is a reversible MPO inhibitor; however it suffers from poor stability in acid, and is an irreversible inhibitor of the DNA repair protein methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT). Structure-based drug design was employed to discover benzyl triazolopyridines with improved MPO potency, as well as acid stability, no reactivity with MGMT, and selectivity against thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Structure-activity relationships, a crystal structure of the MPO-inhibitor complex, and acute in vivo pharmacodynamic data are described herein.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Peroxidase/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyridines/pharmacology , Triazoles/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Molecular Docking Simulation , Molecular Structure , Peroxidase/metabolism , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triazoles/chemical synthesis , Triazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
Myeloperoxidase, a mammalian peroxidase involved in the immune system as an anti-microbial first responder, can produce hypochlorous acid in response to invading pathogens. Myeloperoxidase has been implicated in several chronic pathological diseases due to the chronic production of hypochlorous acid, as well as other reactive radical species. A high throughput screen and triaging protocol was developed to identify a reversible inhibitor of myeloperoxidase toward the potential treatment of chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis. The identification and characterization of a reversible myeloperoxidase inhibitor, 7-(benzyloxy)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amine is described.
ABSTRACT
Clopidogrel is a prodrug anticoagulant with active metabolites that irreversibly inhibit the platelet surface GPCR P2Y12 and thus inhibit platelet activation. However, gaining an understanding of patient response has been limited due to imprecise understanding of metabolite activity and stereochemistry, and a lack of acceptable analytes for quantifying in vivo metabolite formation. Methods for the production of all bioactive metabolites of clopidogrel, their stereochemical assignment, and the development of stable analytes via three conceptually orthogonal routes are disclosed.
Subject(s)
Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/metabolism , Prodrugs/chemical synthesis , Ticlopidine/analogs & derivatives , Biological Phenomena , Clopidogrel , Humans , Microsomes, Liver/drug effects , Piperidines/chemistry , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/chemistry , Prodrugs/chemistry , Stereoisomerism , Ticlopidine/chemical synthesis , Ticlopidine/chemistry , Ticlopidine/metabolismABSTRACT
A novel series of selective negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) for metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) was discovered from an isothiazole scaffold. One compound of this series, (1R,2R)-N-(4-(6-isopropylpyridin-2-yl)-3-(2-methyl-2H-indazol-5-yl)isothiazol-5-yl)-2-methylcyclopropanecarboxamide (24), demonstrated satisfactory pharmacokinetic properties and, following oral dosing in rats, produced dose-dependent and long-lasting mGlu5 receptor occupancy. Consistent with the hypothesis that blockade of mGlu5 receptors will produce analgesic effects in mammals, compound 24 produced a dose-dependent reduction in paw licking responses in the formalin model of persistent pain.
