ABSTRACT
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernels are usually discarded as waste, but they contain many pharmacological properties and bioactivities. In this study, we isolated antiobesity agents from mango kernels that inhibit intracellular lipid formation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Two phenolic acids, ethyl gallate and ethyl digallate, and 2 tannin acids, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-ß-d-glucose (PGG) and 3-O-digalloyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-O-ß-d-glucose (HGG), were identified from mango kernels and were found to be suppressed lipid accumulation as evidenced by Oil Red O staining. Furthermore, ethyl digallate, PGG, and HGG significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as C/EBPα and PPARγ. However, ethyl gallate did not affect the expression of these transcription factors. Our findings reveal the presence of antiobesity compounds in mango kernels, implying its therapeutic role against obesity.
Subject(s)
Mangifera , 3T3-L1 Cells , Adipogenesis , Animals , CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha/metabolism , Lipid Metabolism , Lipids , Mice , PPAR gamma/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Tannins/metabolism , Tannins/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The AgOAc/ThioClickFerrophos complex effectively catalyzed the conjugate addition of glycine imino esters to arylidene and alkylidene malonates, furnishing the corresponding adducts in good yields with high enantioselectivities, in the presence or absence of an external base. The complex also catalyzed conjugate addition to α-enones in the presence of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane with high enantioselectivity, with formation of a small amount of cycloadducts.
