Doyle-Kirmse reaction using 3,3-difluoroallyl sulfide and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole: an efficient access to gem-difluoroallylated multifunctional quaternary carbon.

A Doyle-Kirmse reaction of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole with 3,3-difluoroallyl sulfide through a Rh(ii)-catalyzed [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement has been developed, which provides an efficient access to multifunctional quaternary centers containing aryl, imino, thio, and brominated gem-difluoroallyl groups. The reaction features broad substrate scope with moderate to excellent yields. The applicability of the method is confirmed by gram-scale synthesis and further transformations.

gem-Difluoroallylation of Aryl Diazoesters via Catalyst-Free, Blue-Light-Mediated Formal Doyle-Kirmse Reaction.

A first example of low-energy blue-light-mediated formal Doyle-Kirmse reaction for gem-difluoroallylation of aryl diazoesters has been developed. A variety of highly functionalized gem-difluoroallyl containing esters bearing transformable sulfur and bromine groups were efficiently assembled with broad substrate scope under mild, catalyst-free, and additive-free conditions. The reaction represents a practical and environmentally friendly approach for C-CF2 bond formation based on rearrangement strategy, which will find potential applications among drug discovery and development.

Nanosystem Integrated with Photosensitizer and Novel Targeting Chemotherapy Agent for Gastric Cancer Chemo-Photodynamic Combined Therapy.

The poor cell membrane penetration ability of photosensitizers resulted in the limited antitumor effect, thereby hampered their potential in clinical translation. The high toxic side effect and multidrug resistance of chemotherapeutic agents during in clinical chemical therapy should be resolved. Nanosystem integrated with photosensitizer and novel targeting chemotherapy agent may be an effective strategy for overcoming clinical or preclinical drawbacks of monotherapy and enhancing therapeutic effect. Therefore, a nanosized micelle F127 integrated with Apogossypolone (ApoG2) and Al(III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid (AlPcS4) (referred as F127-ApoG2@AlPcS4) was synthesized to induce the cell death quickly for reducing the risk of resistance and enhancing gastric cancer therapeutic efficiency by combining AlPcS4/photodynamic therapy and ApoG2/chemotherapy. Hydrophobic of ApoG2 and hydrophilic of AlPcS4 self-assembled into this micelle to formation of core-shell structure based on the amphiphilic character of F127 micelle. The reactive oxygen species-dependent mitochondria membrane permeability was improved effectively because of reactive oxygen species generation of ApoG2, thereby resulting in a considerable amount of AlPcS4 and ApoG2 entering the mitochondrial. The AlPcS4 binding site was altered from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus at higher concentration because of the existence of ApoG2. With irradiation, ApoG2 and AlPcS4 showed effective synergistic anti-tumor effect through inducing apoptosis due to singlet oxygen production regulated mainly by AlPcS4, reactive oxygen species accumulation and calcium overload regulated mainly by ApoG2. Intranuclear AlPcS4 caused cell death through necrosis. The apoptosis induced by AlPcS4 was earlier than ApoG2. In summary, F127-ApoG2@AlPcS4 quickly induced a long-lasting apoptosis that led to cell death, which could be a promising nanosized reagent for gastric cancer therapy based on chemo-photodynamic combined therapy.

AlPcS4-PDT for gastric cancer therapy using gold nanorod, cationic liposome, and Pluronic® F127 nanomicellar drug carriers.

PURPOSE: As a promising photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent, Al(III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid (AlPcS4) provides deep penetration into tissue, high quantum yields, good photostability, and low photobleaching. However, its low delivery efficiency and high binding affinity to serum albumin cause its low penetration into cancer cells, further limiting its PDT effect on gastric cancer. In order to improve AlPcS4/PDT effect, the AlPcS4 delivery sys tems with different drug carriers were synthesized and investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gold nanorods, cationic liposomes, and Pluronic® F127 nanomicellars were used to formulate the AlPcS4 delivery systems. The anticancer effect was evaluated by CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay. The delivery efficiency of AlPcS4 and the binding affinity to serum proteins were determined by fluorescence intensity assay. The apoptosis and necrosis ability, reactive oxygen species and singlet oxygen generation, mitochondrial transmembrane potential and ([Ca2+]i) concentration were further measured to evaluate the mechanism of cell death. RESULTS: The series of synthesized AlPcS4 delivery systems with different drug carriers improve the limited PDT effect in varying degrees. In contrast, AlPcS4 complex with gold nanorods has significant anticancer effects because gold nanorods are not only suitable for AlPcS4 delivery, but also exhibit enhanced singlet oxygen generation effect and photothermal effect to induce cell death directly. Moreover, AlPcS4 complex with cationic liposomes shows the potent inhibition effect because of its optimal AlPcS4 delivery efficiency and ability to block serum albumin. In addition, AlPcS4 complex with Pluronic F127 exhibits inferior PDT effect but presents lower cytotoxicity, slower dissociation rate, and longer retention time of incorporated drugs; thus, F127-AlPcS4 is used for prolonged gastric cancer therapy. CONCLUSION: The described AlPcS4 drug delivery systems provide promising agents for gastric cancer therapy.