Antibiotics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine food webs of the Yellow River Estuary: Occurrence, trophic transfer, and human health risks.

Antibiotics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common environmental contaminants in the aquatic region encompassing the estuary of the Yellow River and Laizhou Bay. But little information is available about the trophic transfer of antibiotics and PAHs in the marine food web of this area. This study investigated the occurrence and trophic transfer of 19 antibiotics and 16 PAHs in marine organisms from a food web of Laizhou Bay of the Yellow River estuary. Sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and 2 to 4-ring PAHs were the dominant contaminants in organisms. There was a significant positive correlation between the log total concentration of sulfonamides and trophic level (TL). Sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, and erythromycin had biomagnification effects, while ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin had biological dilution effects. The log total concentration of PAHs had a significant negative correlation with TL. Naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene had biological dilution effects. The distinct correlations of trophic magnification factors Dow of antibiotics and Kow of 2 to 5-ring PAHs, indicating that the potential of these two coefficients for predicting their transfer. Risk assessment indicated that the consumption of seafood containing antibiotics and PAHs in Laizhou Bay of the Yellow River estuary posed health and carcinogenic risks to human, respectively.

Association of triglyceride glucose index and triglyceride glucose-body mass index with sudden cardiac arrest in the general population.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) significantly contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) are recognised as convenient proxies for IR. However, their relationship with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) remains unclear. METHODS: This prospective cohort analysis included 355,242 UK Biobank participants with available TyG index and TyG-BMI data and no history of CVD. Cox proportional risk models assessed the association between the TyG index, TyG-BMI and SCA risk. Additionally, Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) models were employed to investigate the timing of SCA onset. The impact of dynamic increases in TyG index and TyG-BMI levels on SCA risk was examined using restricted cubic spline. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up period of 165.4 months (interquartile range 156.5-174 months), 1,622 cases of SCA were recorded. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed a 9% increase in SCA risk per standard deviation increase in TyG index (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.15) and an 14% increase per standard deviation increase in TyG-BMI (aHR 1.14, 95% CI 1.09-1.2). AFT models indicated earlier median times to SCA occurrence with increasing quintiles of TyG index and TyG-BMI compared to the lowest quintile (P for trend < 0.05). SCA risk was linearly (P = 0.54) and non-linearly (P = 0.007) correlated with gradual increases in TyG index and TyG-BMI levels, respectively. Sex-stratified analyses showed stronger associations in women. CONCLUSIONS: Higher TyG index and TyG-BMI levels are associated with an increased SCA risk and earlier onset, particularly in women.

Shift in microorganism and functional gene abundance during completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process.

Nitrification-denitrification process has failed to meet wastewater treatment standards. The completely autotrophic nitrite removal (CANON) process has a huge advantage in the field of low carbon/nitrogen wastewater nitrogen removal. However, slow start-up and system instability limit its applications. In this study, the time of the start-up CANON process was reduced by using bio-rope as loading materials. The establishing of graded dissolved oxygen improved the stability of the CANON process and enhanced the stratification effect between functional microorganisms. Microbial community structure and the abundance of nitrogen removal functional genes are also analyzed. The results showed that the CANON process was initiated within 75 days in the complete absence of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) inoculation. The ammonium and nitrogen removal efficiencies of CANON process reached to 94.45% and 80.76% respectively. The results also showed that the relative abundance of nitrogen removal bacterial in the biofilm gradually increases with the dissolved oxygen content in the solution decreases. In contrast, the relative abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria was positively correlated with the dissolved oxygen content in the solution. The relative abundance of g__Candidatus_Brocadia in biofilm was 15.56%, and while g__Nitrosomonas was just 0.6613%. Metagenomic analysis showed that g__Candidatus_Brocadia also contributes 66.37% to the partial-nitrification functional gene Hao (K10535). This study presented a new idea for the cooperation between partial-nitrification and anammox, which improved the nitrogen removal system stability.

Polyethylene glycol-polyvinylidene fluoride/TiO2 nanocomposite polymer coatings with efficient antifouling strategies: Hydrophilized defensive surface and stable capacitive deionization.

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is flourishing as an energy-efficient and cost-effective water desalination method. However, challenges such as electrode degradation and fouling have hindered the practical deployment of CDI technology. To address these challenges, the key point of our strategy is applying a hydrophilic coating composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized nano-TiO2/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to the electrode interface (labeled as APPT electrode). The PEG/PVDF/TiO2 layer not only mitigates the co-ion depletion, but also imparts the activated carbon (AC) electrode hydrophilicity. As anticipated, the APPT electrode possessed an enhanced desalination capacity of 83.54 µmol g-1 and a low energy consumption of 17.99 Wh m-3 in 10 mM sodium chloride solution compared with the bare AC electrode. Notably, the APPT maintained about 93.19 % of its desalination capacity after 50 consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). During the trial, moreover, no obvious overall performance decline was noted in concentration reduction (Δc), water recovery (WR) and productivity (P) over 50 cycles. This strategy realizes energy-efficient, antifouling and stable brackish water desalination and has great promise for practical applications.

Hydrodynamic cultivation of aeration-free oxygenic photogranules is favored by sufficient amounts of organic carbon.

Oxygenic photogranules (OPGs) have great potential for the aeration-free treatment of various wastewater, however, the effects of wastewater carbon composition on OPGs remain unknown. This study investigated the hydrodynamic photogranulation in three types of wastewater with the same total carbon concentration but different inorganic/organic carbon compositions, each operated at two replicated reactors. Results showed that photogranulation failed in reactors fed with only inorganic carbon. In reactors with equal inorganic and organic carbon, loose-structured OPGs formed but then disintegrated. Comparatively, reactors treating organic carbon-based wastewater obtained regular and dense OPGs with better settleability, lower effluent turbidity, excellent structural stability, and higher carbon assimilation rate. Sufficient amounts of organic carbon were crucial for the formation and stability of OPGs as they promoted the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and the growth of filamentous cyanobacteria. This study provides a basis for the startup of OPGs process and facilitates its large-scale application.

Beyond feast and famine: Cultivating hydrodynamic oxygenic photogranules with better performances under permanent feast regime.

Oxygenic photogranules (OPGs) are currently obtained in permanent famine or cyclic feast-famine regimes. Whether photogranulation occurs under a permanent feast regime and how these regimes impact OPGs are unknown. Herein, the three regimes, each applied in two replicate hydrodynamic reactors, were established by different feeding frequencies. Results showed that OPGs were successfully cultivated in all regimes after 24-36 days of photogranulation phases with similar microbial community functions, including filamentous gliding, extracellular polymeric substances production, and carbon/nitrogen metabolism. The OPGs were then operated under the same sequencing batch mode and all achieved efficient removal of chemical oxygen demand (>91 %), ammonium (>96 %), and total nitrogen (>76 %) after different adaptation periods (19-41 days). Notably, the permanent feast regime obtained OPGs with the best physicochemical properties, the shortest adaptation period, and the lowest effluent turbidity, thus representing a novel means of hydrodynamic cultivating OPGs with better performances for sustainable wastewater treatment.

Development of diffusive gradients in thin-films technique for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal waters.

Addressing the challenge of accurately monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic systems, this study employed diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique to achieve methods detection limits as low as 0.02 ng L-1 to 0.05 ng L-1 through in situ preconcentration and determination of time-integrated concentrations. The efficacy of the developed DGT samplers was validated under diverse environmental conditions, demonstrating independence from factors such as pH (5.03-9.01), dissolved organic matter (0-20 mg L-1), and ionic strength (0.0001-0.6 M). Notably, the introduction of a novel theoretical approach to calculate diffusion coefficients based on solvent-accessible volume tailored for PAHs significantly enhanced the method's applicability, particularly for organic pollutants with low solubility. Field deployments in coastal zones validated the DGT method against traditional grab sampling, with findings advocating a 4 to 7-day optimal deployment duration for balancing sensitivity and mitigating lag time effects. These results provide a sophisticated, efficient solution to the persistent challenge of monitoring hydrophobic organic pollutants in aquatic environments, broadening the scope and applicability of DGT in environmental science and providing a robust tool for researchers.

Highly efficient targeted adsorption and catalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by a novel molecularly imprinted bimetallic MOFs catalyst for persulfate activation.

Given the presence of emerging pollutants at low concentrations in water bodies, which are inevitably affected by background substances during the removal process. In this study, we synthesized molecularly imprinted catalysts (Cu/Ni-MOFs@MIP) based on bimetallic metal-organic frameworks for the targeted degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The electrostatic interaction and functional group binding of CIP with specific recognition sites on Cu/Ni-MOFs@MIP produced excellent selective recognition (Qmax was 14.82 mg g-1), which enabled the active radicals to approach and remove the contaminants faster. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and quenching experiments revealed the coexistence of ∙OH, SO42-, and 1O2, with ∙OH dominating the system. Based on experimental and theoretical calculations, the reaction sites of CIP were predicted and the possible degradation pathways and mechanisms of Cu/Ni-MOFs@MIP/PMS systems were proposed. This study opens up a new platform for the targeted removal of target pollutants in AOPs.

A novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from walnut (Juglans sigillata) protein hydrolysates and its evaluation in Ang II-induced HUVECs and hypertensive rats.

This study aims to seek angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) peptides from walnut using different enzymatic hydrolysis, and further to validate the potent ACEi peptides identified and screened via peptidomics and in silico analysis against hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Results showed that walnut protein hydrolysate (WPH) prepared by combination of alcalase and simulated gastrointestinal digestion exhibited high ACEi activity. WPH was separated via Sephadex-G25, and four peptides were identified, screened and verified based on their PeptideRanker score, structural characteristic and ACE inhibition. Interestingly, FDWLR showed the highest ACEi activity with IC50 value of 8.02 µg/mL, which might be related to its close affinity with ACE observed in molecular docking. Subsequently, high absorption and non-toxicity of FDWLR was predicted via in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity. Furthermore, FDWLR exhibited positively vasoregulation in Ang II-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and great blood pressure lowering effect in SHRs.

Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Process for Chlorpyrifos Degradation: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Toxicity Assessment.

Persulfate-based advanced oxidation process has been proven to be a promising method for the toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPY) degradation in wastewater treatment. However, due to the limitation for the short-lived intermediates detection, a comprehensive understanding for the degradation pathway remains unclear. To address this issue, density functional theory was used to analyze the degradation mechanism of CPY at the M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level, and computational toxicology methods were employed to explore the toxicity of CPY and its degradation products. Results show that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and sulfate radicals (SO4•-) initiate the degradation reactions by adding to the P=S bond and abstracting the H atom on the ethyl group, rather than undergoing α-elimination of the pyridine ring in the persulfate oxidation process. Moreover, the addition products were attracted and degraded by breaking the P-O bond, while the abstraction products were degraded through dealkylation reactions. The transformation products, including 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridynol, O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate, chlorpyrifos oxon, and acetaldehyde, obtained through theoretical calculations have been detected in previous experimental studies. The reaction rate constants of CPY with ·OH and SO4•- were 6.32 × 108 and 9.14 × 108 M-1·s-1 at room temperature, respectively, which was consistent with the experimental values of 4.42 × 109 and 4.5 × 109 M-1 s-1. Toxicity evaluation results indicated that the acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms gradually decreased during the degradation process. However, some products still possess toxic or highly toxic levels, which may pose risks to human health. These research findings contribute to understanding the transformation behavior and risk assessment of CPY in practical wastewater treatment.

Construction of Uniform LiF Coating Layers for Stable High-Voltage LiCoO2 Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Stabilizing LiCoO2 (LCO) at 4.5 V rather than the common 4.2 V is important for the high specific capacity. In this study, we developed a simple and efficient way to improve the stability of LiCoO2 at high voltages. After a simple sol-gel method, we introduced trifluoroacetic acid (TA) to the surface of LCO via an afterwards calcination. Meanwhile, the TA reacted with residual lithium on the surface of LCO, further leading to the formation of uniform LiF nanoshells. The LiF nanoshells could effectively restrict the interfacial side reaction, hinder the transition metal dissolution and thus achieve a stable cathode-electrolyte interface at high working-voltages. As a result, the LCO@LiF demonstrated a much superior cycling stability with a capacity retention ratio of 83.54% after 100 cycles compared with the bare ones (43.3% for capacity retention), as well as high rate performances. Notably, LiF coating layers endow LCO with excellent high-temperature performances and outstanding full-cell performances. This work provides a simple and effective way to prepare stable LCO materials working at a high voltage.

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal sustained by aeration-free filamentous microalgal-bacterial granular sludge.

The microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) based enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) (MBGS-EBPR) was recently proposed as a sustainable wastewater treatment process. Previous work showed the possibility of obtaining an MBGS-EBPR process starting from mature MBGS and phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) enriched aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and validated the effectiveness of removing carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus with mechanical aeration. The present work evaluated whether the same could be achieved starting from conventional activated sludge and operating under aeration-free conditions in an alternating dark/light photo-sequencing batch reactor (PSBR). We successfully cultivated filamentous MBGS with a high settling rate (34.5 m/h) and fast solid-liquid separation performance, which could be attributed to the proliferation of filamentous cyanobacteria and stimulation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production. The process achieved near-complete steady-state removal of carbon (97.2 ± 1.9 %), nitrogen (93.9 ± 0.7 %), and phosphorus (97.7 ± 1.7 %). Moreover, improved phosphorus release/uptake driven by photosynthetic oxygenation under dark/light cycles suggests the enrichment of PAOs and the establishment of MBGS-EBPR. Batch tests showed similar phosphorus release rates in the dark but significantly lower phosphorus uptake rates in the presence of light when the filamentous granules were disrupted. This indicates that the filamentous structure of MBGS has minor limitations on substrate mass transfer while exerting protective effects on PAOs, thus playing an important role in sustaining the function of aeration-free EBPR. Microbial assays further indicated that the enrichment of filamentous cyanobacteria (Synechocystis, Leptoolybya, and Nodosilinea), putative PAOs and EPS producers (Hydrogenophaga, Thauera, Flavobacterium, and Bdellovibrio) promoted the development of filamentous MBGS and enabled the high-efficient pollutant removal. This work provides a feasible and cost-effective strategy for the startup and operation of this innovative process.

Unraveling the crucial role of trace oxygen in organic semiconductors.

Optoelectronic properties of semiconductors are significantly modified by impurities at trace level. Oxygen, a prevalent impurity in organic semiconductors (OSCs), has long been considered charge-carrier traps, leading to mobility degradation and stability problems. However, this understanding relies on the conventional deoxygenation methods, by which oxygen residues in OSCs are inevitable. It implies that the current understanding is questionable. Here, we develop a non-destructive deoxygenation method (i.e., de-doping) for OSCs by a soft plasma treatment, and thus reveal that trace oxygen significantly pre-empties the donor-like traps in OSCs, which is the origin of p-type characteristics exhibited by the majority of these materials. This insight is completely opposite to the previously reported carrier trapping and can clarify some previously unexplained organic electronics phenomena. Furthermore, the de-doping results in the disappearance of p-type behaviors and significant increase of n-type properties, while re-doping (under light irradiation in O2) can controllably reverse the process. Benefiting from this, the key electronic characteristics (e.g., polarity, conductivity, threshold voltage, and mobility) can be precisely modulated in a nondestructive way, expanding the explorable property space for all known OSC materials.

A critical review of distribution, toxicological effects, current analytical methods and future prospects of synthetic musks in aquatic environments.

Synthetic musks (SMs) have gained widespread utilization in daily consumer products, leading to their widespread dissemination in aquatic environments through various pathways. Over the past few decades, the production of SMs has consistently risen, prompting significant concern over their potential adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. Although several studies have focused on the development of analytical techniques for detecting SMs in biological samples and cosmetic products, a comprehensive evaluation of their global distribution in diverse aquatic media and biological matrices remains lacking. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the occurrence of SMs in both aquatic and various biological matrices, investigating their worldwide distribution trends, assessing their ecological toxicity, and comparing different methodologies for processing and analysis of SMs. The findings underscore the prevalence of polycyclic musks as predominant SMs, with consumption of various products in different countries leading to contrasting distribution of contaminants. Furthermore, the migration of SMs from sediments to the water phase is investigated, indicating the role of solid-phase reservoirs. Incomplete degradation of SMs in the environment could contribute to their accumulation in aquatic systems, impacting the growth and oxidative stress of aquatic organisms, and having a possibility of genotoxicity to them. Human exposure data highlight substantial risks for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and infants. Moreover, contemporary methods for SMs analysis are presented in this review, particularly focusing on advancements made in the last five years. Finally, research enhancement and critical questions regarding the analysis of SMs are provided, offering suggestions for future research endeavors.

An optimal genomic DNA extraction method for shoots of four Dendrocalamus species based on membership function analysis.

High-quality genomic DNA extraction is fundamental for the study of gene cloning and expression in plants. Therefore, this study evaluated several methods for extracting genomic DNA from shoots of four Dendrocalamus species to determine the optimal technique. Genomic DNA was extracted using three different methods: a commercial DNA extraction kit method, a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method and a sodium dodecyl sulfate method. A membership function analysis was employed to compare these methods. The results demonstrated that the commercial DNA extraction kit method was the most effective and comprehensive approach for extracting genomic DNA from shoots of four Dendrocalamus species. Furthermore, this study provided valuable insights into optimizing techniques for extracting genomic DNA in other bamboo species.

Deep learning downscaled high-resolution daily near surface meteorological datasets over East Asia.

U-Net, a deep-learning convolutional neural network, is used to downscale coarse meteorological data. Based on 19 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and the Multi-Source Weather (MSWX) dataset, bias correction and UNet downscaling approaches are used to develop high resolution dataset over the East Asian region, referred to as Climate Change for East Asia with Bias corrected UNet Dataset (CLIMEA-BCUD). CLIMEA-BCUD provides nine meteorological variables including 2-m air temperature, 2-m daily maximum air temperature, 2-m daily minimum air temperature, precipitation, 10-m wind speed, 2-m relative humidity, 2-m specific humidity, downward shortwave radiation and downward longwave radiation with 0.1° horizontal resolution at daily intervals over the historical period of 1950-2014 and three future scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) of 2015-2100. Validation against MSWX indicates that CLIMEA-BCUD shows reasonable performance in terms of climatology, and it is capable of simulating seasonal cycles and future changes well. It is suggested that CLIMEA-BCUD can promote the application of deep learning in climate research in the areas of climate change, hydrology, etc.

Ultrahigh-gain organic transistors based on van der Waals metal-barrier interlayer-semiconductor junction.

Intrinsic gain is a vital figure of merit in transistors, closely related to signal amplification, operation voltage, power consumption, and circuit simplification. However, organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) targeted at high gain have suffered from challenges such as narrow subthreshold operating voltage, low-quality interface, and uncontrollable barrier. Here, we report a van der Waals metal-barrier interlayer-semiconductor junction-based OTFT, which shows ultrahigh performance including ultrahigh gain of ~104, low saturation voltage, negligible hysteresis, and good stability. The high-quality van der Waals-contacted junctions are mainly attributed to patterning EGaIn liquid metal electrodes by low-energy microfluidic processes. The wide-bandgap semiconductor Ga2O3 as barrier interlayer is achieved by in situ surface oxidation of EGaIn electrodes, allowing for an adjustable barrier height and expected thermionic emission properties. The organic inverters with a high gain of 5130 and a simplified current stabilizer are further demonstrated, paving a way for high-gain and low-power organic electronics.

Personalized tumor combination therapy optimization using the single-cell transcriptome.

BACKGROUND: The precise characterization of individual tumors and immune microenvironments using transcriptome sequencing has provided a great opportunity for successful personalized cancer treatment. However, the cancer treatment response is often characterized by in vitro assays or bulk transcriptomes that neglect the heterogeneity of malignant tumors in vivo and the immune microenvironment, motivating the need to use single-cell transcriptomes for personalized cancer treatment. METHODS: Here, we present comboSC, a computational proof-of-concept study to explore the feasibility of personalized cancer combination therapy optimization using single-cell transcriptomes. ComboSC provides a workable solution to stratify individual patient samples based on quantitative evaluation of their personalized immune microenvironment with single-cell RNA sequencing and maximize the translational potential of in vitro cellular response to unify the identification of synergistic drug/small molecule combinations or small molecules that can be paired with immune checkpoint inhibitors to boost immunotherapy from a large collection of small molecules and drugs, and finally prioritize them for personalized clinical use based on bipartition graph optimization. RESULTS: We apply comboSC to publicly available 119 single-cell transcriptome data from a comprehensive set of 119 tumor samples from 15 cancer types and validate the predicted drug combination with literature evidence, mining clinical trial data, perturbation of patient-derived cell line data, and finally in-vivo samples. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, comboSC provides a feasible and one-stop computational prototype and a proof-of-concept study to predict potential drug combinations for further experimental validation and clinical usage using the single-cell transcriptome, which will facilitate and accelerate personalized tumor treatment by reducing screening time from a large drug combination space and saving valuable treatment time for individual patients. A user-friendly web server of comboSC for both clinical and research users is available at www.combosc.top . The source code is also available on GitHub at https://github.com/bm2-lab/comboSC .

Wedge osteotomy combined with internal fixation in the treatment of Mayo IIB olecranon fractures.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to present the clinical outcomes and establish a safe range for olecranon wedge osteotomy combined with internal fixation in treating Mayo IIB-type olecranon fractures. METHODS: Ten consecutive patients (10 elbows) underwent treatment involving wedge osteotomy combined with internal fixation. Primary outcome measures included the evaluation of the Oxford Elbow Score (OES), Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), pain severity assessed via a visual analogue scale (VAS), elbow mobility, and the extent of osteotomy at the final follow-up. RESULTS: At the last follow-up, the median OES was 45 (range 38-48), and the median MEPS was 90 (range 75-100). Six out of 10 patients reported no pain based on the VAS. No significant differences were observed between the healthy and affected sides regarding flexion-extension and rotation activities. The mean horizontal lengths of the olecranon articular surface and base osteotomy were 6.2 mm (range 5.5-7.4 mm) and 14.4 mm (range 10.2-16.5 mm), respectively. The mean olecranon shortening was 4.2 mm (range 2.2-5.4 mm), resulting in a shortening rate of 7.3% to 18.9%. Fracture union was achieved in all patients, with a mean time to union of 11.2 weeks (range 8-16 weeks). Early mild (grade 1) degenerative changes were observed in 3 cases. CONCLUSION: Wedge osteotomy combined with internal fixation represents a reliable treatment option for Mayo IIB olecranon fractures, particularly in cases of severe comminuted fractures that are challenging to restore anatomically. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Therapeutic Study.