Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveal four new species of Thelephora (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) from subtropical China, closely related to T. ganbajun.

The genus of Thelephora is a group of cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal fungi with basidiocarps of morphological diversity that has an extremely scarce species reported from the forest ecosystem in China. In this study, phylogenetic analyses of Thelephora species from subtropical China were carried out based on multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), and the small subunit of mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were used to construct the phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic positions of four new species, Th. aquila, Th. glaucoflora, Th. nebula, and Th. pseudoganbajun, were revealed based on morphological and molecular evidence. Molecular analyses demonstrated that the four new species were closely related to Th. ganbajun and formed a clade with robust support in the phylogenetic tree. Regarding morphology, they share some common morphological characteristics, including flabelliform to imbricate pilei, generative hyphae more or less covered by crystals, and subglobose to irregularly lobed basidiospores (5-8 × 4-7 µm) with tuberculate ornamentation. These new species are described and illustrated and are compared to similar morphological or phylogenetically related species. A key to the new and allied species from China is provided.

Study on degradation characteristics of imazamox by Streptomycetaceae.

The residues of imazamox (IMX) will cause phytotoxicity to subsequent crops after long-term use, and will also pollute the soil and its surrounding environment. This study isolates and identifies two strains of Streptomycetaceae JX02 and JX06 that can effectively degrade IMX. Use response surface method Box-Behnken design to optimize physicochemical parameters. The optimal degradation conditions of strains JX02 and JX06 are obtained and verified: IMX concentration is 150 mg L-1, the initial dosage is 9.9%, 9.1% (OD600 = 0.1), the temperature is 26.4 and 27.5 °C, and pH value is 7.0 and 7.7, respectively. The degradation rates of 150 mg L-1 IMX detected by HPLC within 4 d were 99 and 94%, respectively. After adding strains JX02 and JX06, the half-life of IMX in the soil is shortened to 11 d and 13 d, indicating that Streptomycetaceae had a positive effect on the remediation of soil. It is expected to provide scientific information for the rational use, environmental safety evaluation of IMX, and provide a basis for future research and development of microbial agents.

Hydnaceous fungi of China 8. Morphological and molecular identification of three new species of Sarcodon and a new record from southwest China.

Three new stipitate hydnoid fungi, Sarcodon coactus, S. grosselepidotus and S. lidongensis, are described and illustrated, based on morphological characteristics and nuc ITS rDNA + nuc LSU rDNA sequence analyses and a new record, S. leucopus, from China is reported. S. coactus is characterised by ellipsoid to round basidiocarps, reddish-brown to dark brown, felted pileal surface with white and incurved margins, simple-septate and partly short-celled generative hyphae and irregular subglobose, thin-walled, brown basidiospores with tuberculate ornamentation (tuberculi up to 1 µm long). S. grosselepidotus is characterised by infundibuliform to round, occasionally deeply fissured pileus, pale orange to dark ruby pileal surface with ascending and coarse scales, simple-septate generative hyphae and irregular ellipsoid to globose, thin-walled, brown basidiospores with tuberculate ornamentation (tuberculi up to 0.7 µm long). S. lidongensis is characterised by plano-convex to somewhat depressed and regular orbicular pileus, light brown to dark brown pileal surface with adhering squamose and purplish-brown, incurved and occasionally incised margin, cylindrical or broadened below stipe, simple-septate generative hyphae and irregular ellipsoid to subglobose, thin-walled basidiospores with tuberculate ornamentation (tuberculi up to 1 µm long). The absence of the clamp connection is the common morphological characteristic of these three new species; however, S. leucopus, a new record from China, has frequently clamped generative hyphae. Molecular analyses confirm the phylogenetic positions of three new and the new record species. The discriminating characters of these three new species and closely related species are discussed and a key to the species of Sarcodon from China is provided.

[Floral composition and ecological distribution of wood-decaying fungi in Laojunshan National Park, Southwest China]. / ä¸½æ±Ÿè€å›å±±å›½å®¶å ¬å›­æœ¨è çœŸèŒåŒºç³»ç»„æˆä¸Žåˆ†å¸ƒç‰¹å¾.

Wood-decaying fungi are important components of forest ecosystem, mainly growing on the dead wood and decomposing lignin, cellulose, and hemi-cellulose. Understanding the ecological distribution of wood-decaying fungi are necessary to reveal their ecological function. In this study, we investigated wood-decaying fungi at three sites with different altitudes in Laojunshan National Park. Fruit bodies of fungi were collected and identified based on morphological and molecular analy-sis. In total 68 species were recorded, belonging to 40 genera, 21 families and 8 orders. Polyporaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, and Hymenochaetaceae were dominant families. The floral composition showed a distinct north temperate character, which was the most important element among all the bio-geographical elements with the highest percentage of 38.2%. These wood-decaying fungi can be divided into two ecological types: saprophytic (63 species) and ectomycohizal (5 species). Among these saprophytic fungi, 51 species could cause white rot and 12 species cause brown rot. The amounts of fungal species in deciduous broad-leaf forest (DBF), coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest (CBMF) and dark coniferous forest (DCF) were 34, 26 and 22, respectively. Postia fragilis and Stereum hirsutum, distributed in all the three types of forests, were dominant species of Laojunshan National Park.

[Diversity and distribution character of wood-rotting fungi in the secondary forest ecosystem of Liaodong areas, Northeast China]. / è¾½ä¸œæ¬¡ç”Ÿæž—æœ¨è èŒçš„ç‰©ç§å¤šæ ·æ€§åŠå ¶åˆ†å¸ƒç‰¹å¾.

During July to September of 2013, field investigations and specimen collections on wood-rotting fungi were carried from three sites in the secondary forests (Qingyuan forest farm, Laotudingzi National Nature Reserve and Baishilaizi Nature Reserve) of eastern Liaoning Province. A total of 1062 specimens were collected and recorded, and 92 species were identified, belonging to48 genera. Among the three studying sites, Baishilaizi Nature Reserve had the most abundant polypore species and the Shannon diversity index was 4.04. The species biogeography of eastern Liaoning could be divided into 4 groups at genus level. The main elements were North temperate element and cosmopolitan element, and floristic analysis showed a distinct north temperate character. White rot species were the dominant decomposers here. Most species distributed in the fallen wood with decay stages 2 and 3. The wood dominant hosts of wood-rotting fungi were the Acer genus in the secondary forests of eastern Liaoning Province, and 243 specimens were collected from maples, occupying 23.2% of the total.

[Population difference of polypores in northwest and southeast of China].

Polypores are an important group of wood-rotting fungi and play a key role in decomposing wood in the forest ecosystem. Based on field investigations and laboratory analysis, fungal flora and diversity composition of polypores in Tianshan Moutains, Qilian Mountains, Baotianman Nature Reserve and Wuyi Mountains were analyzed. In total, 72 polypore species were found in Tianshan Mountains, 99 in Qilian Mountains, 124 in Baotianman Nature Reserve and 156 in Wuyi Mountains. There were fourteen common species in the four zones. The biogeography could be divided into 4 groups at genera level of the four zones, the important elements were North temperate element and cosmopolitan element, and floristic analysis showed a distinct north temperate character. The proportion of white rot polypores in the four zones increased from northwest to southeast of China, while the proportion of brown rot polypores decreased. Polypores preferentially grew on angiosperm trees compared to gymnosperm trees. Among the four zones, polypores in Baotianman had the highest proportion of species living on angiosperm trees. Rare and threatened species in Tianshan Mountains and Qilian Mountains were mainly found on conifer trees, while in the other two zones, most rare and threatened species were found on broadleaf trees. Generally, the distinctions of these four areas were mainly affected by the forest type.

[Effects of bortezomib combined with 5-azacytidine on the apoptosis of K562 cells and expression of SHIP mRNA].

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of bortezomib combined with 5-azacytidine on the apoptosis of K562 cells and expressiom of SHIP mRNA. The K562 cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of bortezomib, 5-azacytidine or their combination for 24 hours. Then, the expression of SHIP mRNA was detected by RT-PCR,the cell proliferation was analyzed by using MTT assay and flow cytometry. The results showed that 5-20 nmol/L bortezomib could effectively inhibit the proliferation of K562 and this inhibitory effect gradually enhanced along with the increase of bortezomib concentration, the group of bortezomib combined with 5-azacytidine showed more inhibitory effect on K562 cells than that of bortezomib or 5-azacytidine alone.The bortezomib could promote the apoptosis of K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner,and this apoptotic effect was higher in group of bortezomib combined with 5-azacytidine than that in group of bortezomib or 5-azacytidine alone.Bortezomib could down-regulated the expression of SHIP mRNA in a dose-dependent manner,and this down-requlated effect was higher in group of bortezomib combined with 5-azacytidine than that in group of bortezomib or 5-azacytidine alone.It is concluded that bortezomib and 5-azacytidine can induce apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of SHIP mRNA in K562 cells.The combination of bortezomib with 5-azacytidine displays a synergetic effect.

Phylogenetic analysis of ligninolytic peroxidases: preliminary insights into the alternation of white-rot and brown-rot fungi in their lineage.

White-rot and brown-rot fungi employ different mechanisms to degrade lignocellulose. These fungi are not monophyletic and even alternate in their common lineage. To explore the reason for this, seventy-six ligninolytic peroxidases (LPs), including 14 sequences newly identified from available basidiomycetous whole-genome and EST databases in this study, were utilized for phylogenetic and selective pressure analyses. We demonstrate that LPs were subjected to the mixed process of concerted and birth-and-death evolution. After the duplication events of original LPs, various LP types may originate from mutation events of several key residues driven by positive selection, which may change LP types and even rot types in a small fraction of wood-decaying fungi. Our findings provide preliminary insights into the cause for the alternation of the two fungal rot types within the same lineage.

[Polypore diversity in main natural larch forests in China].

Larch is the important coniferous species in Northern China. Many polypore species are growing on the fallen trunks of natural larch forests, which can decompose the cellulose, semi cellulose, and lignin of the fallen trunks, and promote the matter cycling and maintain the carbon balance in forest ecosystem, playing a key ecological function in forest ecosystem. Aiming at the polypore species on the 5 main larch forest species in China, this paper analyzed the species composition and distribution characteristics of polypore, and compared the polypore species diversity on different kinds of larch in China. A total of 107 polypore species were recorded, belonging to 43 genera in 11 families, among which, brown fungi accounted for 45.4% of the total collected in this study, and occupied about 50% of the whole brown fungi reported in China. 91. 7% of the polypore grew on the decaying fallen trunk. Larix gmelini had more polypore species and individuals, as compared with the other 4 larch species. There was a high similarity in the polypore community composition on L. gmelini and L. olgensisi and on L. sibirica and L. griffithiana, which was in accordance with the natural distribution of related forests.

[Polypore species diversity, floral composition, and distribution characteristics in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China].

Polypore is an important group of wood-rotting fungi, which can decompose wood cellulose, semi-cellulose, and lignin into nutrients to be utilized by itself and other organisms, and accordingly, can promote the material cycling in forest ecosystem. Based on more than 10 years investigation and collection, it was found that the polypore in Changbai Mountains was rich in species diversity, with the Shannon diversity index being 5.06. In the Mountains, a total of 246 polypore species were recorded, occupying 40.7% of the total in China. The polypore species recorded belonged to 80 genera, 11 families, and 6 orders, among which, Polyporaceae was the dominant family. The most important bio-geographical elements of the polypore in Changbai Mountains were north temperate element and cosmopolitan element, other elements also included, showing a distinct north temperate character in floral composition. Pinus was the main host of polypore, supporting 41.5% of the polypore in Changbai Mountains. Most of the polypore was saprophytic, and its quantity had a significant correlation with the decaying degree of substrates, implying its important role in the material cycling in forest ecosystem in Changbai Mountains. There were 18 threatened polypore species in the Mountains, accounting for 37.5% of total in China. Besides their important ecological functions, many of the polypore also had higher economic value. On the premise of complete protection on them, these fungal resources should be exploited reasonably.