Relationship between parity and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Japan considering hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and body mass index.

BACKGROUND: Global studies exploring the relationship between parity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are scarce. Furthermore, no study has examined the relationship between parity and CKD in Japan. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship between parity and the prevalence of CKD in a Japanese population, considering the clinical history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and current body mass index (BMI) based on menopausal status. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 26,945 Japanese multiparous women (5,006 premenopausal and 21,939 postmenopausal women) and 3,247 nulliparous women (1,599 premenopausal and 1,648 postmenopausal women). Participants were divided into two groups based on their menopausal status (premenopausal and postmenopausal women). The relationship between parity and the prevalence of CKD was evaluated using a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for several covariates, including a clinical history of HDP and current BMI. RESULTS: The relationship between parity and the prevalence of CKD was not statistically significant in either premenopausal or postmenopausal multiparous women. A clinical history of HDP was significantly associated with an increased risk of CKD in premenopausal and postmenopausal multiparous women. However, the relationship between a clinical history of HDP and CKD in premenopausal women was weakened after adjusting for current BMI. Furthermore, the current BMI was significantly associated with an increased risk of CKD in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: Parity is not significantly associated with the prevalence of CKD in premenopausal and postmenopausal multiparous women. A clinical history of HDP is a risk factor for CKD in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Current BMI is also associated with an increased risk of CKD in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Therefore, continuous surveillance and preventive measures against CKD should be provided to women with a clinical history of HDP. In addition, maintaining an appropriate body weight is beneficial in reducing the risk of CKD.

Recent developments in wearable piezoelectric energy harvesters.

Wearable piezoelectric energy harvesters (WPEHs) have gained popularity and made significant development in recent decades. The harvester is logically built by the movement patterns of various portions of the human body to harvest the movement energy and immediately convert it into usable electrical energy. To directly power different microelectronic devices on the human body, a self-powered device that does not require an additional power supply is being created. This Review provides an in-depth review of WPEHs, explaining the fundamental concepts of piezoelectric technology and the materials employed in numerous widely used piezoelectric components. The harvesters are classed according to the movement characteristics of several portions of a person's body, such as pulses, joints, skin, and shoes (feet). Each technique is introduced, followed by extensive analysis. Some harvesters are compared, and the benefits and drawbacks of each technique are discussed. Finally, this Review presents future goals and objectives for WPEH improvement, and it will aid researchers in understanding WPEH to the point of more efficient wireless energy delivery to wearable electronic components.

Structural Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide from Summer-Autumn Tea.

To enhance the utilization of summer-autumn tea, a water-soluble polysaccharide (D1N1) was isolated through a series of techniques including hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and column chromatography. The structure of D1N1 was determined through the utilization of ultraviolet, Fourier-transform infrared, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results revealed that glucose was the predominant component of D1N1, accounting for 95% of its composition. Additionally, D1N1 also contained galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose. The molecular weight (Mw) of D1N1 was determined to be 224.71 kDa. The backbone of D1N1 consisted of →4)-α-D -Glcp (1→, →3,4)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D -Glcp (1→ at a molar ratio of 35:1:1, and branching at the O-3 position of →3,4)-α-D-Galp-(1→ and O-6 position of →4,6)-α-D-Glcp (1→ with α-D -Glcp (1→. In addition, the antioxidant activity of D1N1 was also evaluated. D1N1 exhibited excellent antioxidant bioactivity against the DPPH, superoxide anion radical, and ABTS+ radical. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of summer-autumn tea polysaccharide as a potential functional food.

Regulation and mechanism of organic selenium on quorum sensing, biofilm, and antioxidant effects of Lactobacillus paracasei.

Different organic compounds can have varying degrees of impact on the activity of Lactobacillus paracasei. The study focused on the impact and action mechanism of different organic selenium products on the bioactivity of two strains of L. paracasei. The growth, antioxidant activity, extracellular polysaccharide secretion, quorum sensing (QS), and biofilm formation of the strains before and after the addition of organic selenium crude products and three organic selenium standard were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of crude organic selenium promoted the various activities of the strain. l-selenocysteine had the strongest regulatory effect, with maximum GIM1.80 biofilm formation when it reached a critical concentration of 0.4 µg/mL; l-selenomethionine resulted in the highest activity of the signal molecule Auto inducer-2 of GDMCC1.155, when it reached a critical concentration of 0.4 µg/mL. The results of scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the addition of organic selenium effectively improved the morphological structure of the two bacterial cells. Molecular docking revealed that the mechanism by which organic selenium regulates QS in Lactobacillus was achieved by binding two crucial receptor proteins (histidine protein kinase HKP and periplasmic binding protein LuxP) from specific sites. Furthermore, organic selenium products have a beneficial regulatory effect on the biological activity of L. paracasei. Overall, these findings provide a new alternative (organic selenium) for regulating the viability and beneficial activity of L. paracasei.

Integration of transcriptome and metabolome reveals the accumulation of related metabolites and gene regulation networks during quinoa seed development.

Quinoa seeds are gluten- and cholesterol-free, contain all amino acids required by the human body, have a high protein content, provide endocrine regulation, protein supplementation, and cardiovascular protection effects. However, metabolite accumulation and transcriptional regulatory networks in quinoa seed development are not well understood. Four key stages of seed development in Dianli-3260 and Dianli-557 were thus analyzed and 849 metabolites were identified, among which sugars, amino acids, and lipids were key for developmental processes, and their accumulation showed a gradual decrease. Transcriptome analysis identified 40,345 genes, of which 20,917 were differential between the M and F phases, including 8279 and 12,638 up- and down-regulated genes, respectively. Grain development processes were mainly enriched in galactose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, the biosynthesis of amino acids, and carbon metabolism pathways, in which raffinose, phosphoenolpyruvate, series and other metabolites are significantly enriched, gene-LOC110689372, Gene-LOC110710556 and gene-LOC110714584 are significantly expressed, and these metabolites and genes play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid and Amino acid synthesis of quinoa. This study provides a theoretical basis to expand our understanding of the molecular and metabolic development of quinoa grains.

Energy harvesting from water impact using piezoelectric energy harvester.

Energy, as an indispensable part of human life, has been a hot topic of research among scholars. The water kinetic energy generated by ocean currents, as a kind of clean energy, has high utilization rate, high power generation potential, and a broad prospect of powering microelectronic devices. As a result, the water kinetic piezoelectric energy harvester (WKPEH) has made significant progress in powering ocean sensors by harvesting ocean currents. This paper provides a comprehensive review of technologies that have been used in recent years to harvest energy from marine fluids using WKPEH. Detailed study of the energy harvesting mechanism of WKPEH. WKPEH can use the flutter-induced vibrations, vortex-induced vibrations, and wake oscillation principles to harvest water kinetic energy. The structural characteristics and output performance of each mechanism are also discussed and compared, and finally, a prospect on WKPEH is given.

Maternal birth weight as an indicator of early and late gestational diabetes mellitus: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the association of maternal birth weight (MBW) with early and late gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: A total of 69318 pregnant Japanese women were included in this birth cohort study. The associations between maternal birth weight and early gestational diabetes mellitus (diagnosed at <24 gestational weeks) and late GDM (diagnosed at ≥24 gestational weeks) were investigated using a multinomial logistic regression model, with an maternal birth weight of 3000-3499 g as the reference category. RESULTS: Lower maternal birth weight was associated with higher odds of developing early and late gestational diabetes mellitus (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for early gestational diabetes mellitus in participants with a MBW of <2500 g and 2500-2999 g were 1.345 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.912-1.984) and 1.338 (95% CI: 1.098-1.629), respectively. The aORs for late gestational diabetes mellitus in participants with a MBW of <2500 g and 2500-2999 g were, 1.657 (95% CI: 1.298-2.115) and 1.218 (95% CI: 1.058-1.402), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the gestational age when gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed, a lower maternal birth weight was associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the association of a MBW <2500 g with late gestational diabetes mellitus tended to be stronger than that with early gestational diabetes mellitus.

Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Based on Biofunctionalized Nanochannel Modified Carbonaceous Electrode.

The convenient construction of carbon-based electrochemical immunosensors with high performance is highly desirable for the efficient detection of tumor biomarkers. In this work, an electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated by integrating a biofunctionalized mesoporous silica nanochannel film with a carbon-based electrode, which can enable the sensitive determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum. The commonly used carbonaceous electrode, glassy carbon electrode (GCE), was employed as the supporting electrode and was pre-treated through electrochemical polarization to achieve the stable binding of a vertically ordered mesoporous silica film with amino groups (NH2-VMSF) without the use of any adhesive layer. To fabricate the immunorecognition interface, antibodies were covalently immobilized after the amino groups on the outer surface of NH2-VMSF was derivatized to aldehyde groups. The presence of amino sites within the high-density nanochannels of NH2-VMSF can facilitate the migration of negatively charged redox probes (Fe(CN)63-/4-) to the supporting electrode through electrostatic adsorption, leading to the generation of electrochemical signals. In the presence of CEA, the formation of immunocomplexes on the recognitive interface can reduce the electrochemical signal of Fe(CN)63-/4- on the supporting electrode. Based on this principle, the sensitive electrochemical detection of CEA was achieved. CEA can be determined to range from 0.01 ng mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 with a limit of detection of 6.3 pg mL-1. The fabricated immunosensor exhibited high selectivity, and the detection of CEA in fetal bovine serum was achieved.

Association between Maternal Birth Weight and Prevalence of Congenital Malformations in Offspring: The Japanese Environment and Children's Study.

Congenital malformations are functional and structural alterations in embryonic or foetal development resulting from a variety of factors including maternal health status. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal birth weight (MBW) and the prevalence of congenital malformations in offspring using data from a nationwide birth cohort study in Japan including 103,060 pregnancies. A binary logistic regression model with adjustment for various covariates revealed that an MBW of <2500 g (low MBW) was associated with an increased risk of congenital heart disease (adjusted odds ratio: 1.388, [95% confidence interval: 1.075-1.792]), angioma (1.491 [1.079-2.059]), and inguinal hernia (1.746, [1.189-2.565]), while those with an MBW of ≥4000 g (high MBW) were associated with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract (2.194, [1.261-3.819]) and arrhythmia (1.775, [1.157-2.725]) compared with those with an MBW of 3000-3499 g. Low MBW was associated with cleft lip and/or palate (1.473, [1.052-2.064]), congenital heart disease (1.615, [1.119-2.332]), genital organs (1.648, [1.130-2.405]), hypospadias (1.804, [1.130-2.881]), and inguinal hernia (1.484, [1.189-1.851]) in male infants and CAKUT (1.619, [1.154-2.273]) in female infants, whereas high MBW was associated with congenital heart disease (1.745, [1.058-2.877]) and CAKUT (2.470, [1.350-4.517]) in male infants. The present study is the first to demonstrate a link between MBW and congenital malformations in Japanese children. While these results must be interpreted with caution, MBW should be considered a major predictor of congenital malformation risk.

Astragaloside IV mitigates hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy through calpain-1-mediated mTOR activation.

BACKGROUND: Astragaloside IV (AsIV), a key functioning element of Astragalus membranaceus, has been recognized for its potential cardiovascular protective properties. However, there is a need to elucidate the impacts of AsIV on myocardial hypertrophy under hypoxia conditions and its root mechanisms. PURPOSE: This study scrutinized the influence of AsIV on cardiac injury under hypoxia, with particular emphasis on the role of calpain-1 (CAPN1) in mediating mTOR pathways. METHODS: Hypoxia-triggered cardiac hypertrophy was examined in vivo with CAPN1 knockout and wild-type C57BL/6 mice and in vitro with H9C2 cells. The impacts of AsIV, 3-methyladenine, and CAPN1 inhibition on hypertrophy, autophagy, apoptosis, [Ca2+]i, and CAPN1 and mTOR levels in cardiac tissues and H9C2 cells were investigated. RESULTS: Both AsIV treatment and CAPN1 knockout mitigated hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy, autophagy, and apoptosis in mice and H9C2 cells. Moreover, AsIV, 3-methyladenine, and CAPN1 inhibition augmented p-mTOR level but reduced [Ca2+]i and CAPN1 level. Additionally, lentivirus-mediated CAPN1 overexpression in H9C2 cells exacerbated myocardial hypertrophy, apoptosis, and p-mTOR inhibition under hypoxia. Specifically, AsIV treatment reversed the impacts of increased CAPN1 expression on cardiac injury and the inhibition of p-mTOR. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that AsIV may alleviate cardiac hypertrophy under hypoxia by attenuating apoptosis and autophagy through CAPN1-mediated mTOR activation.

Ionic Liquid Interface as a Cell Scaffold.

In sharp contrast to conventional solid/hydrogel platforms, water-immiscible liquids, such as perfluorocarbons and silicones, allow the adhesion of mammalian cells via protein nanolayers (PNLs) formed at the interface. However, fluorocarbons and silicones, which are typically used for liquid cell culture, possess only narrow ranges of physicochemical parameters and have not allowed for a wide variety of cell culturing environments. In this paper, it is proposed that water-immiscible ionic liquids (ILs) are a new family of liquid substrates with tunable physicochemical properties and high solvation capabilities. Tetraalkylphosphonium-based ILs are identified as non-cytotoxic ILs, whereon human mesenchymal stem cells are successfully cultured. By reducing the cation charge distribution, or ionicity, via alkyl chain elongation, the interface allows cell spreading with matured focal contacts. High-speed atomic force microscopy observations of the PNL formation process suggest that the cation charge distribution significantly altered the protein adsorption dynamics, which are associated with the degree of protein denaturation and the PNL mechanics. Moreover, by exploiting dissolution capability of ILs, an ion-gel cell scaffold is fabricated. This enables to further identify the significant contribution of bulk subphase mechanics to cellular mechanosensing in liquid-based culture scaffolds.

Hybrid organic frameworks: Synthesis strategies and applications in photocatalytic wastewater treatment - A review.

Hybrid organic framework materials are a class of hierarchical porous crystalline materials that have emerged in recent years, composed of three types of porous crystal materials, namely metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs). The combination of various organic framework properties in hybrid organic frameworks generates synergistic effects, which has attracted widespread attention from researchers. The synthesis methods of hybrid organic frameworks are also an intriguing topic, enabling the formation of core-shell heterostructures through epitaxial growth, template conversion, medium growth, or direct combination. These hybrid organic framework materials have demonstrated remarkable performance in the application of photocatalytic wastewater purification and have developed various forms of applications. This article reviews the preparation principles and methods of various hybrid organic frameworks and provides a detailed overview of the research progress of photocatalytic water purification hybrid organic frameworks. Finally, the challenges and development prospects of hybrid organic framework synthesis and their application in water purification are briefly discussed.

Association of parity with the prevalence of hypertension in Japan: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based cohort study.

This study investigated the association of parity with hypertension prevalence in Japanese women while considering a clinical history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and menopausal status. This cross-sectional study included 30,530 Japanese women (6700 premenopausal; 23 830 postmenopausal). The association between parity and the prevalence of hypertension was evaluated using a multiple logistic regression model with possible confounders. In premenopausal women, no statistically significant association between parity and hypertension prevalence was found. When not adjusted for current body mass index (BMI), a linear graded association was observed between parity and the prevalence of hypertension in postmenopausal women. However, the association between parity and hypertension prevalence in postmenopausal women was attenuated after adjustment for current BMI. Both current BMI and a clinical history of HDP were significantly associated with a high risk of hypertension in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Our results also suggest that continuous surveillance and preventive measures for hypertension should be provided for women with HDP and high parity.

Enhancement of the solubility and oral bioavailability of altrenogest through complexation with hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin.

Altrenogest (ALT), a synthetic progestogen, serves a critical role in estrus synchronization among animals like gilts and mares. However, its practical application in animal husbandry is hampered due to its poor solubility and limited oral bioavailability. To address this challenge, a solvent evaporation method was employed to create an inclusion complex of ALT with hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (ALT/HP-ß-CD). The formation of this inclusion complex was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, power X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and docking calculations. In addition, we further conducted pharmacokinetic investigation involving gilts, comparing ALT/HP-ß-CD inclusion complex to an ALT oral solution. The physicochemical characterization results unveiled a transformation of ALT's crystal morphology into an amorphous state, with ALT effectively entering the cavity of HP-ß-CD. Compared with ALT, the solubility of ALT/HP-ß-CD inclusion complex increased by 1026.51-fold, and its dissolution rate demonstrated significant improvement. Pharmacokinetic assessments further revealed that the oral bioavailability of ALT/HP-ß-CD inclusion complex surpassed that of the ALT oral solution, with a relative bioavailability of 114.08 %. In conclusion, complexation with HP-ß-CD represents a highly effective approach to improve both the solubility and oral bioavailability of ALT.

Effect of structural stability of lipase in acetonitrile on its catalytic activity in EGCG esterification reaction: FTIR and MD simulation.

In this study, (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) esterification reaction was catalyzed by Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM, Lipozyme TLIM, and lipase Amano 30SD in acetonitrile. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to analyze the structural stability of different lipases in acetonitrile and their effect on EGCG esterification reaction. The results showed that conversion rate of EGCG catalyzed by Lipozyme RM was the highest, followed by Lipozyme TLIM. FTIR indicated that the secondary structure of Lipozyme RM was the most stable. MD simulations suggested that whole structural stability of Lipozyme RM in acetonitrile was superior to Novozym 435 and lipase Amano 30SD and similar to Lipozyme TLIM due to their similar conformation, while the active site of Lipozyme RM is more flexible than that of Lipozyme TLIM, which indicated that lipase with stable whole structure and flexible active site may be more conducive to the esterification of EGCG in acetonitrile. This study provided a direction for rapidly screening lipase to synthetize EGCG or other polyphenols esterified derivatives.

Enhancing both oral bioavailability and anti-ischemic stroke efficacy of ginkgolide B by preparing nanocrystals self-stabilized Pickering nano-emulsion.

Ginkgolide B (GB), which has been demonstrated as the most efficacious naturally occurring platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist, is extensively utilized for the management of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ailments. Nevertheless, its limited oral bioavailability is hindered by its low solubility in gastric acid and inadequate stability in intestinal fluid, thereby constraining its practical application. This study aimed to develop GB nanocrystals (GB-NCs) and GB nanocrystals self-stabilized Pickering nano-emulsion (GB-NSSPNE) using a miniaturized wet bead milling method. Comparative evaluations were conducted in vivo and in vitro to assess their effectiveness. The findings revealed that GB-NSSPNE, with its intact nanoparticle slow release and absorption, was more effective in enhancing the oral bioavailability of GB compared to the rapid release and absorption of GB-NCs. This finding suggests a potential novel strategy for the oral delivery of GB.

Bio-Inspired Small Target Motion Detection With Spatio-Temporal Feedback in Natural Scenes.

Small moving objects at far distance always occupy only one or a few pixels in image and exhibit extremely limited visual features, which bring great challenges to motion detection. Highly evolved visual systems endow flying insects with remarkable ability to pursue tiny mates and prey, providing a good template to develop image processing method for small target motion detection. The insects' excellent sensitivity to small moving objects is believed to come from a class of specific neurons called small target motion detectors (STMDs). However, existing STMD-based methods often experience performance degradation when coping with complex natural scenes. In this paper, we propose a bio-inspired visual system with spatio-temporal feedback mechanism (called Spatio-Temporal Feedback STMD) to suppress false positive background movement while enhancing system responses to small targets. Specifically, the proposed visual system is composed of two complementary subnetworks and a feedback loop. The first subnetwork is designed to extract spatial and temporal movement patterns of cluttered background by neuronal ensemble coding. The second subnetwork is developed to capture small target motion information where its output and signal from the first subnetwork are integrated together via the feedback loop to filter out background false positives in a recurrent manner. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed spatio-temporal feedback visual system is more competitive than existing methods in discriminating small moving targets from complex natural environments.

Favorable response of a patient with primary B/myeloid mixed phenotype acute Leukemia to CD19-CAR-T: Case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) is a rare and heterogeneous type of leukemia known for its poor prognosis. The optimal treatment strategy for this condition currently lacks consensus, leaving uncertainty in its management. Nonetheless, a potential therapeutic option for patients with refractory MPAL who express target antigens is donor-derived chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy. PATIENT CONCERNS: We recently reported a 61-year-old woman with MPAL and elucidated its diagnosis and treatment. DIAGNOSIS: The diagnosis of MPAL was established based on the classification of World Health Organization in 2016. INTERVENTIONS: Despite undergoing 3 different acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) regimens and 1 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) regimen, the patient did not achieve remission. Subsequently, the patient received human CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapy. OUTCOMES: The patient achieved a successful and complete remission after CAR-T cell therapy. Tragically, 8 months after CAR-T infusion, the patient experienced a relapse characterized by CD19-negative disease and ultimately passed away. LESSONS: This case underscores the potential efficacy and safety of human-derived CD19 CAR-T cell therapy in treating refractory MPAL. While this particular patient outcome was unfortunate, it suggests that CAR-T cell therapy may still hold promise as a viable treatment option for MPAL patients unresponsive to other therapies. Further research in this field is warranted to determine the most effective treatment strategies for managing this challenging disease.

Baicalin attenuates pulmonary vascular remodeling by inhibiting calpain-1 mediated endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of baicalin on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the mechanism is unclear. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of baicalin on pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR) with a focus on calpain-1-mediated endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Methods: PAH was induced by intraperitoneal injection of monocrotaline (MCT) in rats and hypoxia in calpain-1 gene knockout (Capn1-/-) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. An in vitro PVR model was established in PASMCs and HPAECs. Results: The data showed that baicalin treatment and calpain-1 inhibition alleviated MCT and hypoxia-induced increases in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), prevented right ventricle hypertrophy and PVR, and attenuated cardiopulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, baicalin ameliorated PAH-induced EndMT, as evidenced by the suppressed expression of mesenchymal markers vimentin, and α-SMA and restored expression of endothelial markers CD31, and VE-cadherin. In vitro studies showed that baicalin treatment blocked TGF-ß1-induced EndMT in HPAECs and abolished hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation and migration. All the beneficial effects of baicalin on PVR in vitro and in vivo were accompanied by suppressed calpain-1 expression. Further study demonstrated that baicalin treatment and calpain-1 inhibition inhibited the enhanced expression of PI3K and p-AKT both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: In conclusion, baicalin treatment attenuates PVR by inhibiting calpain-1 and PI3K/Akt-mediated EndMT.