Genome-wide identification and analysis of MIKC-type MADS-box genes expression in Chimonanthus salicifolius.

BACKGROUND: MIKC type MADS-box transcription factors are one of the largest gene families and play a pivotal role in flowering time and flower development. Chimonanthus salicifolius belongs to the family Calycanthaceae and has a unique flowering time and flowering morphology compared to other Chimonanthus species, but the research on MIKC type MADS-box gene family of C. salicifolius has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: Identification, comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, the expression pattern of MIKC-type MADS-box gene family from different tissues of C. salicifolius. METHODS: Genome-wide investigation and expression pattern under different tissues of the MIKC-type MADS-box gene family in C. salicifolius, and their phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary characteristics, gene structure, motif distribution, promoter cis-acting element were performed. RESULTS: A total of 29 MIKC-type MADS-box genes were identified from the whole genome sequencing. Interspecies synteny analysis revealed more significant collinearity between C. salicifolius and the magnoliids species compared to eudicots and monocots. MIKC-type MADS-box genes from the same subfamily share similar distribution patterns, gene structure, and expression patterns. Compared with Arabidopsis thaliana, Nymphaea colorata, and Chimonanthus praecox, the FLC genes were absent in C. salicifolius, while the AGL6 subfamily was expanded in C. salicifolius. The selectively expanded promoter (AGL6) and lack of repressor (FLC) genes may explain the earlier flowering in C. salicifolius. The loss of the AP3 homologous gene in C. salicifolius is probably the primary cause of the morphological distinction between C. salicifolius and C. praecox. The csAGL6a gene is specifically expressed in the flowering process and indicates the potential function of promoting flowering. CONCLUSION: This study offers a genome-wide identification and expression profiling of the MIKC-types MADS-box genes in the C. salicifolius, and establishes the foundation for screening flowering development genes and understanding the potential function of the MIKC-types MADS-box genes in the C. salicifolius.

Room Temperature Tunable Multiferroic Properties in Sol-Gel-Derived Nanocrystalline Sr(Ti1-xFex)O3-δ Thin Films.

Sr(Ti1-xFex)O3-δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) thin films were grown on Si(100) substrates with LaNiO3 buffer-layer by a sol-gel process. Influence of Fe substitution concentration on the structural, ferroelectric, and magnetic properties, as well as the leakage current behaviors of the Sr(Ti1-xFex)O3-δ thin films, were investigated by using the X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), the ferroelectric test system, and the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). After substituting a small amount of Ti ion with Fe, highly enhanced ferroelectric properties were obtained successfully in SrTi0.9Ti0.1O3-δ thin films, with a double remanent polarization (2Pr) of 1.56, 1.95, and 9.14 µC·cm-2, respectively, for the samples were annealed in air, oxygen, and nitrogen atmospheres. The leakage current densities of the Fe-doped SrTiO3 thin films are about 10-6-10-5 A·cm-2 at an applied electric field of 100 kV·cm-1, and the conduction mechanism of the thin film capacitors with various Fe concentrations has been analyzed. The ferromagnetic properties of the Sr(Ti1-xFex)O3-δ thin films have been investigated, which can be correlated to the mixed valence ions and the effects of the grain boundary. The present results revealed the multiferroic nature of the Sr(Ti1-xFex)O3-δ thin films. The effect of the annealing environment on the room temperature magnetic and ferroelectric properties of Sr(Ti0.9Fe0.1)O3-δ thin films were also discussed in detail.

Phosphorus(V) corrole: DNA binding, photonuclease activity and cytotoxicity toward tumor cells.

A new phosphorus(V) corrole, 10-(4-hydroxylphenyl)-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)corrolato (trans-dihydroxo)phosphorus(V) 1-P, was synthesized and characterized. The interaction of 1-P with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was studied by multi-spectroscopic methods. The photonuclease activity of this complex was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. 1-P may bind to CT-DNA via an outside binding mode and display good photonuclease activity. 1-P displayed low dark toxicity but high photocytotoxic activity against H460 and A549 tumor cell lines.

New C-19-modified geldanamycin derivatives: synthesis, antitumor activities, and physical properties study.

Thiazinogeldanamycin (2) was identified from Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997 at the late stage of the fermentation. The pH was firstly proposed as an important factor in the biosynthesis of it. It was verified that 2 was produced by direct chemical reactions between geldanamycin (1, GDM) and cysteine or aminoethanethiol hydrochloride at pH > 7 in vitro. The proposed synthesis pathway for compound 2 was also discussed. Eleven new C-19-modified GDM derivatives, including five stable hydroquinone form derivatives, were synthesized, most of which exhibited desirable properties such as lower cytotoxicity, increased water solubility, and potent antitumor activity. Especially, compounds 5 and 8 showed antitumor activities against HepG2 cell with IC50 values of 2.97-6.61 µM, lower cytotoxicity and at least 15-fold higher water solubility compared with 1 in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer.

[Identification of tetracenomycin X from a marine-derived Saccharothrix sp. guided by genes sequence analysis].

The crude extracts of the fermentation broth from a marine sediment-derived actinomycete strain, Saccharothrix sp. 10-10, showed significant antibacterial activities against drug-resistant pathogens. A genome-mining PCR-based experiment targeting the genes encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites indicated that the strain 10-10 showed the potential to produce tetracenomycin-like compounds. Further chemical investigation of the cultures of this strain led to the identification of two antibiotics, including a tetracenomycin (Tcm) analogs, Tcm X (1), and a tomaymycin derivative, oxotomaymycin (2). Their structures were identified by spectroscopic data analysis, including UV, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and MS spectra. Tcm X (1) showed moderate antibacterial activities against a number of drug-resistant pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) pathogens, with the MIC values in the range of 32-64 microg x mL(-1). In addition, 1 also displayed significant cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines, including HL60 (leukemia), HepG2 (liver), and MCF-7 (breast) with the IC 50 values of 5.1, 9.7 and 18.0 micromol x L(-1), respectively. Guided by the PCR-based gene sequence analysis, Tcm X (1) and oxotomaymycin (2) were identified from the genus of Saccharothrix and their 13C NMR data were correctly assigned on the basis of 2D NMR spectroscopic data analysis for the first time.

[Halogenated natural products from the marine-derived actinobacteria and their halogenation mechanism].

In the last decade, along with the development of taxonomy research in marine-derived actinobacteria, more and more halogenated natural products were discovered from marine actinobacteria. Most of them showed good biological activity and unique structure compared to those from land. The special halogenation mechanism in some compounds' biosynthesis has drawn great attention. So in this review, we focus on the halogenated natural products from marine actinobacteria and their halogenation mechanisms.

[Effects of rapamycin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles on distribution of cell cycle, expression of p27 protein, and proliferation of human umbilical arterial vascular smooth muscle cell in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of rapamycin (RPM)-loaded poly (lactic-co- glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) on the proliferation, distribution of cell cycle, and expression of p27 protein in human umbilical arterial vascular smooth muscle cell (HUASMC) in vitro. METHODS: The primarily culture model of HUASMC was successfully established by explant-attached method in vitro. The cells were administrated with different doses of RPM, and RPM-PLGA NPs were observed as treat groups compared with PLGA NPs and M231-SMGs medium cultured group. The effect of RPM-PLGA NPs on proliferation of HUASMC was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetry method. The influences of RPM-PLGA NPs on the cell cycle and cellular growth kinetics of HUASMCs were tested by flow cytometry. The effect of RPM-PLGA NPs on the expression of p27 protein of HUASMCs was assessed through an immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the proliferation of HUASMCs was inhibited by 50 microg/L and higher concentration of RPM-PLGA NPs in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The numbers of cells entering cell cycle of S/G2/M phases were significantly lower in RPM-PLGA NPs and RPM treated groups. Histologically, the expression of p27 were up-regulated in 500 microg/L RPM-PLGA NPs and 100 microg/L RPM treated group (all P < 0.01 ) when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: RPM-PLGA NPs has a similar effects as RPM in inhibiting the growth of in vitro cultured HUASMC. It can remarkably suppress the expression of in vitro cultured HUASMC p27 protein, arrest its cell cycle at G1/S phase, and inhibit its proliferation.

[Deletion of spiramycin 3-O-acyltransferase gene from Streptomyces spiramyceticus F21 resulting in the production of spiramycin I as major component].

Spiramycin (SP) belongs to the 16-member macrolide antibiotics. It contains three components,namely SP I, SP II and SP III, which differ structurally in the acylation moieties on the C3 of the lactone. The SP I component contains a hydroxyl group at C3. SP II, and SP III are formed by further acetylation or propionylation of the C3 of SP I, by the same 3-O-acyltransferase (3-O-AT) . The study focused on simplifying spiramycin components. Theoretically, disruption/deletion of the 3-O-AT gene will reduce/stop the acylation of SP I to SP II and SP III. In this study, degenerated primers were designed according to the conserved regions of 3-O-acyltransferase, MdmB and AcyA in the medicamycin and carbomycin producers of S. mycarofaciens and S. thermotolerans, respectively, and an 878bp DNA fragment was amplified from the spiramycin-producer of S. spiramyceticus F21. Blast analysis of the 878bp DNA fragment suggested that it encoded the 3-O-acyltransferase (3-0-AT, sspA) gene for spiramycin biosynthesis. The flanking regions of this 878bp DNA fragment were then amplified by single-oligonucleotide-nested PCR, and a total of 4.3 kb DNA was obtained (3457nt among the 4.3kb fragment was sequenced, and deposited in GenBank DQ642742),covering the whole putative 3-O-acyltransferase gene, sspA. The sspA was then deleted from the S. spiramyceticus F21 genome by double cross-over homologous recombination, mediated by temperature-sensitive plasmid pKC1139. A comparison was done of the components of spiramycins produced by the sspA-deleted mutant strain with that of the parent strain by HPLC analysis, which showed that sspA-deleted mutant produced SP I (72%), SP II (18%), and SP III (9.6%), whereas parent strain produced SP I (7.8%), SP II (67%), and SP III (25%), respectively, demonstrating the role of ssp A in the acylation of SP I into SP II and SP III. The ssp A-deleted mutant strain obtained in this study may be used for the production of SP I, or may serve as a good starter for the construction of spiramycin derivatives.

Overexpression of myofibrillogenesis regulator-1 aggravates cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II in mice.

Myofibrillogenesis regulator-1 (MR-1) augments cardiomyocytes hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) in vitro. However, its roles in cardiac hypertrophy in vivo remain unknown. Here, we investigate whether MR-1 can promote cardiac hypertrophy induced by Ang II in vivo and elucidate the molecular mechanisms of MR-1 on cardiac hypertrophy. We used a model of Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy by infusion of Ang II in female mice. In wild-type mice subjected to the Ang II infusion, cardiac hypertrophy developed after 2 weeks. In mice overexpressing human MR-1 (transgenic), however, cardiac hypertrophy was significantly greater than in wild-type mice as estimated by heart weight:body weight ratio, cardiomyocyte area, and echocardiographic measurements, as well as cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide mRNA and protein levels. Our further results showed that cardiac inflammation and fibrosis observed in wild-type Ang II mice were augmented in transgenic Ang II mice. Importantly, increased nuclear factor kappaB activation was significantly increased higher in transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice after 2 weeks of Ang II infusion. In vitro experiments also revealed that overexpression of MR-1 enhanced Ang II-induced nuclear factor kappaB activation, whereas downregulation of MR-1 blocked it in cardiac myocytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that MR-1 plays an aggravative role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy via activation of the nuclear factor kappaB signaling pathway.

[Cloning and analysis of geldanamycin partial biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997].

A geldanamycin (GDM) producing strain, Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997, was isolated from Yunnan China soil by our institute researchers. GDM is an ansamycin antibiotic, which has the ability to bind with Hsp90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) and alter its function. Hsp90 is a chaperone protein involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth, cell survival, apoptosis, and oncogenesis. So it plays a key role in regulating the physiology of cells exposed to environmental stress and in maintaining the malignant phenotype of tumor cells. As an inhibitor of Hsp90, GDM possesses potent antitumor and antivirus bioactivity, but the hypato-toxicity and poor solubility in water limits its clinical use. Two GDM derivatives, 17-(Allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) and 17-dimethylamino-ethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), both showing lesser hepato-toxicity, are now in Phase II and Phase I clinic trials. In order to accomplish the structure modification of GDM by genetic means, an attempt to obtain the biosynthetic gene cluster of GDM from S. hygroscopicus 17997 was made. In this study, a pair of primers was designed according to a conserved sequence of one of possible post-PKS (polyketides synthase) modification genes, the carbamoyltransferase (CT) gene (gdmN) in GDM biosynthesis. The 732 bp PCR product was obtained from the S. hygroscopicus 17997 genomic DNA. Through the colony-PCR Binary Search Method, using the CT gene primers, six positive cosmid clones, CT1-6, were identified from the S. hygroscopicus 17997 cosmid genomic library. The CT gene containing fragments were verified and localized by Southern blot. The CT-4 positive cosmid was then sub-cloned and sequenced. Approximately 28.356kb of foreign gene sequence from CT-4 cosmid and by further PCR extension reaction was obtained. Based on BLAST analysis, this sequence contains 13 possible ORFs and their deduced functions are believed to be involved in GDM production. The ORF1 encoding products show homology (87%) with incomplete sixth module and complete seventh module of PKS, gdmA3, in S. hygroscopicus NRRL 3602. The ORF2-13 gene products are similar to gdmF(9 5%), gdmM(8 8%), gdmN (92%), gdmH (92%), I (93%), J (90%), K (93%), G (96%), gdmO (91%), gdmP (93%) and two transcription regulation genes gdmRI (83%) and gdmRII (90%). The obtained possible GDM biosynthetic gene cluster in S. hygroscopicus 17997 will facilitate the further functional analysis of the genes and to modify the structure of GDM through combinatorial biosynthesis.

[Cloning of mMR-1 gene and expression in Pichia pastoris systems].

hMR-1 (Homo Myofibrillogenesis Regulator 1, AF417001) is a novel homo gene, which was firstly cloned in our laboratory. The former studies revealed that hMR-1 is a transmembrane protein which shows protein interaction with sarcomeric proteins like myomesin I, myosin regulatory light chain, alpha-enolase and some cell regulator proteins such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor3 subunit 5 (eIF3S5) and etc. In this work, we focused on cloning the homologous gene of hMR-1 from mouse C57BL/6J and exploring its expression using Pichia pastoris yeast system. Two pairs of primers were synthesized according to the hMR-1 gene homologous sequence on mouse genome chromosome 1. The mouse MR-1 gene (mMR-1) was cloned by PCR following the first round RT-PCR from mouse C57BL/6J spleen total RNA. Sequence analysis verified that mMR-1 gene and amino acids sequence showed 90.4% and 90.1% identity with hMR-1, respectively. The prediction of hydrophobic transmembrane structure of mMR-1 suggested it is also a transmembrane protein. The mMR-1 Pichia pastoris expression vector pPIC9-mMR-1 was constructed by fusion of the flanking mMR-1 ORF in the pPIC9 plasmid. After linearization of pPIC9-mMR-1 with Sal I, the 8.5kb DNA fragment was transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115 strain by electroporation. GS115/Mut+ pPIC9-mMR-1 transformants were selected on minimal methanol medium. Integration of mMR-1 gene into the yeast genome in the recombinants was verified by PCR from the transformants total DNA. The mMR-1 protein was expressed by induction under the concentration of 0.5 % methanol. The specific induced protein of 25 kD molecular mass in SDS-PAGE was confirmed to be the mMR-1 protein by Western blot rsing hMR-1 polyclonal antibody. The expression level of this recombinant mMR-1 protein was about 50 mg/L. The successful expression of mMR-1 in the Pichia pastoris GS115 will facilitate the further functional analysis of the novel gene MR-1 in animal model.

[Expression of a human myofibrillogenesis regulator 1 gene in E. coli and its immunogenicity].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of human myofibrillogenesis regulator 1 (MR-1) gene in E. coli and obtain the MR-1 protein and its antibody for further investigation of its biological function. METHODS: Expression vectors pGEX-5X-1, pET30a (+), and pET24a (+), as well as host strain E. coli BL21 (DE3) and BL21-CodonPlus (DE3) -RIL were used for expression of MR-1. MR-1 N-terminal with GST or T7-tag or C-terminal with His-tag, separately, or N terminal with T7-tag and C terminal with His-tag, simultaneously, were fused in plasmids pGEX-5X-1, pET30a (+) , and pET24a (+). The expressed MR-1-T protein, separated and purified by preparative SDS-PAGE, was applied to immunize the rabbits. The titer of the antibody was assayed by ELISA and its immunogenicity was tested by Western blot with pcDNA3/MR-1 transfected human breast cancer cell MCF7. RESULTS: The MR-1 protein was successfully expressed as inclusion body by fusing its N-terminal with T7-tag in E. coli BL21-CodonPlus (DE3) -RIL. MR-1 protein was purified by electro-elution from SDS-PAGE gel. Using this purified protein, polyclonal antibody in rabbit against MR-1 was essentially generated. ELISA and Western blot showed the titer of this antibody was about 1:10(5) with high immunogenicity. CONCLUSIONS: The N-terminal fusion tag is the most important mechanism for MR-1 expression. The polyclonal antibody of the generated MR-1 protein in E. coli may be applied for its further biological function studies.

Characterization of MR-1, a novel myofibrillogenesis regulator in human muscle.

The actin-myosin contractile apparatus consists of several thick filament and thin filament proteins. Specific regulatory mechanisms are involved in this highly ordered process. In this paper, we reported the identification and characterization of a novel myofibrillogenesis regulator, MR-1. The MR-1 gene was cloned from human skeletal muscle cDNA library by using a strategy that involves EST data base searching, PCR and RACE. The MR-1 gene is located on human chromosome 2q35 and encodes a 142 aa protein. Northern blot revealed that the mRNA level of MR-1 was highest in the skeletal muscle and certain level of MR-1 expression was also observed in heart, liver and kidney. Immunohistochemical assay confirmed that the MR-1 protein existed in human myocardial myofibrils. It was found by yeast two-hybrid screening and confirmed by in vitro binding assay that MR-1 could interact with sarcomeric proteins, such as myosin regulatory light chain, myomesin 1 and beta-enolase. These studies suggested that MR-1 might play a regulatory role in the muscle cell and it was worth investigating further.

[Study on relationship between length of homologous sequences and chromosomic recombination rate in Saccharopolyspora erythraea].

In order to study the relationship between lengths of homologous fragments and chromsomic recombination rate in Saccharopolyspora erythraea, three homologous sequences, with mutant loci and different flanking sequences, (26bp + 27bp), (500bp + 576bp) and (1908bp + 1749bp), were synthesized by chemical reaction or PCR amplification, and cloned into pWHM3 to construct homologous recombination plasmids, pWHM1113, pWHM1116 and pWHM1119. When the plasmids were transformed into protoplast of Saccharopolyspora erythraea A226 under PEG mediated, on an average 30, 69 and 170 transformants grew on each plate for the three plasmids respectively, but chromosomic integration frequency were 0, 2% and 19% among corresponding transformants. Both pWHM1116 and pWHM1119 could take double crossover recombination, and exchange the mutant loci in the chromosome. It was concluded that when the flanking sequences were equal or more than (500bp + 576bp), they could take effective single and double recombination with Saccharopolyspora erythraea chromosome.

[Establishment of gene transduction system in geldanamycin producer - Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997 and its application for gene disruption experiment].

Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997 produces the antiviral and antitumor ansamycin antibiotic, geldanamycin. Studies on geldanamycin biosynthetic pathway will provide good tools for genetic manipulation of the antibiotic-producing strain to improve the productivity or to facilitate making novel geldanamycin analogs. The structural similarities between geldanamycin and ansamycins such as rifamycin or ansatrienin suggest that both geldanamycin and ansamycins has a closely related pathways of biosynthesis and that biosynthetic system for geldanamycin is similar to the one of type I polyketide synthase (PKS) enzyme system. To explore the possible PKS genes involved in geldanamycin biosynthesis, the degenerate primers were designed according to the conserved sequence of KS-AT region from erythromycin and oleandomycin type I PKS genes. Cosmids containing multiple PKS genes (pCGBK2,4,6,10,11,18) were obtained by hybridization with the PCR products, which were amplified from S. hygroscopisus 17997 genomic DNA. The designed primers above were used for PCR. Development of a Streptomyces temperate phage phiC31-derivative KC515( tsrR) transduction system was carried out for identification of cosmids containing the PKS gene related to biosynthesis of geldanamycin. Several factors, mainly the Ca2+ and Mg + concentrations in different culture media affecting the frequency of gene transfection, were optimized .Transfection efficiency could reach up to 10(3) /microg DNA on YMG medium supplemented with 10mmol/L MgSO4. Reversely, the transfection efficiency decreased when YMG medium was supplemented with 30mmol/L MgSO4. Gene transfection system based on the integration-defective phage KC515 had been established for S. hygroscopicus17997. Recombinant phages (ph111, 258, 287, 116, 105) were constructed by insertion of the homologous to PKS gene fragments into the KC515 phage vector. Gene disruption experiments were performed by transduction of recombinant phages into S. hygroscopicus 17997 genome, and disruption of geldanamycin production was observed as a result of homologous recombination between the cloned insert in recombinant phage and the S. hygroscopicus 17997 genome by integration. Thiostrepton resistant transductants were selected and integration event was analyzed by Southern hybridization. The fermentation broth extracts from five resistant transductants were analyzed by TLC and HPLC. The results showed that only G16 mutant failed to produce geldanamycin. This result showed that the integration of the insert DNA fragment in recombinant phage phl6 into the chromosome of S. hygroscopicus disrupted the expression of the geldanamycin biosynthetic genes. The original cosmid pCGBK10 containing this cloned insert was predicted to encode PKS genes in the geldanamycin biosynthesis. This study laid the foundation for cloning the PKS genes involved in geldanamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from S. hygroscopicus 17997.

[Construction of Saccharopolyspora erythraea M synthesizing a novel ketolide 3-deoxy-3-oxo-erythronolide B].

Genetic engineering on macrolide antibiotics was a new field in recent years and more than 100 novel polyketides had been produced until then. Using genomic DNA of S. erythraea A226 as a template, about 3.2 kb DNA fragment without KR6 domain was amplified by overlapping PCR technique and cloned into pWHM3 carrier, which resulted in the construction of homologous recombinant plasmid pWHM2201. Plasmid pWHM2201 was introduced into protoplasts of S. erythraea A226 by PEG-mediated transformation and integrated into the gene locus for erythromycin biosynthesis. After integrants grew for two generations on R3M media without Tsr, they were protoplasted and grown on R3M plates. By PCR identification, 8 mutants without KR6 domain were selected out and named S. erythraea M(1-8). With the identification of mass spectrometry, it was proved that S. erythraea M1 synthesized a novel ketolide compound 3-deoxy-3-oxo-erythronolide B.