Evaluation of a new frequency-volume chart for children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a prospective, comparative study.

INTRODUCTION: To improve compliance with voiding diaries in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE), a new modified 3-day weekend frequency-volume chart (FVC) was designed, and the compliance and validity of this modified FVC was evaluated by comparing with the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) recommended voiding diary. METHODS: A total of 1200 patients with PMNE were enrolled in the study from 13 centers in China and were randomly assigned to record this modified FVC or the ICCS-recommended voiding diary. The primary outcome measure was the compliance, assessed by comparing the completing index and the quality score of diaries between two groups. The secondary outcome measure was the validity, evaluated by comparing the constituent of subtypes, micturition parameters and response rate to desmopressin. RESULTS: Among the 1200 participants enrolled in the study, 447 patients completed the ICCS-recommended voiding diary and 469 completed the modified diary. The diurnal completing index and the quality score of the modified FVC group were better than those of the ICCS group. In addition, there was no significant difference between these two groups in the subtype classification, or in the response rate to desmopressin. CONCLUSIONS: The modified FVC could be applied to obtain the voiding characteristics of children with PMNE as the ICCS-recommended voiding diary does and offers a reasonable and better choice for children with PMNE from the unselected population in the future.

[Clinical features of neurogenic bladder with vesicoureteral reflux in children].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical features of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children with neurogenic bladder (NB), and to provide a reference for its early diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Clinical data were collected from 26 children with NB and urinary tract infection who were admitted to the Department of Pediatric Nephrology from January 2014 to December 2019. According to the presence or absence of VUR, the children were divided into a VUR group with 11 children and a non-VUR group with 15 children. Clinical features were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Compared with the non-VUR group, the VUR group had a significantly higher proportion of children with non-Escherichia coli urinary tract infection, hydronephrosis (the severity of hydronephrosis increased with the grade of VUR), abnormal 99mTc-DMSA renal scanning findings, elevated ratios of urinary albumin, urinary IgG and urinary transferrin to creatinine, increased residual urine volume, and increased detrusor leak point pressure (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When NB children have the clinical manifestations of non-Escherichia coli urinary tract infection, hydronephrosis, abnormal 99mTc-DMSA renal scanning findings, glomerular proteinuria, increased bladder residual urine volume, and high detrusor leak point pressure, such children may already have VUR, and so diagnosis and intervention should be performed as early as possible.

[Dynamic changes of photosynthetic characteristics in big-spike wheat yield formation].

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the yield traits, leaf photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content (Chl), and leaf area index (LAI) of eight new big-spike wheat lines, with multiple-spike cultivar Xinong 979 (Triticum aestivum cv. Xinong 979) as the control. The eight new lines had significantly higher kernel numbers per spike, kernel qualities, and 1000-grain mass but lower spike numbers per unit area, and the lines 2036, 2037, 2038, and 2040 had significantly higher yields than the control. The average net photosynthetic rate (P(n)) of the eight new lines had no significant difference with that of the control, but the PS II maximum energy conversion efficiency, PS II actual photochemical efficiency, photochemical quenching coefficient, and PS II reaction center activity of the lines were higher than those of the control. The leaf Chl of the lines 2037, 2040, 2039, 2038 and 2036 were 17.5%, 19.1%, 15.3%, 13.9%, and 7.9% higher than those of the control, and their LAI was significantly higher than that of the control and declined slowly in late growth period.

[Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in urban area of Beijing].

Using ion exchange resin columns method, atmospheric nitrogen deposition was observed in the urban area of Beijing from March to September in 2009. The average value of atmospheric nitrate nitrogen deposition was 40.59 mg x m(-2) and that of atmospheric sulfite nitrogen deposition was 14.66 mg x m(-2) from March to June. The average value of atmospheric nitrate nitrogen deposition was 75.13 mg x m(-2) and that of atmospheric sulfite nitrogen deposition was 20.67 mg x m(-2) from June to September. Observational results show that atmospheric nitrate and sulfite nitrogen deposition had obvious local difference, that is to say, there was relatively large amount of deposition around traffic arteries and power plants, which shows the character of line/point source of atmospheric nitrate and sulfite nitrogen deposition. The average value of atmospheric ammonia nitrogen deposition was 12.19 mg x m(-2) from March to June, and 8.46 mg x m(-2) from June to September. Observational results show that the change of atmospheric ammonia nitrogen deposition among observation points was obvious smaller than atmospheric nitrate and sulfite nitrogen deposition, which shows the character of non-point source of atmospheric ammonia nitrogen deposition.

[CO2 fluxes in mire and grassland on Ruoergai plateau].

With closed chamber and GC technique, a comparative study was conducted on the CO2 fluxes in mire and grassland on Ruoergai plateau during the plant growth period in 2003-2005. The results showed that the mean value of the CO2 fluxes in the three years was 203.22 mg x m(-2) x h(-1) in mire and 323.03 mg x m(-2) x h(-1) in grassland, with the former being only about 60% of the latter. The perennially water-logging of mire limited the decomposition of plant residues, roots and organic substances, resulting in a lower CO2 flux in mire than in grassland. The seasonal changes of CO2 fluxes in mire and grassland were positively correlated with air temperature, the peak value being usually appeared in July or August, and the diurnal changes of the CO2 fluxes were also positively correlated with air temperature, the peak value being usually appeared between 11:00 and 17:00. The CO2 fluxes had a higher correlation with the soil temperature at the depth of 5 cm than at the depths of 10 cm and 15 cm.

[Effects of nitrogen fertilization on carbon balance in the freshwater marshes].

To understand the influence of nitrogen fertilization on the carbon balance in the freshwater marshes, we measured the CO2 and CH4 emissions as well as net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 using the static chamber and gas chromatogram technique in situ over Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland in Sanjiang Plain. Results from the field observed indicated that fertilization increased the biomass and gross primary productivity (GPP) as well as the CO2 and CH4 emissions, while decreased the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 but not change the seasonal dynamics of CO2 and CH4 emissions as well as the NEE. Seasonal amount of CO2 and CH4 emission from the fertilization was respectively 34% and 145 % higher than that from the control, while the NEE and net carbon exchange decreased 70% and 81.6% due to the nitrogen fertilization. During the whole growing season of 2004 the ecosystem still showed the net uptake of the carbon not only in the fertilization treatment but also control. Thus, it can be assumed that nitrogen fertilization decreased the net carbon uptake from the atmosphere but not changed the ecosystem from a carbon sink to a source.