The association between alcohol consumption and herpes simplex virus type 2: A cross-sectional study from national health and nutrition examination survey 2009-2016.

BACKGROUND: The current prevalence of Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is notably high, with individuals afflicted by HSV-2 facing recurrent outbreaks, challenges in achieving remission, and an elevated risk of HIV infection. This study aims to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and HSV-2 infection. METHODS: The data for this study were sourced from 7257 participants who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2009 to 2016. The target population consisted of adults with reliable HSV-2 plasma results, and alcohol consumption was assessed using self-report methods. We evaluated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between alcohol consumption and HSV-2 infection. These estimations were derived from a logistic regression model that was adjusted for key confounding factors. Subgroup analysis specifically focused on alcohol consumption, and the interaction between HSV-2 infection, alcohol consumption, and other variables was assessed through stratified analysis. RESULTS: Among the 7,257 participants included, 89.8% (6,518/7,257) reported varying levels of alcohol consumption history. Compared to individuals who never drinkers, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for former drinkers, light drinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers were 1.79 (95% CI: 1.34-2.4, p < 0.001), 1.38 (95% CI: 1.07-1.77, p = 0.012), 1.49 (95% CI: 1.15-1.94, p = 0.003), and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.14-1.9, p = 0.003), respectively. The results remained stable in subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Current research indicates that individuals with a history of alcohol consumption exhibit a higher risk of HSV-2 infection compared to those who have never drinkers.

Cleavage-intermediate Lassa virus trimer elicits neutralizing responses, identifies neutralizing nanobodies, and reveals an apex-situated site-of-vulnerability.

Lassa virus (LASV) infection is expanding outside its traditionally endemic areas in West Africa, posing a pandemic biothreat. LASV-neutralizing antibodies, moreover, have proven difficult to elicit. To gain insight into LASV neutralization, here we develop a prefusion-stabilized LASV glycoprotein trimer (GPC), pan it against phage libraries comprising single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) from shark and camel, and identify one, D5, which neutralizes LASV. Cryo-EM analyses reveal D5 to recognize a cleavage-dependent site-of-vulnerability at the trimer apex. The recognized site appears specific to GPC intermediates, with protomers lacking full cleavage between GP1 and GP2 subunits. Guinea pig immunizations with the prefusion-stabilized cleavage-intermediate LASV GPC, first as trimer and then as a nanoparticle, induce neutralizing responses, targeting multiple epitopes including that of D5; we identify a neutralizing antibody (GP23) from the immunized guinea pigs. Collectively, our findings define a prefusion-stabilized GPC trimer, reveal an apex-situated site-of-vulnerability, and demonstrate elicitation of LASV-neutralizing responses by a cleavage-intermediate LASV trimer.

Extraordinary Titer and Broad Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Induced by Stabilized RBD Nanoparticles from Strain BA.5.

The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike is a primary target of neutralizing antibodies and a key component of licensed vaccines. Substantial mutations in RBD, however, enable current variants to escape immunogenicity generated by vaccination with the ancestral (WA1) strain. Here, we produce and assess self-assembling nanoparticles displaying RBDs from WA1 and BA.5 strains by using the SpyTag:SpyCatcher system for coupling. We observed both WA1- and BA.5-RBD nanoparticles to degrade substantially after a few days at 37 °C. Incorporation of nine RBD-stabilizing mutations, however, increased yield ~five-fold and stability such that more than 50% of either the WA1- or BA.5-RBD nanoparticle was retained after one week at 37 °C. Murine immunizations revealed that the stabilized RBD-nanoparticles induced ~100-fold higher autologous neutralization titers than the prefusion-stabilized (S2P) spike at a 2 µg dose. Even at a 25-fold lower dose where S2P-induced neutralization titers were below the detection limit, the stabilized BA.5-RBD nanoparticle induced homologous titers of 12,795 ID50 and heterologous titers against WA1 of 1767 ID50. Assessment against a panel of ß-coronavirus variants revealed both the stabilized BA.5-RBD nanoparticle and the stabilized WA1-BA.5-(mosaic)-RBD nanoparticle to elicit much higher neutralization breadth than the stabilized WA1-RBD nanoparticle. The extraordinary titer and high neutralization breadth elicited by stabilized RBD nanoparticles from strain BA.5 make them strong candidates for next-generation COVID-19 vaccines.

Responsive Accumulation of Nanohybrids to Boost NIR-Phototheranostics for Specific Tumor Imaging and Glutathione Depletion-Enhanced Synergistic Therapy.

Dynamic regulation of nanoparticles in a controllable manner has great potential in various areas. Compared to the individual nanoparticles, the assembled nanoparticles exhibit superior properties and functions, which can be applied to achieve desirable performances. Here, a pH-responsive i-motif DNA-mediated strategy to tailor the programmable behaviors of erbium-based rare-earth nanoparticles (ErNPs) decorated copper doped metal-organic framework (CPM) nanohybrids (ECPM) under physiological conditions is reported. Within the acidic tumor microenvironment, the i-motif DNA strands are able to form quadruplex structures, resulting in the assembly of nanohybrids and selective tumor accumulation, which further amplify the ErNPs downconversion emission (1550 nm) signal for imaging. Meanwhile, the ECPM matrix acts as a near-infrared (NIR) photon-activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplifier through the singlet oxygen generation of the matrix in combination with its ability of intracellular glutathione depletion upon irradiation. In short, this work displays a classical example of engineering of nanoparticles, which will manifest the importance of developing nanohybrids with structural programmability in biomedical applications.

Application of Various Methods to Evaluate the Postoperative Characteristics of Expanded Pedicled Deltopectoral Flap for Large Facial Scars.

ABSTRACT: The expanded pedicled deltopectoral flap (EPDF) has been widely used to repair large facial scars. Although doctors and patients are usually satisfied with the outcomes, the actual functional recovery and cosmetic effects of EPDF are still unknown. It is, therefore, necessary to objectively investigate the effect of transferred EPDF by using a variety of methods. From January 2008 to December 2018, 52 patients who underwent EPDF surgery at Xijing Hospital were enrolled. Sense of touch, static 2-point discrimination, elasticity, and color were measured. Thermesthesia and algesthesia were also tested. Postoperative scars were evaluated using the patient and observer scar assessment scale. Satisfaction of patients, doctors, and laypersons was investigated. The algaesthesis, thalposis, and rhigosis scores were 4.7 ±â€Š0.7, 3.7 ±â€Š0.9, and 4.5 ±â€Š0.8, respectively. The tactile score was 0.3 ±â€Š0.2 mN, and 2-point discrimination was 10.1 ±â€Š4.8 mm. L ∗ , a ∗ hemoglobin, and melanin content of the flaps were significantly different when compared with normal skin ( P   <  0.05). The satisfaction of doctors, patients, and laypersons was 88.5%, 71.2%, and 67.3%, respectively. The higher satisfaction of patients was mainly associated with the smaller color difference between the flap and the surrounding skin, and lower patient and observer scar assessment scale score. These results confirm that excellent functional recovery and reliable cosmetic effects are observed when facial scars are repaired with EPDF. The methods used in this study can be applied to the evaluation of functional recovery and cosmetic outcomes of transferred flaps, which may provide a more comprehensive understanding of flap assessment.

Photodynamic-Chemodynamic Cascade Reactions for Efficient Drug Delivery and Enhanced Combination Therapy.

Nanomedicines with photodynamic therapy and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered drug release capabilities are promising for cancer therapy. However, most of the nanomedicines based on ROS-responsive nanocarriers still suffer from serious ROS consumption during the triggered drug release process. Herein, a photodynamic-chemodynamic cascade strategy for the design of drug delivery nanosystem is proposed. A doxorubicin hydrochloride-loaded ROS-responsive polymersome (DOX-RPS) is prepared via the self-assembly of amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(linoleic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol)-(2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-α)-iron chelate (PEG-HPPH-Fe). The RPS can effectively deliver a drug to tumor site through passive targeting effect. Upon laser irradiation, the photosensitizer HPPH can efficiently generate ROS, which further causes in situ oxidation of linoleic acid chain and subsequent RPS structural destruction, permitting triggered drug release. Intriguingly, catalyzed by HPPH-Fe, ROS will be regenerated from linoleic acid peroxide through a chemodynamic process. Therefore, ROS-triggered drug release can be achieved without ROS over-consumption. The in vitro and in vivo results confirmed ROS generation, triggered drug release behavior, and potent antitumor effect of the DOX-RPS. This photodynamic-chemodynamic cascade strategy provides a promising approach for enhanced combination therapy.

Biphasic synthesis of biodegradable urchin-like mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles for enhanced cellular internalization and precision cascaded therapy.

It is widely accepted that a small particle size and rough surface can enhance tumor tissue accumulation and tumor cellular uptake of nanoparticles, respectively. Herein, sub-50 nm urchin-inspired disulfide bond-bridged mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (UMONs) featured with a spiky surface and glutathione (GSH)-responsive biodegradability were successfully synthesized by a facile one-pot biphasic synthesis strategy for enhanced cellular internalization and tumor accumulation. l-Arginine (LA) is encapsulated into the mesopores of UMONs, whose outer surface is capped with the gatekeeper of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles, i.e., UMONs-LA-Au. On the one hand, the mild acidity-activated uncapping of ultrasmall gold can realize a tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive release of LA. On the other hand, the unique natural glucose oxidase (GOx)-mimicking catalytic activity of ultrasmall gold can catalyze the decomposition of intratumoral glucose to produce acidic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and gluconic acid. Remarkably, these products can not only further facilitate the release of LA, but also catalyze the LA-H2O2 reaction for an increased nitric oxide (NO) yield, which realizes synergistic catalysis-enhanced NO gas therapy for tumor eradication. The judiciously fabricated UMONs-LA-Au present a paradigm of TME-responsive nanoplatforms for both enhanced cellular uptake and tumor-specific precision cascaded therapy, which broadens the range of practical biomedical applications and holds a significant promise for the clinical translation of silica-based nanotheranostics.

A hybrid semiconducting organosilica-based O2 nanoeconomizer for on-demand synergistic photothermally boosted radiotherapy.

The outcome of radiotherapy is significantly restricted by tumor hypoxia. To overcome this obstacle, one prevalent solution is to increase intratumoral oxygen supply. However, its effectiveness is often limited by the high metabolic demand for O2 by cancer cells. Herein, we develop a hybrid semiconducting organosilica-based O2 nanoeconomizer pHPFON-NO/O2 to combat tumor hypoxia. Our solution is twofold: first, the pHPFON-NO/O2 interacts with the acidic tumor microenvironment to release NO for endogenous O2 conservation; second, it releases O2 in response to mild photothermal effect to enable exogenous O2 infusion. Additionally, the photothermal effect can be increased to eradicate tumor residues with radioresistant properties due to other factors. This "reducing expenditure of O2 and broadening sources" strategy significantly alleviates tumor hypoxia in multiple ways, greatly enhances the efficacy of radiotherapy both in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrates the synergy between on-demand temperature-controlled photothermal and oxygen-elevated radiotherapy for complete tumor response.

177Lu-DOTA-EB-TATE, a Radiolabeled Analogue of Somatostatin Receptor Type 2, for the Imaging and Treatment of Thyroid Cancer.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to analyze the role of somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) as a molecular target for the imaging and treatment of thyroid cancer through analysis of SSTR2 expression and its epigenetic modulation and testing tumor uptake of different radiolabeled SSTR2 analogues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We analyzed SSTR2 expression by immunostaining of 92 thyroid cancer tissue samples and quantified standard uptake values (SUVmax) of SSTR2 analogue, 68Ga-DOTA-TATE, by PET/CT imaging in 25 patients with metastatic thyroid cancer. We utilized human thyroid cancer cell lines characterized by differential SSTR2 expression (TT, BCPAP, and FTC133) and rat pancreatic cell line (AR42J) with intrinsically high SSTR2 expression for functional in vitro studies. SSTR2-high (AR42J) and SSTR2-low (FTC133) xenograft mouse models were used to test the uptake of radiolabeled SSTR2 analogues and their therapeutic efficacy in vivo. RESULTS: Thyroid cancer had a higher SSTR2 expression than normal thyroid. Hurthle cell thyroid cancer was characterized by the highest 68Ga-DOTA-TATE uptake [median SUVmax, 16.5 (7.9-29)] than other types of thyroid cancers. In vivo studies demonstrated that radiolabeled DOTA-EB-TATE is characterized by significantly higher tumor uptake than DOTA-TATE (P < 0.001) and DOTA-JR11 (P < 0.001). Treatment with 177Lu-DOTA-EB-TATE extended survival and reduced tumor size in a mouse model characterized by high somatostatin (SST) analogues uptake (SUVmax, 15.16 ± 4.34), but had no effects in a model with low SST analogues uptake (SUVmax, 4.8 ± 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: A novel SST analogue, 177Lu-DOTA-EB-TATE, has the potential to be translated from bench to bedside for the targeted therapy of patients characterized by high uptake of SST analogues in metastatic lesions.

Reactive Oxygen Species Activatable Heterodimeric Prodrug as Tumor-Selective Nanotheranostics.

Nanotheranostics based on tumor-selective small molecular prodrugs could be more advantageous in clinical translation for cancer treatment, given its defined chemical structure, high drug loading efficiency, controlled drug release, and reduced side effects. To this end, we have designed and synthesized a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-activatable heterodimeric prodrug, namely, HRC, and nanoformulated it for tumor-selective imaging and synergistic chemo- and photodynamic therapy. The prodrug consists of the chemodrug camptothecin (CPT), the photosensitizer 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH), and a thioketal linker. Compared to CPT- or HPPH-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), HRC-loaded NPs possess higher drug loading capacity, better colloidal stability, and less premature drug leakage. Interestingly, HRC NPs were almost nonfluorescent due to the strong π-π stacking and could be effectively activated by endogenous ROS once entering cells. Thanks to the higher ROS levels in cancer cells than normal cells, HRC NPs could selectively light up the cancer cells and exhibit much more potent cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Moreover, HRC NPs demonstrated highly effective tumor accumulation and synergistic tumor inhibition with reduced side effects on mice.

In Situ Polymerized Hollow Mesoporous Organosilica Biocatalysis Nanoreactor for Enhancing ROS-Mediated Anticancer Therapy.

The combination of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-involved photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) holds great promise for enhancing ROS-mediated cancer treatment. Herein, we reported an in situ polymerized hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticle (HMON) biocatalysis nanoreactor to integrate the synergistic effect of PDT/CDT for enhancing ROS-mediated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treatment. HPPH photosensitizer was hybridized within the framework of HMON via an "in situ framework growth" approach. Then, the hollow cavity of HMONs was exploited as a nanoreactor for "in situ polymerization" to synthesize the polymer containing thiol groups, thereby enabling the immobilization of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles, which behave like glucose oxidase-like nanozyme, converting glucose into H2O2 to provide self-supplied H2O2 for CDT. Meanwhile, Cu2+-tannic acid complexes were further deposited on the surface of HMONs (HMON-Au@Cu-TA) to initiate Fenton-like reaction to covert the self-supplied H2O2 into •OH, a highly toxic ROS. Finally, collagenase (Col), which can degrade the collagen I fiber in the extracellular matrix (ECM), was loaded into HMON-Au@Cu-TA to enhance the penetration of HMONs and O2 infiltration for enhanced PDT. This study provides a good paradigm for enhancing ROS-mediated anti-tumor efficacy. Meanwhile, this research offers a new method to broaden the application of silica based nanotheranostics.

Cascade Reactions Catalyzed by Planar Metal-Organic Framework Hybrid Architecture for Combined Cancer Therapy.

Chemical transformation in cellular environment is critical for regulating biological processes and metabolic pathways. Harnessing biocatalytic cascades to produce chemicals of interest has become a research focus to benefit industrial and pharmaceutic areas. Nanoreactors, which can act as artificial cell-like devices to organize cascade reactions, have been recently proposed for potential therapeutic applications for life-threatening illnesses. Among various types of nanomaterials, there is a growing interest in 2D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). By virtue of the ultralarge specific surface area, high porosity, and structural diversity, 2D MOF nanosheets hold great promise for a broad spectrum of biomedical use. Herein, a unique planar MOF-based hybrid architecture (GMOF-LA) is introduced by incorporating ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as nanozyme and l-Arginine (l-Arg) as nitric oxide (NO) donor. The prepared Au NPs enable oxidation of glucose into hydrogen peroxide, which drives biocatalytic cascades to covert l-Arg into NO. Interestingly, the well-designed nanosheets not only possess excellent catalytical activity for NO generation, resulting in gas therapeutic effect, but also serve as a desired photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. This study establishes a good example of exploring bioinspired nanoreactors for cooperative anticancer effect, which may pave the path for future "bench-to-bedside" design of nanomedicine.

Targeting Neutrophils for Enhanced Cancer Theranostics.

Improving tumor accumulation and delivery efficiency is an important goal of nanomedicine. Neutrophils play a vital role in both chemically mediating inflammatory response through myeloperoxidase (MPO) and biologically promoting metastasis during inflammation triggered by the primary tumor or environmental stimuli. Herein, a novel theranostic nanomedicine that targets both the chemical and biological functions of neutrophils in tumor is designed, facilitating the enhanced retention and sustained release of drug cargos for improved cancer theranostics. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is equipped onto nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with photosensitizers and Zileuton (a leukotriene inhibitor) to obtain MPO and neutrophil targeting NPs, denoted as HZ-5 NPs. The MPO targeting property of 5-HT modified NPs is confirmed by noninvasive positron emission tomography imaging studies. Furthermore, photodynamic therapy is used to initiate the inflammatory response which further mediated the accumulation and retention of neutrophil targeting NPs in a breast cancer model. This design renders a greatly improved theranostic nanomedicine for efficient tumor suppression, and more importantly, inhibition of neutrophil-mediated lung metastasis via the sustained release of Zileuton. This work presents a novel strategy of targeting neutrophils for improved tumor theranostics, which may open up new avenues in designing nanomedicine through exploiting the tumor microenvironment.

Zwitterionic-to-cationic charge conversion polyprodrug nanomedicine for enhanced drug delivery.

Zwitterionic surface modification is a promising strategy for nanomedicines to achieve prolonged circulation time and thus effective tumor accumulation. However, zwitterion modified nanoparticles suffer from reduced cellular internalization efficiency. Methods: A polyprodrug-based nanomedicine with zwitterionic-to-cationic charge conversion ability (denoted as ZTC-NMs) was developed for enhanced chemotherapeutic drug delivery. The polyprodrug consists of pH-responsive poly(carboxybetaine)-like zwitterionic segment and glutathione-responsive camptothecin prodrug segment. Results: The ZTC-NMs combine the advantages of zwitterionic surface and polyprodrug. Compared with conventional zwitterionic surface, the ZTC-NMs can respond to tumor microenvironment and realize ZTC surface charge conversion, thus improve cellular internalization efficiency of the nanomedicines. Conclusions: This ZTC method offers a strategy to promote the drug delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy, which is promising for the development of cancer nanomedicines.

Early stratification of radiotherapy response by activatable inflammation magnetic resonance imaging.

Tumor heterogeneity is one major reason for unpredictable therapeutic outcomes, while stratifying therapeutic responses at an early time may greatly benefit the better control of cancer. Here, we developed a hybrid nanovesicle to stratify radiotherapy response by activatable inflammation magnetic resonance imaging (aiMRI) approach. The high Pearson's correlation coefficient R values are obtained from the correlations between the T1 relaxation time changes at 24-48 h and the ensuing adaptive immunity (R = 0.9831) at day 5 and the tumor inhibition ratios (R = 0.9308) at day 18 after different treatments, respectively. These results underscore the role of acute inflammatory oxidative response in bridging the innate and adaptive immunity in tumor radiotherapy. Furthermore, the aiMRI approach provides a non-invasive imaging strategy for early prediction of the therapeutic outcomes in cancer radiotherapy, which may contribute to the future of precision medicine in terms of prognostic stratification and therapeutic planning.

A bi-adjuvant nanovaccine that potentiates immunogenicity of neoantigen for combination immunotherapy of colorectal cancer.

Neoantigen vaccines have been enthusiastically pursued for personalized cancer immunotherapy while vast majority of neoantigens have no or low immunogenicity. Here, a bi-adjuvant neoantigen nanovaccine (banNV) that codelivered a peptide neoantigen (Adpgk) with two adjuvants [Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist R848 and TLR9 agonist CpG] was developed for potent cancer immunotherapy. Specifically, banNVs were prepared by a nanotemplated synthesis of concatemer CpG, nanocondensation with cationic polypeptides, and then physical loading with hydrophobic R848 and Adpgk. The immunogenicity of the neoantigen was profoundly potentiated by efficient codelivery of neoantigen and dual synergistic adjuvants, which is accompanied by reduced acute systemic toxicity. BanNVs sensitized immune checkpoint programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) on T cells, therefore, a combination of banNVs with aPD-1 conspicuously induced the therapy response and led to complete regression of 70% neoantigen-specific tumors without recurrence. We conclude that banNVs are promising to optimize personalized therapeutic neoantigen vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.

Yolk-shell nanovesicles endow glutathione-responsive concurrent drug release and T1 MRI activation for cancer theranostics.

The effort of incorporating therapeutic drugs with imaging agents has been one of the mainstreams of nanomedicine, which holds great promise in cancer treatment in terms of monitoring therapeutic drug activity and evaluating prognostic index. However, it is still technically challenging to develop nanomedicine endowing a spatiotemporally controllable mechanism of drug release and activatable imaging capability. Here, we developed a yolk-shell type of GSH-responsive nanovesicles (NVs) in which therapeutic drug (Doxorubicin, DOX) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (ultrasmall paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, USPIO NPs) formed complexes (denoted as USD) and were encapsulated inside the NVs. The formation of USD complexes is mediated by both the electrostatic adsorption between DOX and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polymers and the DOX-iron coordination effect on USPIO NPs. The obtained USD NVs showed a unique yolk-shell structure with restrained drug activity and quenched T1 MRI contrast ability which, on the other hand, can respond to glutathione (GSH) and lead to drug release and T1 contrast activation in a spatiotemporally concurrent manner. Furthermore, the USD NVs exhibited great potential to kill HCT116 cancer cells in vitro and effectively inhibit the tumor growth in vivo. This study may shed light on the design of sophisticated nanotheranostics in precision nanomedicine.

Solvent-Assisted Self-Assembly of a Metal-Organic Framework Based Biocatalyst for Cascade Reaction Driven Photodynamic Therapy.

Biocatalytic reactions in living cells involve complex transformations in the spatially confined microenvironments. Inspired by biological transformation processes, we demonstrate effective biocatalytic cascade driven photodynamic therapy in tumor-bearing mice by the integration of an artificial enzyme (ultrasmall Au nanoparticles) with upconversion nanoparticles (NaYF4@NaYb0.92F4:Er0.08@NaYF4)zirconium/iron porphyrin metal-organic framework core-shell nanoparticles (UMOF NPs) which act as biocatalysts and nanoreactors. The construction of core-shell UMOF NPs are realized by using a unique "solvent-assisted self-assembly" method. The integration of ultrasmall AuNPs on the UMOFs matrix leads to glucose depletion, providing Au-mediated cancer therapy via glucose oxidase like catalytic activity. Meanwhile, the UMOF matrix acts as a near-infrared (NIR) light photon-activated singlet oxygen generator through a continuous supply of oxygen via hydrogen peroxide decomposition upon irradiation. Such kinds of biocatalysts offer exciting opportunities for biomedical, catalytical ,and energy applications.

Smart Nanovesicle-Mediated Immunogenic Cell Death through Tumor Microenvironment Modulation for Effective Photodynamic Immunotherapy.

Combination therapy that could better balance immune activation and suppressive signals holds great potential in cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we serendipitously found that the pH-responsive nanovesicles (pRNVs) self-assembled from block copolymer polyethylene glycol-b-cationic polypeptide can not only serve as a nanocarrier but also cause immunogenic cell death (ICD) through preapoptotic exposure of calreticulin. After coencapsulation of a photosensitizer, 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) and an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor, indoximod (IND), pRNVs/HPPH/IND at a single low dose elicited significant antitumor efficacy and abscopal effect following laser irradiation in a B16F10 melanoma tumor model. Treatment efficacy attributes to three key factors: (i) singlet oxygen generation by HPPH-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT); (ii) increased dendritic cell (DC) recruitment and immune response provocation after ICD induced by pRNVs and PDT; and (iii) tumor microenvironment modulation by IND via enhancing P-S6K phosphorylation for CD8+ T cell development. This study exploited the nanocarrier to induce ICD for the host's immunity activation. The "all-in-one" smart nanovesicles allow the design of multifunctional materials to strengthen cancer immunotherapy efficacy.

Cooperation of endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species induced by zinc peroxide nanoparticles to enhance oxidative stress-based cancer therapy.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating anticancer agents can act through two different mechanisms: (i) elevation of endogenous ROS production in mitochondria, or (ii) formation/delivery of exogenous ROS within cells. However, there is a lack of research on the development of ROS-generating nanosystems that combine endogenous and exogenous ROS to enhance oxidative stress-mediated cancer cell death. Methods: A ROS-generating agent based on polymer-modified zinc peroxide nanoparticles (ZnO2 NPs) was presented, which simultaneously delivered exogenous H2O2 and Zn2+ capable of amplifying endogenous ROS production for synergistic cancer therapy. Results: After internalization into tumor cells, ZnO2 NPs underwent decomposition in response to mild acidic pH, resulting in controlled release of H2O2 and Zn2+. Intriguingly, Zn2+ could increase the production of mitochondrial O2·- and H2O2 by inhibiting the electron transport chain, and thus exerted anticancer effect in a synergistic manner with the exogenously released H2O2 to promote cancer cell killing. Furthermore, ZnO2 NPs were doped with manganese via cation exchange, making them an activatable magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Conclusion: This study establishes a ZnO2-based theranostic nanoplatform which achieves enhanced oxidative damage to cancer cells by a two-pronged approach of combining endogenous and exogenous ROS.