Retraction of transporting bone segment during Ilizarov bone transport.

BACKGROUND: Retraction of transporting bone segment (TBS) may occur when the fixator of the TBS is removed prior to full consolidation of the distracted callus, which has adverse effect on the healing of the docking site. However, there are few reports on the retraction of TBS. The purpose of this study is to analyze the causes and risk factors of the retraction of TBS. METHODS: The clinical data of 37 cases with tibial bone defect treated by Ilizarov bone transport were analyzed retrospectively, in whom the TBS fixator was removed prior to full consolidation of the distracted callus and union of the docking site. Bivariate correlation was used to analyze relationship between the retraction distance of TBS and potential risk factors including age, gender, course, length of bone defect, number of operations, size of TBS, transport distance, timing and time interval of removal of TBS fixator. Risk factors with significant level were further identified using multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: Bivariate correlation showed that the timing of removal was negatively correlated with the retraction distance, and the time interval and transport distance were positively correlated with the retraction distance(p < 0.05), the age, gender, course, length of bone defect, size of TBS and number of operations were not correlated with the retraction distance(p > 0.05). Multivariate linear regression of the 3 risk factors showed that the timing of removal and time interval were the main risk factors affecting the retraction distance (p < 0.05), but the transport distance was not (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The traction forces of TBS endured from the soft tissues and the unconsolidated distracted callus have elastic properties, which can make retraction of TBS. The timing of removal and time interval are the main risk factors of the retraction of TBS. In the case of early removal, another external fixation or quickly converted to internal fixation should be performed to avoid the adverse effect of more retraction.

Determination of cyproheptadine in feeds using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC.

A novel method was developed for the determination of cyproheptadine in feeds using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. The polymers were prepared using cyproheptadine as a template molecule, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linking agent, and dichloromethane as a solvent by bulk polymerization. Under the optimum solid-phase extraction conditions, the molecular imprinting cartridge can selectively extract and enrich cyproheptadine from a variety of feeds. Mean recoveries of cyproheptadine from four kinds of feeds spiked at 0.1, 1.0 and 10mgkg(-1) ranged from 85.5% to 96.2%, with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation less than 10%. The calibration curve of cyproheptadine was good linear relationship (r>0.9993) within the range of 0.1-50µgmL(-1). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.04 and 0.1mgkg(-1), respectively.

[Matrix effects in analysis of three beta-agonist residues in pig edible tissues using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was established for the determination of the residues of three beta-agonists (clenbuterol, salbutamol and ractopamine) in pig edible tissues. The matrix effects (MEs) in the analysis of the three compounds with the developed method were determined. The influences of matrix state and its weight on MEs were evaluated statistically. The analytes in pig liver and muscle and their corresponding freeze-dried powders were derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide. Then the derivatives were determined in selected ion monitoring mode and the intensities of MEs of the three beta-agonists were obtained. Significant matrix enhancement was observed for the three analytes, and especially, the ME of ractopamine was more than 1000%. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that MEs were significantly different for the three analytes in two matrices among different matrix weights (P < 0.05), and MEs of the three analytes increased from 1 g to 5 g with the increase of matrix weight. MEs for the three analytes were not significantly different between fresh pig tissues and its freeze-dried powder matrices (P > 0.05), indicating that the freeze-dried powder matrices might be used to conveniently prepare the matrix-matched calibration solution, which could efficiently compensate the MEs of the beta-agonists in GC-MS analysis.

Determination of 26 veterinary antibiotics residues in water matrices by lyophilization in combination with LC-MS/MS.

A sensitive, simple and reliable multi-residue method was developed for the determination of 26 widely used veterinary antibiotics including 6 macrolides, 2 pleuromutilins, 4 tetracyclines, 2 lincosamides, 6 fluoroquinolones and 6 sulfonamides in different water matrices using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Water samples were lyophilized to dryness. Target compounds were separated on Zorbax SB-Aq column (150mm×2.1mm i.d., 3.5µm) and determined by LC-MS/MS operating in positive electrospray ionization mode. Spiked at concentration levels of 0.02, 0.4 and 4µgL(-1), recoveries of all target compounds were over 70% except sulfaquinoxaline (59.0% at 0.02µgL(-1)) with relative standard deviations below 20%. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 26 drugs ranged from 0.1 to 6.5ngL(-1) and from 0.3 to 19ngL(-1), respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of 26 antibiotics residues in fish pond water, groundwater, biogas digester water, and lagoon wastewater samples collected from local pig farms.

High-throughput screening and confirmation of 22 banned veterinary drugs in feedstuffs using LC-MS/MS and high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry.

A new analytical strategy based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with accurate mass high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HR-Orbitrap MS) was performed for high-throughput screening, confirmation, and quantification of 22 banned or unauthorized veterinary drugs in feedstuffs according to Bulletin 235 of the Ministry of Agriculture, China. Feed samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile, followed by cleanup using solid-phase extraction cartridge. The extracts were first screened by LC-MS/MS in a single selected reaction monitoring mode. The suspected positive samples were subjected to a specific pretreatment for confirmation and quantification of analyte of interest with LC-MS/MS and HR-Orbitrap MS. Mean recoveries for all target analytes (except for carbofuran and chlordimeform, which were about 35 and 45%, respectively) ranged from 52.2 to 90.4%, and the relative standard deviations were <15% except for 20% for carbofuran. The decision limits (CCαs) for target analytes in formulated feed were between 2.6 and 23 µg/kg, and the detection capabilities (CCßs) were between 4.2 and 34 µg/kg. The method was successfully applied to screening of real samples obtained from local feed markets and confirmation of the suspected target analytes. It provides a high-throughput, sensitive, and reliable screening, identification, and quantification of banned veterinary drugs in routine monitoring programs of feedstuffs.