ABSTRACT
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) were comprehensively investigated in the air samples collected using high-volume samplers near the Chinese Great Wall Station in the Western Antarctic Peninsula over the period of 2014-2018. The concentrations of ∑8OPEs (gaseous + particle phases) ranged from 33.9 to 404 pg/m3 with a geometric mean of 119 ± 12.0 pg/m3. Tris [(2R)-1-chloro-2-propyl] phosphate (TCIPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) dominated in the gaseous phase, while tris-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) was the most abundant OPEs in the particle phase, followed by TCIPP and TCEP. An apparently temporal trend was observed for atmospheric ∑8OPEs over the five years, with a doubling time of about 3.8 years, which indicated continuous inputs of OPEs into the sampling area. The particle-bound ∑8OPEs accounted for 45% of the total, generally lower than that reported in the Arctic. Gas-particle partitioning modeling suggested that the partitioning of OPEs with higher logKOA values approached the steady state in the Antarctic air. The back-trajectory modeling showed that high levels of OPEs were usually associated with air inputs from the northwest of the peninsula. This suggested that long-range transport from South America, which was confirmed by the no temperature dependencies of OPEs concentrations (excluding TnBP). Nevertheless, a steady high level of particle-bound TnBP implied local sources in the Western Antarctic Peninsula, which required further investigation in future works.
Subject(s)
Esters , Flame Retardants , Antarctic Regions , Arctic Regions , China , Environmental Monitoring , Flame Retardants/analysis , Organophosphates , South AmericaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To assess clinical indication-specific antibiotic prescribing in pediatric practice in China based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) metrics and to detect potential problem areas. STUDY DESIGN: Pediatric prescription records on the 16th of each month during 2018 were sampled for all encounters at outpatient and emergency departments of 16 tertiary care hospitals via hospital information systems. Antibiotic prescribing patterns were analyzed across and within diagnostic conditions according to WHO AWaRe metrics and Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. RESULTS: A total of 260â001 pediatric encounters were assessed, and antibiotics were prescribed in 94â453 (36.3%). In 35â167 encounters (37.2%), at least 1 intravenous antibiotic was administered. WHO Watch group antibiotics accounted for 82.2% (n = 84â176) of all antibiotic therapies. Azithromycin (n = 15â791; 15.4%) was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic, and third-generation cephalosporins (n = 44â387; 43.3%) were the most commonly prescribed antibiotic class. In at least 66â098 encounters (70.0%), antibiotics were prescribed for respiratory tract conditions, mainly for bronchitis/bronchiolitis (n = 25â815; 27.3%), upper respiratory tract infection (n = 25â184; 26.7%), and pneumonia (n = 13â392; 14.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Overuse and misuse of WHO Watch group antibiotics for respiratory tract conditions and viral infectious diseases is common in pediatric outpatients in China. Pediatric antimicrobial stewardship should be strengthened using WHO AWaRe metrics.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Adolescent , Anti-Bacterial Agents/classification , Child , Child, Preschool , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Infant , Prospective Studies , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
DNJ, an inhibitor of α-glucosidase, is used to suppress the elevation of postprandial hyperglycemia. In this study, we focus on screening an appropriate microorganism for performing fermentation to improve DNJ content in mulberry leaf. Results showed that Ganoderma lucidum was selected from 8 species and shown to be the most effective in improvement of DNJ production from mulberry leaves through fermentation. Based on single factor and three factor influence level tests by following the Plackett-Burman design, the optimum extraction yield was analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM). The extracted DNJ was determined by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FD). The results of RSM showed that the optimal condition for mulberry fermentation was defined as pH 6.97, potassium nitrate content 0.81% and inoculums volume 2 mL. The extraction efficiency reached to 0.548% in maximum which is 2.74 fold of those in mulberry leaf.
Subject(s)
1-Deoxynojirimycin/isolation & purification , 1-Deoxynojirimycin/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism , Morus/metabolism , Reishi/metabolism , Biotechnology/methods , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Culture Media/chemistry , Fermentation , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Reishi/growth & development , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methodsABSTRACT
DNJ, an inhibitor of α-glucosidase, is used to suppress the elevation of postprandial hyperglycemia. In this study, we focus on screening an appropriate microorganism for performing fermentation to improve DNJ content in mulberry leaf. Results showed that Ganoderma lucidum was selected from 8 species and shown to be the most effective in improvement of DNJ production from mulberry leaves through fermentation. Based on single factor and three factor influence level tests by following the Plackett-Burman design, the optimum extraction yield was analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM). The extracted DNJ was determined by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FD). The results of RSM showed that the optimal condition for mulberry fermentation was defined as pH 6.97, potassium nitrate content 0.81% and inoculums volume 2 mL. The extraction efficiency reached to 0.548% in maximum which is 2.74 fold of those in mulberry leaf.
Subject(s)
1-Deoxynojirimycin/isolation & purification , 1-Deoxynojirimycin/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism , Morus/metabolism , Reishi/metabolism , Biotechnology/methods , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Culture Media/chemistry , Fermentation , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Reishi/growth & development , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methodsABSTRACT
DNJ, an inhibitor of α-glucosidase, is used to suppress the elevation of postprandial hyperglycemia. In this study, we focus on screening an appropriate microorganism for performing fermentation to improve DNJ content in mulberry leaf. Results showed that Ganoderma lucidum was selected from 8 species and shown to be the most effective in improvement of DNJ production from mulberry leaves through fermentation. Based on single factor and three factor influence level tests by following the Plackett-Burman design, the optimum extraction yield was analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM). The extracted DNJ was determined by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FD). The results of RSM showed that the optimal condition for mulberry fermentation was defined as pH 6.97, potassium nitrate content 0.81% and inoculums volume 2 mL. The extraction efficiency reached to 0.548% in maximum which is 2.74 fold of those in mulberry leaf.