Advances in understanding the roles of actin scaffolding and membrane trafficking in dendrite development.

Dendritic morphology is typically highly branched, and the branching and synaptic abundance of dendrites can enhance the receptive range of neurons and the diversity of information received, thus providing the basis for information processing in the nervous system. Once dendritic development is aberrantly compromised or damaged, it may lead to abnormal connectivity of the neural network, affecting the function and stability of the nervous system and ultimately triggering a series of neurological disorders. Research on the regulation of dendritic developmental processes has flourished, and much progress is now being made in its regulatory mechanisms. Noteworthily, dendrites are characterized by an extremely complex dendritic arborization that cannot be attributed to individual protein functions alone, requiring a systematic analysis of the intrinsic and extrinsic signals and the coordinated roles among them. Actin cytoskeleton organization and membrane vesicle trafficking are required during dendrite development, with actin providing tracks for vesicles and vesicle trafficking in turn providing material for actin assembly. In this review, we focus on these two basic biological processes and discuss the molecular mechanisms and their synergistic effects underlying the morphogenesis of neuronal dendrites. We also offer insights and discuss strategies for the potential preventive and therapeutic treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer: limitation and challenges.

Colorectal cancer exhibits a notable prevalence and propensity for metastasis, but the current therapeutic interventions for metastatic colorectal cancer have yielded suboptimal results. ICIs can decrease tumor development by preventing the tumor's immune evasion, presenting cancer patients with a new treatment alternative. The increased use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in CRC has brought several issues. In particular, ICIs have demonstrated significant clinical effectiveness in patients with MSI-H CRC, whereas their efficacy is limited in MSS. Acquired resistance can still occur in patients with a positive response to ICIs. This paper describes the efficacy of ICIs currently in the clinical treatment of CRC, discusses the mechanisms by which acquired resistance occurs, primarily related to loss and impaired presentation of tumor antigens, reduced response of IFN-λ and cytokine or metabolic dysregulation, and summarizes the incidence of adverse effects. We posit that the future of ICIs hinges upon the advancement of precise prediction biomarkers and the implementation of combination therapies. This study aims to elucidate the constraints associated with ICIs in CRC and foster targeted problem-solving approaches, thereby enhancing the potential benefits for more patients.

Multi-condition simulation analysis of a sliding hydraulic support system based on elastoplastic mechanics.

In response to the challenges of supporting fractured and weak surrounding rock in deep coal mines in the Huainan region of China, a self-moving hydraulic support system for roof support was designed and developed. This innovative solution addresses the difficulties encountered in providing continuous support to roof structures. Based on the theory of elastoplastic mechanics, a numerical analysis model was established to calculate the mechanical parameters such as the displacement, stress, and strain of hydraulic supports during the stepping process under multiple operating conditions. The results of the numerical simulation were compared and verified with those from an actual working site. The results show that the maximum equivalent stress is 245.33 MPa for operating condition 1, 246.82 MPa for operating condition 2, and 245.27 MPa for operating condition 3. The maximum stress values under the three working conditions do not exceed the yield strength of the material, satisfying the requirements for normal bracket support operations. These research findings can establish a theoretical framework for the comprehensive assessment of the reliability and stability of hydraulic supports and the optimization of construction processes.

Influence of High-Risk Pathological Factors and their Interaction on the Survival Benefit of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Stage II Rectal Cancer: A Retrospective Study.

Objectives: We investigated the impact of high-risk factors in stage II (TNM stage) rectal cancer patients to determine whether they benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. Additionally, we explored the interaction between high-risk factors and adjuvant chemotherapy. Our study provides refined guidance for postoperative treatment in patients with stage II rectal cancer. Methods: The retrospective study included 570 stage II rectal adenocarcinoma patients who underwent total mesorectal excision surgery at Tianjin Union Medical Center from August 2012 to July 2019. We employed Cox regression models to assess the collected pathological and clinical factors, identifying the risk factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Additionally, we thoroughly examined the interaction between various high-risk pathological factors and postoperative chemotherapy (ACT), including multiplicative interaction (INTM) and additive interaction (RERI). Results: Among the 570 stage II rectal cancer patients in this study, the average age was 62 years, with 58.9% (N=336) of the population being older than 60. Males accounted for the majority at 64.9% (N=370). Age was found to have an impact on whether patients received adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery (P<=0.001).Furthermore, age (HR: 1.916, 95% CI: 1.158-3.173, P=0.011; HR: 1.881, 95% CI: 1.111-3.186, P=0.019), TNM stage (HR: 2.216, 95% CI: 1.003-4.897, P=0.029; HR: 2.276, 95% CI: 1.026-5.048, P=0.043), the number of lymph nodes cleared during surgery (HR: 1.968, 95% CI: 1.112-3.483, P=0.017; HR: 1.864, 95% CI: 0.995-3.493, P=0.045), and lymphovascular invasion (HR: 2.864, 95% CI: 1.567-5.232, P=0.001; HR: 3.161, 95% CI: 1.723-5.799, P<0.001) were identified as independent risk factors for patients' overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Moreover, the interaction analysis, both multiplicative and additive, revealed significant interactions between the number of lymph nodes cleared during surgery and the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. For OS (HR for multiplicative interaction: 0.477, p=0.045; RERI: -0.531, 95% CI: -1.061, -0.002) and for DFS (HR for multiplicative interaction: 0.338, p=0.039; RERI: -1.097, 95% CI: -2.190, -0.005). Conclusions: This study provides insights into the complex relationship between adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) and survival outcomes in stage II rectal cancer patients with high-risk pathological factors. The findings suggest that the number of cleared lymph nodes plays a significant role in the efficacy of ACT and underscores the need for individualized treatment decisions in this patient population.

Derivation and validation of a nomogram incorporating modifiable lifestyle factors to predict development of colorectal adenomas after negative index colonoscopy.

This retrospective cohort study aimed to identify baseline patient characteristics involving modifiable lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of colorectal adenomas, and establish and validate a nomogram for risk predictions among high-risk populations with negative index colonoscopy. A total of 83,076 participants who underwent an index colonoscopy at the Tianjin Union Medical Center between 2004 and 2019 were collected. According to meticulous inclusion and exclusion criteria, 249 subjects were enrolled and categorized into the primary and validation cohorts. Based on the primary cohort, we utilized the LASSO-Cox regression and the univariate/multivariate Cox proportional hazards (Cox-PH) regression parallelly to select variables, and incorporated selected variables into two nomogram models established using the multivariate Cox-PH regression. Comparison of the Akaike information criterion and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the two models demonstrated that the nomogram model constituted by four covariates retained by the LASSO-Cox regression, including baseline age, body mass index, physical activity and family history of colorectal cancer (CRC) in first-degree relatives, performed better at predicting adenoma-free survival probabilities. Further validation including the concordance index, calibration plots, decision curve analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival curves also revealed good predictive accuracy, discriminating ability, clinical utility and risk stratification capacity of the nomogram model. Our nomogram will assist high-risk individuals with negative index colonoscopy to prevent colorectal adenoma occurrence and CRC morbidity with improved cost-effectiveness.

Leucine-Mediated SLC7A5 Promotes Milk Protein and Milk Fat Synthesis through mTOR Signaling Pathway in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells.

The SLC7A5 gene encodes a Na+ and pH-independent transporter protein that regulates cell growth by regulating the uptake of AA. This study, utilizing RNA-seq, aimed to explore the effect of SLC7A5 on the synthesis of milk proteins and fats in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) through gene interference and overexpression techniques. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of SLC7A5 resulted in a significant increase in the expression of CSN1S1, SCD, CEBPB, ACACA, αS1-casein, p-S6K, and p-S6. The levels of p-S6K and p-S6 gradually increased as the AA/Leu stimulation time lengthened. The overexpression of SLC7A5 rescued the role of Torin1 in GMECs. In conclusion, SLC7A5 plays a crucial role in promoting the synthesis of milk proteins and milk fats through the mTOR signaling pathway in GMECs, providing a theoretical foundation for improving the quality of goat milk.

Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals the mechanism and key esterase of ß-cypermethrin degradation in a bacterial strain from fermented food.

Beta-cypermethrin (ß-CY) residues in food are an important threat to human health. Microorganisms can degrade ß-CY residues during fermentation of fruits and vegetables, while the mechanism is not clear. In this study, a comprehensively investigate of the degradation mechanism of ß-CY in a food microorganism was conducted based on proteomics analysis. The ß-CY degradation bacteria Gordonia alkanivorans GH-1 was derived from fermented Pixian Doubanjiang. Its crude enzyme extract could degrade 77.11% of ß-CY at a concentration of 45 mg/L within 24 h. Proteomics analysis revealed that the ester bond of ß-CY is broken under the action of esterase to produce 3-phenoxy benzoic acid, which was further degraded by oxidoreductase and aromatic degrading enzyme. The up-regulation expression of oxidoreductase and esterase was confirmed by transcriptome and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Meanwhile, the expression of esterase Est280 in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) resulted in a 48.43% enhancement in the degradation efficiency of ß-CY, which confirmed that this enzyme was the key enzyme in the process of ß-CY degradation. This study reveals the degradation mechanism of ß-CY by microorganisms during food fermentation, providing a theoretical basis for the application of food microorganisms in ß-CY residues.

Evolutionary trends and analysis of the driving factors of Ulva prolifera green tides: A study based on the random forest algorithm and multisource remote sensing images.

Understanding the prolonged spatiotemporal evolution and identifying the underlying causes of Ulva prolifera green tides play pivotal roles in managing such occurrences, restoring water ecology, and fostering sustainable development in marine ecosystems. Satellite remote sensing represents the primary choice for monitoring Ulva prolifera green tides due to its capability for extensive, long-term ocean monitoring. Based on multi-source remote sensing images, ecological and environmental datasets, and machine learning algorithms, therefore, this study focused on "remote sensing modelling - evolution history - change trends - mechanism analysis" to elucidate both the remote sensing monitoring models and the underlying driving factors governing the spatiotemporal evolution of Ulva prolifera green tides in the highly impacted South Yellow Sea of China. With the use of GOCI Ⅰ/Ⅱ images, an hybrid remote sensing extraction model merging the robustness of the random forest (RF) model and the optical algae cloud index (ACI) was established to map Ulva prolifera distribution patterns. The ACI-RF method exhibited exceptional performance, with an F1 score surpassing 0.95, outperforming alternative methods such as the support vector machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbour (KNN) methods. On the basis, we analysed the evolutionary trends and the driving factors determining these distribution patterns using meteorological data, runoff data, and data on various water quality parameters (SST, ocean current speed, wind speed, precipitation, DO, PAR, Si, NO3-, PO43-and N/P). Over the period from 2011 to 2022, excluding 2021, there was a notable decline in the area of Ulva prolifera green tides, varying between 397 and 2689.9 km2, with an average annual reduction rate of 3%. The maximum annual biomass varied between 0.12 and 15.9 kt. Notably, more than 75% of the area of Ulva prolifera green tides exhibited northward drift, which was significantly influenced by northern currents and wind fields. The analysis of driving factors indicates that factors such as average sea surface temperature, eastward wind speed, northward wind speed, precipitation, PO43- and N/P/Si significantly influence the biological growth rate of Ulva prolifera. Furthermore, coastal land use change and surface runoff, particularly surface runoff in June, significantly impacted the growth rate of Ulva prolifera, with Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.74 and 0.67, respectively. Against the background of global warming and severe deterioration in the marine environment, Ulva prolifera blooms persist. Consequently, two distinct management strategies were proposed based on the distribution patterns and cause analysis results for addressing Ulva prolifera green tides: establishing a continuous protection framework for rivers, lakes, and nearshore areas to mitigate pollutant inputs and implementing precise environmental monitoring measures in urban expansion areas and farmlands to combat overgrowth-induced green tides. This methodology could be applied in other regions affected by marine ecological disasters, and the criteria for selecting influencing factors offer a valuable reference for designing tailored and proactive measures aimed at controlling Ulva prolifera green tides.

Enhancing the Quality of Low-Alcohol Navel Orange Wine through Simultaneous Co-Fermentation Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC-125, Angel Yeast SY, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BC114.

To date, there has been limited research on the interactive effects of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the sensory qualities of navel orange wine. In this study, using Jintang navel orange juice as the raw material, multi-microbial fermentation was conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC-125 and Angel yeast SY, as well as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BC114. Single yeast and co-fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum were used as the control groups. The research aimed to investigate the physicochemical parameters of navel orange wine during fermentation. Additionally, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HP-SPME-GC-MS) was employed to determine and analyze the types and levels of flavor compounds in the navel orange wines produced through the different fermentation methods. The co-fermentation using the three strains significantly enhanced both the quantity and variety of volatile compounds in the navel orange wine, concomitant with heightened total phenol and flavonoid levels. Furthermore, a notable improvement was observed in the free radical scavenging activity. A sensory evaluation was carried out to analyze the differences among the various navel orange wines, shedding light on the impact of different wine yeasts and co-fermentation with LAB on the quality of navel orange wines.

Different evasion strategies in multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common malignant hematologic malignancy which evolved different strategies for immune escape from the host immune surveillance and drug resistance, including uncontrolled proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, genetic mutations, or deletion of tumor antigens to escape from special targets and so. Therefore, it is a big challenge to efficiently treat multiple myeloma patients. Despite recent applications of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDS), protease inhibitors (PI), targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and even hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), it remains hardly curable. Summarizing the possible evasion strategies can help design specific drugs for multiple myeloma treatment. This review aims to provide an integrative overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic evasion mechanisms as well as recently discovered microbiota utilized by multiple myeloma for immune evasion and drug resistance, hopefully providing a theoretical basis for the rational design of specific immunotherapies or drug combinations to prevent the uncontrolled proliferation of MM, overcome drug resistance and improve patient survival.

Multi-objective ecological restoration priority in China: Cost-benefit optimization in different ecological performance regimes based on planetary boundaries.

In the context of the "United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration", optimizing spatiotemporal arrangements for ecological restoration is an important approach to enhancing overall socioecological benefits for sustainable development. However, against the background of ecological degradation caused by the human use of most natural resources at levels that have approached or exceeded the safe and sustainable boundaries of ecosystems, it is key to explain how to optimize ecological restoration by classified management and optimal total benefits. In response to these issues, we combined spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics at the national scale in China to construct five ecological performance regimes defined by indicators that use planetary boundaries and ecological pressures which served as the basis for prioritizing ecological restoration areas and implementing zoning control. By integrating habitat conservation, biodiversity, water supply, and restoration cost constraints, seven ecological restoration scenarios were simulated to optimize the spatial layout of ecological restoration projects (ERPs). The results indicated that the provinces with unsustainable freshwater use, climate change, and land use accounted for more than 25%, 66.7%, and 25%, respectively, of the total area. Only 30% of the provinces experienced a decrease in environmental pressure. Based on the ecological performance regimes, ERP sites spanning the past 20 years were identified, and more than 50% of the priority areas were clustered in regime areas with increased ecological stress. As the restoration area targets doubled (40%) from the baseline (20%), a multi-objective scenario presents a trade-off between expanded ERPs in areas with highly beneficial effects and minimal restoration costs. In conclusion, a reasonable classification and management regime is the basis for targeted restoration. Coordinating multiple objectives and costs in ecological restoration is the key to maximizing socio-ecological benefits. Our study offered new perspectives on systematic and sustainable planning for ecological restoration.

A bipolar organic molecule towards the anion/cation-hosting cathode compatible with polymer electrolytes for quasi-solid-state dual-ion batteries.

Ion concentration and mobility are tightly associated with the ionic conductance of polymer electrolytes in solid-state lithium batteries. However, the anions involved in the movement are irrelevant to energy generation and cause uncontrolled dendritic growth and concentration polarization. In the current study, we proposed the strategy of using a bipolar organic molecule as the anion/cation-hosting cathode to expand the active charge carriers of polymer electrolytes. As a proof-of-concept demonstration of the novel strategy, a bipolar phthalocyanine derivative (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octamethoxyphthalocyaninato) Ni(II) (NiPc-(OH)8) that could successively store anions and cations was used as the cathode hosting material in quasi-solid-state dual-ion batteries (QSSDIBs). Interestingly, peripheral polyhydroxyl substituents could build a compatible interface with poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene-based gel polymer electrolytes (PVDF-HFP). As expected, NiPc-(OH)8 displays a high specific capacity of 248.2 mAh/g (at 50 mA g-1) and improved cyclic stability compared with that in liquid electrolyte. This study provides a solution to the issue of anion migration and could open another way to build high-performance QSSDIBs.

Potential anti-tumor effects of regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment: a review.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the transcription factor FoxP3 are essential for maintaining immunological balance and are a significant component of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Single-cell RNA sequencing (ScRNA-seq) technology has shown that Tregs exhibit significant plasticity and functional diversity in various tumors within the TME. This results in Tregs playing a dual role in the TME, which is not always centered around supporting tumor progression as typically believed. Abundant data confirms the anti-tumor activities of Tregs and their correlation with enhanced patient prognosis in specific types of malignancies. In this review, we summarize the potential anti-tumor actions of Tregs, including suppressing tumor-promoting inflammatory responses and boosting anti-tumor immunity. In addition, this study outlines the spatial and temporal variations in Tregs function to emphasize that their predictive significance in malignancies may change. It is essential to comprehend the functional diversity and potential anti-tumor effects of Tregs to improve tumor therapy strategies.

Comparative skin histological and transcriptomic analysis of Rana kukunoris with two different skin colors.

This study compares the skin structures of Rana kukunoris with two different skin colors living in the same area of Haibei in the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The skin thickness of the khaki R. kukunoris was significantly greater than that of the brown R. kukunoris (P < 0.01), and significantly more mucous and granular glands were present on the dorsal skin of the khaki frog (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the melanocytes on the dorsal skin of the brown frog were significantly larger than those on the khaki one (P < 0.05). Morphological changes in the expansion and aggregation of melanocytes seemed to deepen the skin color of R. kukunoris. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing identified tyrosine metabolism, melanogenesis, and riboflavin metabolism as the main pathways involved in melanin formation and metabolism in brown R. kukunoris. TYR, MC1R was upregulated as the skin color of R. kukunoris was deepened and contributed to melanin production and metabolism. In contrast, the khaki frog had significantly more upregulated genes and metabolic pathways related to autoimmunity. The khaki frog appeared to defend against ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage by secreting mucus and small molecular peptides, whereas the brown frog protected itself by distributing a large amount of melanin. Hence, the different skin colors of R. kukunoris might represent different adaptation strategies for survival in the intense UV radiation environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Patronin regulates presynaptic microtubule organization and neuromuscular junction development in Drosophila.

Synapses are fundamental components of the animal nervous system. Synaptic cytoskeleton is essential for maintaining proper neuronal development and wiring. Perturbations in neuronal microtubules (MTs) are correlated with numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite discovering multiple synaptic MT regulators, the importance of MT stability, and particularly the polarity of MT in synaptic function, is still under investigation. Here, we identify Patronin, an MT minus-end-binding protein, for its essential role in presynaptic regulation of MT organization and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) development. Analyses indicate that Patronin regulates synaptic development independent of Klp10A. Subsequent research elucidates that it is short stop (Shot), a member of the Spectraplakin family of large cytoskeletal linker molecules, works synergistically with Patronin to govern NMJ development. We further raise the possibility that normal synaptic MT polarity contributes to proper NMJ morphology. Overall, this study demonstrates an unprecedented role of Patronin, and a potential involvement of MT polarity in synaptic development.

Remote sensing retrieval and driving analysis of phytoplankton density in the large storage freshwater lake: A study based on random forest and Landsat-8 OLI.

Remote sensing monitoring of seasonal changes in phytoplankton density and analyses of the driving factors of phytoplankton densities are necessary for assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems, controlling lake eutrophication, and formulating ecological restoration policies. Building upon the satellite-ground synchronization experiment that involves the in situ aquatic ecological monitoring conducted in Nansi Lake, which is the largest storage lake situated along the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, we developed a phytoplankton density retrieval model utilizing the random forest (RF) method and Landsat-8 OLI data. On this basis, we mapped the seasonal fluctuations and spatial disparities in the phytoplankton densities from 2013 to 2023. Subsequently, we conducted a detailed analysis of the driving factors and considered both the natural and anthropogenic aspects. The results indicate that (1) the RF model, when utilizing three band combinations, yielded favorable results with R2, RMSE and MAE values of 0.67, 1.31 × 106 cells/L and 1.18 × 106 cells/L, respectively. (2) The phytoplankton densities exhibited both seasonal and spatial variations, with higher concentrations in summer and autumn than in spring and winter. Significantly, the northwestern region of Zhaoyang Lake and the southeastern region of Weishan Lake had substantially greater phytoplankton densities than did the other areas. Furthermore, overarching upward trends were observed from 2013 to 2023, reflecting an annual rate of increase of 3.32%. (3) An analysis of the causal factors indicated that temperatures and gross agricultural production levels are the primary drivers influencing the seasonal variations and distributions of phytoplankton densities. In the future, we will delve into the potential of deep learning and utilize various satellite sensors to explore the intricacies of phytoplankton monitoring, as well as the complex mechanisms that influence aquatic ecological health.

Ultraflexible Monolithic Three-Dimensional Static Random Access Memory.

Flexible static random access memory (SRAM) plays an important role in flexible electronics and systems. However, achieving SRAM with a small footprint, high flexibility, and high thermal stability has always been a big challenge. In this work, an ultraflexible six-transistor SRAM with high integration density is realized based on a monolithic three-dimensional (M3D) design. In this design, vertical stacked n-type indium gallium zinc oxide thin film transistors and p-type carbon nanotube transistors share common gate and drain electrodes, respectively, saving interlayer vias used in traditional M3D designs. This compact architecture reduces the footprint of the SRAM cell from a six-transistor to a four-transistor area, saving 33% of the area, and significantly enables the SRAM to have the highest flexibility among the reported ones, withstanding a harsh deforming process (6000 cycles of bending at a radius of 500 µm) without performance degradation. Moreover, this design facilitates the thermal stability of the SRAM under high temperature (333 K). It also exhibits great static and dynamic performance, with the highest normalized hold noise margin of 73.6%, a maximum gain of 151.2, and a minimum static power consumption of 3.15 µW in hold operation among the reported flexible SRAMs. This demonstration provides possibilities for SRAMs to be used in advanced wearable system applications.

The Protective Effect of Auricularia cornea var. Li. Polysaccharide on Alcoholic Liver Disease and Its Effect on Intestinal Microbiota.

This study's objective was to examine the protective effect and mechanism of a novel polysaccharide (AYP) from Auricularia cornea var. Li. on alcoholic liver disease in mice. AYP was extracted from the fruiting bodies of Auricularia cornea var. Li. by enzymatic extraction and purified by DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-400. Structural features were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared analysis. Additionally, alcoholic liver disease (ALD) mice were established to explore the hepatoprotective activity of AYP (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/d). Here, our results showed that AYP presented high purity with a molecular weight of 4.64 × 105 Da. AYP was composed of galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, arabinose, mannose, xylose, rhamnose, ribos, glucuronic acid and fucose (molar ratio: 39.5:32.9:23.6:18.3:6.5:5.8:5.8:3.3:2:1.1). Notably, AYP remarkably reduced liver function impairment (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC)), nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) of the liver and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione (gGSH)) in mice with ALD. Meanwhile, the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) were reduced in ALD mice treated by AYP. Furthermore, the AYPH group was the most effective and was therefore chosen to further investigate its effect on the intestinal microbiota (bacteria and fungi) of ALD mice. Based on 16s rRNA and ITS-1 sequencing data, AYP influenced the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota to mitigate the damage of ALD mice, possibly by raising the abundance of favorable microbiota (Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Kazachstania) and diminishing the abundance of detrimental microbiota (Lactobacillus, Mortierella and Candida). This discovery opens new possibilities for investigating physiological activity in A. cornea var. Li. and provides theoretical references for natural liver-protecting medication research.

Factors influencing advanced colorectal neoplasm anatomic site distribution in China: An epidemiological study based on colorectal cancer screening data.

OBJECTIVE: Existing studies indicate that advanced colorectal neoplasms exhibit distinct clinical and biological traits based on anatomical sites. However, in China, especially for advanced colorectal neoplasms, there's limited information available on these traits. Our primary objective is to comprehensively study the characteristics of advanced colorectal neoplasm patients in different anatomical sites in China. METHODS: We selected information from the colorectal cancer screening database in Tianjin, China, since 2010 as the study subject. We chose valid information from 3113 patients with comprehensive data and diagnosed advanced colorectal neoplasms (ANs) from a pool of 19,308 individuals to be included in the study. We then conducted further analysis to examine the correlation between these epidemiological data and tumor location. RESULTS: Among the 3113 patients, neoplasms in the left side of the colon accounted for the largest proportion, while neoplasms in the right side of the colon had the smallest proportion, followed by rectal neoplasms. The highest proportion of advanced colorectal neoplasms was found among men. In the age group of 39-49 years old, the proportion of left late-stage advanced colon neoplasms was equal to that of right late-stage advanced colon neoplasms, while late-stage advanced rectal neoplasms increased with age. Smoking, drinking, and a history of colon cancer in first-degree relatives showed statistically significant associations with the location distribution of advanced colorectal neoplasms. A history of appendicitis, appendectomy, cholecystitis, or cholecystectomy did not significantly affect the location distribution of advanced colorectal neoplasms. However, among patients with such histories, there was a statistically significant relationship between advanced colon neoplasms on the right and those on the left and in the rectum. Similar results were observed for BMI. CONCLUSION: Our research findings demonstrate that advanced colorectal neoplasms display unique epidemiological characteristics depending on their anatomical locations, and these distinctions deviate from those observed in Western populations. These insights contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the topic and offer valuable guidance for future research in China. We advocate for further investigations centered on the anatomical location of colorectal neoplasms to enhance the precision of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and treatment.

Five new and noteworthy species of Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae) from southwestern China based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence.

Five new orchid species from southwestern China's Yunnan Province and the Tibetan Autonomous Region, Neottialihengiae, Neottiachawalongensis, Papilionanthemotuoensis, Gastrochiluslihengiae, and Gastrochilusbernhardtianus, are described and illustrated. To confirm their identities, and to resolve phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced the complete plastomes of these taxa with their congeneric species, adding new plastomes of three Neottia species, two Papilionanthe species and nine Gastrochilus species. Combined with published plastid sequences, our well-resolved phylogeny supported the alliance of N.lihengiae with the the N.grandiflora + N.pinetorum clade. Neottiachawalongensis is now sister to N.alternifolia, while P.motuoensis is closely related to P.subulata + P.teres. Conversely, phylogenetic analyses based on complete plastomes and plastid sequences showed inconsistent relationships among taxa in the genus Gastrochilus, but the two new species, G.lihengiae and G.bernhardtianus were supported by all datasets.