Prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in indigenous Bolivian forager-horticulturalists.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in indigenous Tsimane and Moseten, who lead a subsistence lifestyle. METHODS: Participants from population-based samples ≥ 60 years of age (n = 623) were assessed using adapted versions of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, informant interview, longitudinal cognitive testing and brain computed tomography (CT) scans. RESULTS: Tsimane exhibited five cases of dementia (among n = 435; crude prevalence = 1.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4, 2.7); Moseten exhibited one case (among n = 169; crude prevalence = 0.6%, 95% CI: 0.0, 3.2), all age ≥ 80 years. Age-standardized MCI prevalence was 7.7% (95% CI: 5.2, 10.3) in Tsimane and 9.8% (95% CI: 4.9, 14.6) in Moseten. Cognitive impairment was associated with visuospatial impairments, parkinsonian symptoms, and vascular calcification in the basal ganglia. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of dementia in this cohort is among the lowest in the world. Widespread intracranial medial arterial calcifications suggest a previously unrecognized, non-Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia phenotype.

A risk index for 12-month suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).

BACKGROUND: Clinical judgments about the likelihood of suicide attempt would be aided by an index of risk factors that could be quickly assessed in diverse settings. We sought to develop such a risk index for 12-month suicide attempts among suicide ideators. METHOD: The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a household survey of adults aged 18+, assessed the 12-month occurrence of suicide ideation, plans and attempts in a subsample of 5692 respondents. Retrospectively assessed correlates include history of prior suicidality, sociodemographics, parental psychopathology and 12-month DSM-IV disorders. RESULTS: Twelve-month prevalence estimates of suicide ideation, plans and attempts are 2.6, 0.7 and 0.4% respectively. Although ideators with a plan are more likely to make an attempt (31.9%) than those without a plan (9.6%), 43% of attempts were described as unplanned. History of prior attempts is the strongest correlate of 12-month attempts. Other significant correlates include shorter duration of ideation, presence of a suicide plan, and several sociodemographic and parental psychopathology variables. Twelve-month disorders are not powerful correlates. A four-category summary index of correlates is strongly related to attempts among ideators [area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC)=0.88]. The distribution (conditional probability of attempt) of the risk index is: 19.0% very low (0.0%), 51.1% low (3.5%), 16.2% intermediate (21.3%), and 13.7% high (78.1%). Two-thirds (67.1%) of attempts were made by ideators in the high-risk category. CONCLUSIONS: A short, preliminary risk index based on retrospectively reported responses to fully structured questions is strongly correlated with 12-month suicide attempts among ideators, with a high concentration of attempts among high-risk ideators.

The prevalence of treated and untreated mental disorders in five countries.

We analyzed survey data from Canada, Chile, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United States to study the prevalence and treatment of mental and substance abuse disorders. Total past-year prevalence estimates range between 17.0 percent (Chile) and 29.1 percent (U.S.). Many cases are mild. Although disorder severity is strongly related to treatment, one- to two-thirds of serious cases receive no treatment each year. Most treatment goes to minor and mild cases. Undertreatment of serious cases is most pronounced among young poorly educated males. Outreach is needed to reduce barriers to care among serious cases and young people at risk of serious disorders.

Prevalence of ICD-10 mental disorders in a catchment area in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence (lifetime, 12-month, 1-month) of mental disorders, their relationship with sociodemographic features, and the use of services were investigated in the population aged 18 years or older living in the catchment area of a large hospital complex in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A community survey was conducted in two boroughs of São Paulo, on 1,464 residents aged 18 years or older. The assessment of psychopathology was made by CIDI 1.1, yielding diagnoses according to ICD-10 for mood disorders, anxiety disorders, non-affective psychosis, substance use disorders, dissociative and somatoform disorders, and cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Of the total sample, 45.9 % had at least one lifetime diagnosis of mental disorder, 26.8 % in the year, and 22.2 % in the month prior to interview. The most prevalent disorders (lifetime, 12-month, and 1-month, respectively) were: nicotine dependence (25 %, 11.4 %, 9.3 %), any mood disorder (18.5 %, 7.6 %, 5 %) with depressive episode the most prevalent mood disorder (16.8 %, 7.1 %, 4.5 %), any anxiety disorder (12.5 %, 7.7 %, 6 %), somatoform disorder (6 %, 4.2 %, 3.2 %), and alcohol abuse/dependence (5.5 %, 4.5 %, 4 %). No gender differences were found in overall morbidity. Excluding substance use disorders, women had a higher risk for non-psychotic disorders. The presence of psychiatric diagnosis increased the use of services, with a low proportion of subjects seeking specialty mental care. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the high prevalence of mental disorders in the community, similar to findings in other countries. A comparison with findings from other studies with similar methodology is made.