Future Challenges of Covid-19 and Oral Manifestations in Daily Dental Practice: A Literature Review.

OBJECTIVE: Some patients reportedly present with oral manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). It is unknown if this is due to the virus itself or a side effect of treatment; however, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been shown to have a predilection for angiotensin-converting enzyme receptors that are present in the respiratory tract, oral mucosa, tongue, and salivary glands, causing alterations in taste and smell. Therefore, the objective of this review was to present the future challenges of Covid-19 and oral manifestations in daily dental practice through a literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Scientific evidence in the databases Scopus and PubMed was searched using the Boolean operators. Articles published in Spanish and English between January and December 2020 were included. RESULTS: Of the 89 articles found in Scopus, 69 were of the open access type and 20 were in the "others" category; only 22 scientific articles were found in PubMed. CONCLUSION: It is important to take into account these clinical manifestations such as loss of taste and smell in order to detect the disease. Good oral hygiene is also recommended as a preventive measure to reduce viral load, which considerably reduces the probability of infecting other people who are in contact with the infected patient.

Accuracy between Functional Swallowing and Knebelman Craniometric Method to Measure Occlusal Vertical Dimension in Total Denture Wearers: A Quasi-experimental Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the accuracy between functional swallowing (FS) and the Knebelman craniometric method (KCM) to measure occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) in total denture wearers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental, prospective study was conducted considering the KCM diagnostic method as the gold standard compared to FS. All the totally edentulous patients attended at the School of Dentistry of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (n = 32) in 2018-2019 were evaluated. Previous informed consent was obtained from all patients. A Knebelman's Craniometer was used to obtain longitudinal measurements measured in millimeters. The measurement was made with the Knebelman Craniometer by placing the tip into the external auditory canal inside the right meatus. On the other hand, for the FS method, the patients were seated comfortably with their back supported and their head in a natural position. Both upper and lower rollers were inserted into the mouth and the patient was instructed to swallow saliva for a period of 5min. RESULTS: When comparing the measurement of the OVD of KCM versus FS according to sex, men presented an OVD of 68.1 ± 3.9 mm, being 64.1 ± 3.8 mm in women. Accuracy was evaluated with an analysis of concordance between FS and the KCM in the determination of OVD in totally edentulous patients with a value of 0.97 (confidence interval = 0.31-0.99) (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: There is a good concordance between the FS method and the KCM at the time of determining the OVD of edentulous patients using total prostheses.

Forensic Evaluation of Highmore Antrum Sexual Dimorphism by Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Study of a Peruvian Population.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate Highmore antrum sexual dimorphism by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Peruvian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analytical study. The sample consisted of 190 CBCT scans. Inter-observer concordance was performed previously obtaining an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.99 for the width, length, and height of the right and left maxillary sinus. Then the dimensions of the maxillary sinus (left and right) were measured. All statistical analyses were performed using the Student's t test and Lambda de Wilks, establishing a level of significance of P < 0.05. RESULTS: It was observed that on the right side of the maxillary sinus there were only statistically significant differences between the width, height, area, perimeter, and volume of the Highmore's antrum and sex with a P < 0.05. Statistically significant differences were observed between sex and the width, height, area, perimeter, and volume of the Highmore's antrum in the right side of the maxillary sinus (P < 0.05), whereas the left side only showed statistically significant differences between the height and volume of the Highmore's antrum and sex (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The maxillary sinuses have significant sexual dimorphism, with the parameter of height showing the greatest dimorphism according to the discriminant analysis.

Bond Strength to Microtraction and Nanofiltration Using Ethanol Wet Bonding Technique in Fresh Extracted Teeth: An Ex Vivo Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the bond strength to microtraction and nanofiltration using ethanol wet bonding technique in fresh extracted teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi-experimental ex vivo study evaluated 48 teeth that had an indication of premolar extraction due to orthodontic reasons. The protocol of dental preparation and restorative procedure was carried out to evaluate the adhesion resistance by means of the universal testing machine at a loading speed of 0.5 mm/min and 500MPa. To evaluate the nanofiltration, matches were made that were immersed in ammoniac silver nitrate for 24h, and then the specimens impregnated with silver were washed thoroughly in distilled water and placed in a photo-developer solution for 8h under a fluorescent light. All statistical analyses were statistically evaluated with a level of significance P < 0.05. RESULTS: The ethanol technique without premature failure (PF) group had an average of 31.26 ± 10.26MPa, whereas the lowest value was found in the water technique group with PF, which had 22.59 ± 12.27MPa. When performing inferential statistics, it was evidenced that there were statistically significant differences between both techniques with a value of P < 0.05. CONCLUSION: According to the results in both cases, the adhesive strength showed superiority in the ethanol wash group. It determines that this technique presents greater tolerance to the residual presence of water. Finally, in relation to nanofiltration we found that there were no significant differences between the groups evaluated.

Comparison of the Resistance of Bond Strength of Cemented Fiberglass Posts in Different Root Thirds with and without Silanization: An Ex Vivo Study.

AIM: To compare the application of silane in the bond strength of fiberglass posts in different thirds of the cemented root with a self-adhesive system in an ex vivo study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Freshly extracted teeth were collected, which had indication of extraction for periodontal or orthodontic reasons. The study evaluated n = 42 specimens that were divided into two large groups: I (control, without silane) and II (with silane); the resistance to adhesion in the respective thirds of the root (cervical, middle, and apical) was also evaluated. The prefabricated fiberglass posts were cemented with and without silane according to the manufacturer's instructions and were cemented with a resin-based cementing agent. The adhesion strength test was evaluated by the universal testing machine. RESULTS: According to the results of this experimental trial, the fiberglass posts that did not receive silane had the highest adhesion strength of 26.5 ± 10.6 MPa, while silane-cemented posts only had 21.7 ± 8.1 MPa. The statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and work with a level of significance of p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: The use of silane as part of the cementing protocol in fiberglass posts does not influence the adhesion strength between the surfaces of the posts and the resin cement because there were statistically significant differences between both adhesion protocols. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study has a great impact because according to the results, clinical decisions can be made when cementing the fiberglass posts through the application of silane or not.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Calcium and Sodium Hypochlorite at Different Concentrations on a Biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: An In Vitro Comparative Study.

AIM: To compare the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO at 2.5% and 5.25%) and calcium hypochlorite [Ca(ClO)2 at 2.5%] on a biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212™ and Candida albicans ATCC 10231™. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an experimental in vitro study. Strains of C. albicans and E. faecalis, which had previously been reactivated were used. Then the colonies to be used were standardized in a turbidity standard to guarantee a quantity of 108 (CFU/mL) using the McFarland scale (0.5). Subsequently, the biofilm formed in brain-heart infusion agar was seeded into 42 sterile disks previously embedded with the experimental substances. Both 2.5% NaClO and Ca(ClO)2 solutions were placed in each Petri dish. They were then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and the inhibition halos were measured using the Kirby-Bauer technique. RESULTS: The means between the halos corresponding to NaClO and Ca(ClO)2 at 2.5% were 13.38 ± 0.64 mm and 13.42 ± 0.62 mm, respectively. According to the Tukey test, no statistically significant differences were found between the hypochlorite groups evaluated (p = 0.989). CONCLUSION: Both Ca(ClO)2 and NaClO have a similar antimicrobial efficacy with biofilm based on E. faecalis and C. albicans, with no statistically significant differences between the two. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of Ca(ClO)2 and NaClO as endodontic irrigators to combat the most frequent microorganisms of the root canal.