Potential ultrasonic anatomical markers of obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome.

AIM: To investigate the potential value of ultrasonography in evaluating the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) by assessing the correlation of critical ultrasonic anatomical characteristics of the oropharynx with the severity of OSAHS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy-one patients with suspected OSAHS underwent oropharyngeal sonographic examination and overnight polysomnography. Ultrasonic measurement was compared with the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) and other parameters. An ordinal logistic regression model was used to identify potential ultrasonic anatomical markers for OSAHS. RESULTS: The AHI was significantly correlated with lingual height (r=0.40, p<0.01), maximal width of the tongue (r=0.35, p<0.01), and distance from the symphysis of the mandible to the hyoid bone (M-HB) (r=0.24, p<0.01). A positive relationship between Friedman tongue position (FTP) grades and lingual height (r=0.24, p<0.01), between FTP grades and maximal width of the tongue (r=0.23, p<0.01), and between FTP grades and width of tongue base (TB; r=0.17, p<0.05) was found. Multivariate models adjusted for sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) revealed that lingual height (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.24; p=0.004) is independently associated with a higher risk for the severity of OSAHS. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography may be a potential imaging method for providing additional useful information about the correlation between ultrasound findings and the severity of OSAHS. Lingual height could be considered an ultrasonic anatomical marker for determining the severity of OSAHS patients independent of age, sex, and BMI.

[TGF-ß3 improves bone mesenchymal stem cells toward chondrogenic differentiation under hypoxia environment].

Objective: To investigate the impact of TGF-ß3 on the chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) under hypoxia environment. Methods: BM-MSCs were obtained from SD rat tibias and femora and cultured with whole bone marrow adherent method. Cell surface antigens were analyzed by flow cytometry and the multiple-directional differentiation capabilities were detected with special differentiation agents to affirm the reality of BM-MSCs. Under normoxia or hypoxia condition, BM-MSCs were induced with TGF-ß3 or not. Then, alcian blue and immunofluorescence staining were performed to evaluate the expression level of aggrecan, collagen Ⅱ. qRT-PCR analysis were performed to analyze the expression of aggrecan, collagen Ⅱ and collagen Ⅹ. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the mRNA and protein level of HIF-1α, collagenⅡ and ß-catenin. Results: BM-MSCs were fibroblast-like shape and had ablities of osteogeic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, with the expression of CD(29, )CD(44) and CD(90) but not CD(45). Alcian blue and immunofluorescence staining showed that BM-MSCs strongly expressed the aggrecan and collagen Ⅱ with the presence of TGF-ß3 under hypoxia condition. qRT-PCR analysis showed the mRNA expression levels of collagen Ⅱ, aggrecan and collagen Ⅹ were up-regulated at 2.46, 2.20 and 1.80 folds, comparing with control group (all P<0.05). Western blot analysis showed that the protein levels of HIF-1α, collagenⅡ in BM-MSCs were up-regulated with the presence of TGF-ß3 under hypoxia condition, but ß-catenin level was down-regulated. Conclusion: TGF-ß3 promotes the chondrogenic differentiation ability of BM-MSCs under hypoxia condition, which may be relative with the inhibition of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway.

Recovery of replication-competent virus from CD4 T cell reservoirs and change in coreceptor use in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children responding to highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suppresses plasma viremia in most patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Prospective study of HIV-infected children (n=27) shows that, in 8 of 12 who responded to HAART (>/=0.5 log reduction in plasma HIV RNA), HAART restricted the number of coreceptors used by the predominant HIV isolate (mean number of coreceptors used at baseline was 4, vs. 1 coreceptor used at 6 months after treatment). This decrease was most striking in 6 of 8 children whose HIV coreceptor tropism changed from X4-tropic at baseline to R5-tropic. In 6 of 10 children tested, with plasma HIV RNA levels of <50 copies/mL, R5-tropic virus was isolated from CD4 T cell reservoirs. All the responding children had a significant increase in naive CD4 T cells (P<.05). These results show that persistent HIV T cell reservoirs are present in children and that HAART may influence the number and type of coreceptors used by the predominant virus isolate.

Presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and HIV-1-specific antibodies in cervicovaginal secretions of infected mothers and in the gastric aspirates of their infants.

The presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in cervicovaginal secretions (CVS) may be a risk factor for perinatal transmission. CVS of 25 women were evaluated for HIV and HIV mucosal antibodies; 16 infants had gastric aspirates cultured. Maternal plasma HIV was measured by quantitative RNA polymerase chain reaction. Seven women (28%), 4 of 19 pregnant and 3 of 7 nonpregnant, had HIV in CVS. Two of 4 HIV-infected neonates had positive gastric aspirate cultures. The 4 pregnant women with HIV in CVS did not transmit infection. HIV-specific secretory IgA was present in CVS of 10 (42%) of 24 women (in 3 cases concurrent with virus). Plasma HIV RNA levels at delivery were higher among transmitters (mean, 68,921 copies/mL) than nontransmitters (mean, 9457 copies/mL). Intermittent HIV shedding in CVS occurred despite mucosal antibodies and did not necessarily correlate with maternal plasma HIV RNA copy number. The presence of HIV in newborn gastric aspirates may be a risk factor for perinatal infection.

Correlation of clinical progression in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children with in vitro zidovudine resistance measured by a direct quantitative peripheral blood lymphocyte assay.

A rapid method for determination of zidovudine resistance was developed and results were correlated with clinical outcome in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. The zidovudine susceptibilities of HIV-1 isolates from 34 children were determined through a direct quantitative peripheral blood lymphocyte assay and compared with results of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group resistance assay. Patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes were 5-fold diluted and cocultured with donor lymphocytes and varying concentrations of zidovudine. Isolates were defined as sensitive if inhibited by < or = 1.0 microM zidovudine and resistant at > 1.0 microM. Children (n = 21) with zidovudine-resistant virus had greater evidence of disease progression than did those with zidovudine-sensitive virus (n = 11) as demonstrated by failure to thrive (57% vs. 9%, P = .01) and opportunistic infections (48% vs. 0, P = .006). This assay may be useful as a screening tool for development of clinically relevant zidovudine resistance.

Clearance of HIV infection in a perinatally infected infant.

BACKGROUND: We describe a child who was identified shortly after birth as infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), but whose infection appears to have completely cleared. Asymptomatic HIV-1 infection was diagnosed in the mother during the fourth month of pregnancy. The infant was delivered vaginally at 36 weeks, received no blood products, and was not breast-fed. METHODS AND RESULTS: HIV-1 was detected by culture of the infant's peripheral-blood mononuclear cells at 19 and 51 days of age. Plasma from the infant was also culture-positive for HIV-1 at 51 days of age by DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nucleotide-sequence analysis of HIV-1 DNA showed extremely close homology of the cultures obtained 32 days apart, and forensic markers of genetic identity for the two cultures were identical. Hence, inadvertent viral contamination or error in the collection of specimens was highly unlikely. At 12 months of age the infant was seronegative for HIV-1, and numerous subsequent cultures and tests by PCR have also been negative for HIV-1. The child is five years of age at this writing, is HIV-seronegative, and remains well, with normal growth and development and no laboratory or clinical evidence of HIV-1 infection. CONCLUSIONS: The infant we describe was infected perinatally with HIV-1, but the infection subsequently cleared and the infant remained without detectable HIV-1 infection five years later.

[Study on surgical resection length of esophageal carcinoma: an analysis of 2325 cases of the resected samples with esophageal carcinoma].

The paper studied the relationship between the resected length above and below the esophageal carcinoma and positive rate of the residual carcinoma in the resected rims. The positive rates of the carcinoma were 65.0%, 17.2%, 12.3%, 10.6%, 6.7%, 5.8%, 4.0%, 3.1%, 2.0%, 0.9% and 0% respectively while the length of the resected esophagus above and below the carcinoma was 1-10 cm and 10 cm respectively. The results shown that it would be the best for all patients with esophaged carcinoma to resect esophagus more than 10 cm in length above and below the carcinoma respectively.

Effects of rat cytomegalovirus infection on immune functions in rats with collagen induced arthritis.

The effect of rat cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on immune function was studied in rats with collagen induced arthritis, an experimental model of autoimmunity targeted to cartilage and previously shown to be greatly augmented in severity by rat CMV. Rat CMV infection induced an early (7 to 14 day), 2.5-fold increase in circulating B cells (SIgG+) which was associated with moderate increases in the titers of serum IgG antirat type II collagen antibody. A significantly increased skin test reactivity (p less than 0.025) to rat type II collagen was detected at Day 14 and followed a small increase in numbers of W3/25+ T-helper cells in peripheral blood noted at Day 8. A 3-fold expansion of OX8+ peripheral lymphocytes, occurring maximally at Day 8, was tentatively identified as a natural killer cell population by functional 51Cr-release assays. Our data indicate that rat CMV augmentation of collagen induced arthritis is associated with a generalized but modest increase in immune reactivity towards rat type II collagen and with significant alterations of peripheral lymphocyte subsets.

Rat cytomegalovirus infection enhances type II collagen arthritis in rats.

The effect of rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) infection on type II collagen-induced arthritis was studied in DA rats. Rats were infected with RCMV 5 days before, simultaneously with, or 5 days after immunization with calf type II collagen. Control rats were either given type II collagen alone or were injected with normal rat salivary gland (NRSG) simultaneously with collagen immunization. Severity of arthritis in each limb was graded on a scale of 1-4 (maximum score 16). In 5 experiments, peak arthritis scores in the RCMV groups were twice those of the control groups which received NRSG or collagen only (8-9 versus 4-6). Radiographs of involved joints showed greater destruction of cartilage and articular bone in the RCMV rats than in the NRSG control group. Repeated attempts to culture RCMV from joint tissues were unsuccessful. Our results indicate that RCMV infection enhances the arthritic process in this experimental model of an autoimmune arthritis.

Mouse cytomegalovirus is infectious for rats and alters lymphocyte subsets and spleen cell proliferation.

The Smith strain of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was infectious for infant and mature DA strain laboratory rats as judged by development of neutralizing antibodies and specific spleen cell proliferation on stimulation with MCMV antigen. An i.p. inoculum of 10(6) PFU of MCMV was fatal for more than two-thirds of infant mice (1-7 days of age), and disseminated viral infection was documented by isolation of virus from body organs. In contrast, weanling and adult rats did not become ill as a result of infection with a larger inoculum of 10(7) PFU. However, these older MCMV infected rats did show transient reversals of T helper/suppressor cell ratios and alterations of immune cell function as detected by in vitro spleen cell proliferation assays. Seven days after MCMV infection, there was a generalized increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation by spleen cells in both resting (unstimulated) cultures and cultures exposed to mitogens (Con A, PHA, LPS) and to MCMV antigen. At 14 days, the spleen cell proliferation in the unstimulated cultures returned to normal but was depressed compared to controls in response to Con A. These observations show that laboratory rats are susceptible to MCMV infection and that asymptomatic infection may occur and cause transient alterations in lymphocyte subsets and in their reactivity to mitogens.

Relationship between bacteriophage T4 and T6 DNA topoisomerases. T6 39-protein subunit is equivalent to the combined T4 39- and 60-protein subunits.

T6 DNA topoisomerase has been purified from bacteriophage T6 infected Escherichia coli. Unlike the T4 DNA topoisomerase which has three subunits, it consists of two subunits of molecular weights 75,000 and 51,000. They are the products of T6 genes 39 and 52, respectively. The purified T6 enzyme can stimulate in vitro T6 DNA replication. It has an ATP-dependent DNA relaxation activity similar to the T4 enzyme. Either ATP or dATP can be used in both reactions. Using a "Western blotting" and radioimmuno-detection methods, we show that T6 39 subunit contains protein sequences specified by both the T4 39 and 60 genes. The 52-proteins of both phages appear to be identical. The T4 and T6 topoisomerase genes represent a naturally occurring example of gene separation or fusion.

Site-dependence of invasiveness of ECA109 human oesophageal carcinoma cells in nude mice.

ECA109 human oesophageal carcinoma cells were injected either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally into BALB/CATc 1-nu/nu mice. After 23 weeks tumours were examined histologically and by scanning electron microscopy. Subcutaneous ECA109 tumours were well-delineated without signs of invasion. By contrast, intra-abdominal tumours invaded into the abdominal wall and abdominal organs. This result provides us with another example of site-dependence of invasion in vivo.

Effect of controlled atmosphere on growth of mold on synthetic media and fruit.

Growth of seven spoilage molds on agar plates at several temperatures in both controlled atmosphere (CA) and in air was studied. Each mold responded somewhat differently to CA at each temperature; however, there were some general tendencies. The lag phase was generally increased by CA and, in some cases, was substantially extended when incubation was just above the minimum growth temperature. The mycelial structure of molds seems to be different when grown in CA than when grown in air. With only two exceptions of 24 holding conditions, the maximum amount of mycelia was always less in CA than in air. Spore development varied with each mold at each temperature; generally, it was considerably less in CA than in air. CA storage of cherries above 34 F (1 C) did not retard mold infection to any extent; at 34 F, mold growth was inhibited and storage life was extended several days as compared to air storage. CA storage of strawberries at 34 F resulted in a mold-free product after 7 days of incubation, whereas the air-stored berries were slightly infected. However, when mishandled berries showing some mold growth were stored at 34 F, CA did not stop further mold growth.

Growth of Staphylococcus aureus MF31 on the top and cut surfaces of Southern custard pies.

A Staphylococcus strain was inoculated on the top and cut surfaces of freshly baked Southern custard pies which were then packaged in a pasteboard carton and held at 30 C. Daily plate counts of surface sections 0.3 inch (0.76 cm) in thickness were made. The top surface inoculum showed a 24-hr lag time. This was due to the protective action of a top cakelike layer as shown by homogenization of the mix and coating of the surface. Substitution of all sweeteners with dextrose completely inhibited growth on the top surface. Further addition of dextrose to lower water activity (Aw) to 0.9 prevented growth on the cut surface as well, but such pies were organoleptically unacceptable. Growth on the top surface could also be prevented by 80 mug of undissociated sorbic acid per g in combination with 100 mug of undissociated propionic acid per g in the baked pie. Growth on the cakelike top surface was always retarded longer than on the cut surface provided the packaging allowed evaporation of surface moisture. Reducing the Aw of a different type of cream pie to 0.907 prevented top surface growth. It was concluded that baked cream pies with a cakelike top layer could be marketed with a "refrigerate after opening" label, provided the package maintains the moisture gradient caused by the surface skin and either a combination of 80 mug of undissociated sorbic acid per g and 100 mug undissociated propionic acid per g is present in the baked pie or the Aw of the baked pie is 0.920 or lower.