ABSTRACT
Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS) is a rare multisystemic autosomal dominant disorder. Since 2012, alterations in genes of the SWI/SNF complex were identified as the molecular basis of CSS, studying largely pediatric cohorts. Therefore, there is a lack of information on the phenotype in adulthood, particularly on the clinical outcome in adulthood and associated risks. In an international collaborative effort, data from 35 individuals ≥ 18 years with a molecularly ascertained CSS diagnosis (variants in ARID1B, ARID2, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMARCC2, SMARCE1, SOX11, BICRA) using a comprehensive questionnaire was collected. Our results indicate that overweight and obesity are frequent in adults with CSS. Visual impairment, scoliosis, and behavioral anomalies are more prevalent than in published pediatric or mixed cohorts. Cognitive outcomes range from profound intellectual disability (ID) to low normal IQ, with most individuals having moderate ID. The present study describes the first exclusively adult cohort of CSS individuals. We were able to delineate some features of CSS that develop over time and have therefore been underrepresented in previously reported largely pediatric cohorts, and provide recommendations for follow-up.
Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple , Face/abnormalities , Hand Deformities, Congenital , Intellectual Disability , Micrognathism , Adult , Humans , Child , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Intellectual Disability/diagnosis , Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis , Micrognathism/genetics , Micrognathism/diagnosis , Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics , Neck/abnormalities , Phenotype , DNA Helicases/genetics , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Botulinum toxin injections in the anal sphincter apparatus (Botox) and enteral neuromodulation (ENM) are options for treatment of refractory chronic constipation. We present a retrospective comparative observational study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 2014 to 2022, pediatric patients with chronic constipation were either treated with Botox or ENM with continuation of conservative treatment. Comparison was conducted regarding the primary outcome variables defecation frequency, stool consistency, and abdominal pain. Secondary outcomes were fecal incontinence, enuresis, change of medication and safety of treatment. RESULTS: 19 Botox patients (10 boys, 9 girls, 12 patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD), 7 patients with functional constipation (FC)) were compared to 24 ENM patients (18 boys, 6 girls, 12 HD patients, 7 FC patients). Groups differed significantly in age (5.0 years (Botulinum toxin) and 6.5 years (ENM), mean values, p-value 0.008). Improvement of constipation was seen in 68% (n = 13/19) of Botox and 88% (n = 21/24) of ENM patients (p = 0.153). Influence of etiology on therapeutic effects was not observed. Complications were minor. CONCLUSIONS: Botox and ENM can be considered as valuable and effective treatment options in refractory chronic constipation. Prospective, large-population studies should be designed to enable improved evidence.
