ABSTRACT
Based on the forecasted warming scenarios by IPCC, we studied the impacts of warming (increased by 2.0 and 3.5 â) on seed reproduction of two lakeside dominant species (Schoeno-plectus tabernaemontani and Sparganium stoloniferum) in a typical plateau wetland (Napahai) in Northwestern Yunnan, by using "open-top chamber" technique. The results showed that warming had significant effects on the seed setting rate of both species, though with interspecific variation. The seed setting rate of S. tabernaemontani was significantly increased under two warming treatments, while that of S. stoloniferum was significantly decreased under the 2.0 â warming treatment and had no variation under the 3.5 â warming treatment. Warming promoted the spike growth of both species. For S. tabernaemontani, under the warming of 2.0 and 3.5 â treatments, the spike length was increased by 82.9% and 89.0%, the spikelet number was increased by 133.3% and 150.0%, the biomass of each individual was increased by 10.1% and 89.6%, and the rate between biomass of per plant panicle and total biomass was increased by 79.5% and 409.3%, respectively. For S. stoloniferum, under the warming of 2.0 and 3.5 â treatments, the spike length was increased by 66.1% and 95.2%, and the rate between biomass of per plant panicle and total biomass was increased by 878.8% and 1052.6%, respectively. Warming significantly increased seed yield of both species. Under the warming of 2.0 and 3.5 â treatments, the seed yield per panicle of S. tabernaemontani was increased by 33.7% and 58.3%, respectively. For S. stoloniferum, the seed yield was increased by 3.4% and 69.5%, respectively. Under the warming of 2.0 and 3.5 â treatments, the seed length of S. tabernaemontani was increased by 5.4% and 6.9%, and the seed length/width was increased by 9.1% and 5.3%, respectively. Warming had no significant effects on the seed shape of S. stoloniferum. The maximum and minimum temperatures were dominant factors affecting seed reproductions of both species. The advance of growing season, the prolonging of nutrition growing period, and accumulation of organic matter induced by warming would provide sufficient nutrient and energy accumulation for the reproduction and development of plants, which would promote seed reproduction capability of both species under the warming conditions.
Subject(s)
Hot Temperature , Seeds , Wetlands , Biomass , China , Plants , ReproductionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Tricholoma mongolicum Imai is a well-known edible and medicinal mushroom which in recent years has attracted increasing attention because of its bioactivities. In this study, water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from T. mongolicum Imai by cellulase-assisted extraction and their antioxidant activities were investigated. RESULTS: In order to improve the yield of polysaccharides, four variables, cellulase amount (X1 ), pH (X2 ), temperature (X3 ) and extraction time (X4 ), were investigated with a Box-Behnken design. The optimal conditions were predicted to be cellulase amount of 20 g kg(-1) , pH of 4.0, temperature of 50 °C and extraction time of 127 min, with a predicted polysaccharide yield of 190.1 g kg(-1) . The actual yield of polysaccharides under these conditions was 189.6 g kg(-1) , which matched the predicted value well. The crude polysaccharides were purified to obtain four fractions, and characterization of each was carried out. In addition, antioxidant properties of four polysaccharides assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays indicated that polysaccharides from T. mongolicum Imai (TMIPs) possessed antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: TMIPs show moderate antioxidant activities in vitro. Therefore it is suggested that TMIPs are potential natural antioxidants for use in functional foods. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Cellulase/metabolism , Complex Mixtures/isolation & purification , Food Additives/isolation & purification , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry , Fungal Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Tricholoma/chemistry , Algorithms , Antioxidants/analysis , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/metabolism , Carbohydrate Sequence , China , Complex Mixtures/biosynthesis , Complex Mixtures/chemistry , Food Additives/analysis , Food Additives/chemistry , Food Additives/metabolism , Food, Preserved/analysis , Food, Preserved/economics , Free Radical Scavengers/analysis , Free Radical Scavengers/chemistry , Free Radical Scavengers/isolation & purification , Free Radical Scavengers/metabolism , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Fungal Polysaccharides/analysis , Fungal Polysaccharides/biosynthesis , Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistry , Hot Temperature , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Models, Chemical , Molecular Weight , Statistics as Topic , Time Factors , Tricholoma/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determinate the catalpol contents in dried rehmannia root and Taohong Siwu Decoction containing rehmannia root with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). METHODS: Catalpol was separated on a YWG-C18 column using water-acetonitrile (99.4:0.6) as mobile phase and detective wavelength at 210 nm. RESULTS: The linear curve of tested catalpol concentration within the range of 0.0536-5.3600 microg/microl was ideal (n=5, r=0.999 7). The average recovery rate of the dried rehmannia root and Taohong Siwu decoction was 98.7% (RSD=0.48%) and 98.2% (RSD=1.29%) respectively. CONCLUSION: HPLC method is accurate and valuable for the quality control of Radix Rehmanniae and Taohong Siwu Decoction.