Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the protein degradation system in ophthalmic diseases.

OBJECTIVE: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the pathogenesis of various ophthalmic diseases, and ER stress-mediated degradation systems play an important role in maintaining ER homeostasis during ER stress. The purpose of this review is to explore the potential relationship between them and to find their equilibrium sites. DESIGN: This review illustrates the important role of reasonable regulation of the protein degradation system in ER stress-mediated ophthalmic diseases. There were 128 articles chosen for review in this study, and the keywords used for article research are ER stress, autophagy, UPS, ophthalmic disease, and ocular. DATA SOURCES: The data are from Web of Science, PubMed, with no language restrictions from inception until 2019 Jul. RESULTS: The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are important degradation systems in ER stress. They can restore ER homeostasis, but if ER stress cannot be relieved in time, cell death may occur. However, they are not independent of each other, and the relationship between them is complementary. Therefore, we propose that ER stability can be achieved by adjusting the balance between them. CONCLUSION: The degradation system of ER stress, UPS and autophagy are interrelated. Because an imbalance between the UPS and autophagy can cause cell death, regulating that balance may suppress ER stress and protect cells against pathological stress damage.

Robot-assisted Minimally-invasive Internal Fixation of Pelvic Ring Injuries: A Single-center Experience.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the indications, surgical strategy and techniques, safety, and efficacy of robot-assisted minimally-invasive internal fixation of pelvic ring injuries. METHODS: The clinical data of 86 patients with anterior and posterior pelvic ring injuries who underwent robot-assisted minimally-invasive internal fixation were retrospectively analyzed. The patients included 57 men and 29 women aged between 22 and 75 years, with an average age of (40.2 ± 13.6) years. According to the Tile classification, there were 5 (5.8%) type A2, 48 (55.8%) type B, and 33 (38.4%) type C fractures. The surgical plans were formulated based on the injury type of the pelvic ring, the effectiveness of the reduction, and the integrity of the osseous channel. Posterior pelvic ring injuries were treated with robot-assisted percutaneous cannulated screw fixation of the sacroiliac joint. Anterior pelvic ring injuries were treated with robot-assisted percutaneous cannulated screw fixation of the pubic ramus, INFIX fixation, or a "hybrid" fixation. The surgical complications and the efficacy of the surgical treatments were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 274 screws were inserted with robotic assistance, of which 262 screws were successfully inserted to a satisfactory position on the first attempt. The number of screws placed per person was 3.2 on average, and the average operation time was 175 min (35-280 min). Fluoroscopies were performed an average of 29.1 times (range, 9-63 times), and it took 6.1 s to place each screw. There were 13 unsatisfactory guiding needle placements during the surgeries, among 7 of which cutting or penetration of the cortex was re-planned until satisfactory insertions; 1 penetrated the pubic cortex, causing hemorrhage of the "crown of death," and was changed to "hybrid surgery". The robot-assisted surgical wounds all healed by primary intention with satisfactory position and precision of screw insertions. All patients were followed up for 3-6 months, with an average of 4.2 months. There were two postoperative fixation failures, in which both patients had separated symphysis pubes after hybrid surgery. The average Majeed score at the last follow-up was 92.4 points. CONCLUSIONS: Robot-assisted surgery is accurate and minimally invasive, with a high success rate for one-time screw placement and satisfactory clinical results. The indications and surgical strategy should be rigorously selected, the level of surgical techniques mastered, and the operating procedures standardized, all of which may help to prevent surgical complications. Robot-assisted surgery provides a novel modality for the minimally-invasive treatment of pelvic ring injuries.

An algorithm for critical nodes problem in social networks based on Owen value.

Discovering critical nodes in social networks has many important applications. For finding out the critical nodes and considering the widespread community structure in social networks, we obtain each node's marginal contribution by Owen value. And then we can give a method for the solution of the critical node problem. We validate the feasibility and effectiveness of our method on two synthetic datasets and six real datasets. At the same time, the result obtained by using our method to analyze the terrorist network is in line with the actual situation.